Laptev Sea belongs to the group of the outskirts of the Northern Ocean Seas. Located between Northern Earth and Novosibirsk Islands. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir is about 678 thousand square meters. km. The volume of water reaches 363 thousand cubic meters. km. The average depth equals 578 meters, and the maximum corresponds to 3385 meters. The climate in these places is arctic, the salt of water is low, ice cover holds most of the year and only partially retreats at the end of summer, early autumn. A large Siberian River Lena flows into the water.
origin of name
Named the sea in honor of Russian landlords and cousins \u200b\u200bof Hyriton and Dmitry Laptev. They mastered this unwriting region in the first half of the XVIII century. Prior to that, in the XVII and XVIII centuries, the reservoir was called the ice, then Siberian, then Lensky, then the Tatar sea. In 1883, the famous Norwegian researcher Furoof Nansen proposed another name - the sea of \u200b\u200bNordenchölda in honor of the Swedish geographer and the geologist Adolf Erica Nordeshöld.
This name lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, when the Russian Geographical Society approved the current name, and in honor of the famous Swede called the archipelago in the Kara Sea. The official decision on this issue was made by the Soviet government in the summer of 1935.
Laptev Sea on the map
Borders of the sea Laptev
In the West, the reservoir is limited to the Archipelago North Earth. The northern point is the Cape Arctic on the island of the Komsomolets. The eastern border is considered the Novosibirsk Islands with the most northern point on the island of the Cape Cape Anisions. The eastern border ends at Cape Holy Nose and then west along the mainland coast to the Taimyr Peninsula.
Coastline
Lena's laptic river flowing into the sea forms an extensive delta. In addition, such rivers like Yana, Hatanga, Olenek, Anabar flow into the water. Coastline is cut with a length of 1300 km. It has many bays and bays. The eastern east is the ebellah lip (the lip is the bay flowing into the land, in which, as a rule, the river flows). Next to the west, the Sellyakh Guba, the Yansky Bay, the Guba Buore-Haya, the Olenek Bay, the Anabar Bay, Nudevik Bay, and the most West is the Khatanga Bay.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe south-west coast, there are such a core as small and large Begichev, the island of Preobrazhensky, sandy, the island of pieces, Islands of Peter. In total, near the coastline there are several dozen islands, and their total area is 3.8 thousand square meters. km. As a result of erosion, some of the islands are destroyed and disappeared.
Sea bottom
More than half of the seabed is a mainland shallow with a depth of no more than 60 meters. In the southern areas there are places where the depth corresponds to 25-30 meters. In the northern part of the reservoir, the bottom sharply breaks down and the depth comes to 1 km and more. The maximum depth of 3385 meters is recorded in the northern part of the sea in the nansen hollow, where the water thickness is on average correspond to 2 km.
Low temperature modes are characterized by the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, they range from -1.8 degrees Celsius in the north, up to -0.8 degrees Celsius in the southeastern part. The temperature of the average water layers is 1.5 degrees Celsius. At the depth, the temperature regime is colder and reaches -0.8 degrees Celsius. In the summer months, water heats up in the bays to 8-10 degrees Celsius and up to 2-3 degrees Celsius in the open sea.
The salty of sea water is largely affected by melting ice and river drains. In winter, saline in the southern regions is 20-25 ppm, and in the north it reaches 34 ppm. In summer, respectively, it decreases by 10% and 32%.
70% of the entire river flow (515 thousand cubic meters) gives Lena River. And the river drain of all rivers flowing into the water under consideration reaches 730 thousand cubic meters. km. Due to melting ice, 90% of the runa falls on June-September, and in January this indicator is only 5%.
Emi-rises with an average amplitude of 0.5 meters. In the Hatang Gulf they reach 2 meters. Seasonal water level fluctuations are 40 cm. The wind is weak, therefore the wave height usually does not exceed 1 meter. In the summer in the central areas of the sea there are waves with a height of 4-5 meters, and in the fall can reach 6 meters in height.
Climate
The Laptev Sea is removed from both the quiet and atlantic oceans, therefore the Arctic climate prevails. A polar night lasts 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The air temperature is below 0 degrees of 11 months a year in the north and 9 months in the south. The average January temperature is -32 degrees Celsius, and the minimum is -50 degrees Celsius.
In the summer, the temperature in the south rises to 10 degrees Celsius. On the coast, it can rise to 24 degrees Celsius. The maximum summer temperature recorded in Tiksi was 32 degrees Celsius. However, snow may fall in foggy weather, and for the winter is characterized by blizzards and storms.
At sea, though weakly, navigate, and the main seaport is Tiksi. In the 30s of the last century, the General Directorate of the Nordic Ways was created, which was headed by the courts that were kiced by the sea Laptev. Ships moved a caravan behind the icebreaker. They transported forest, fur, various building materials. Nowadays, the northern way is carried out by the delivery of goods to the northern regions of Russia.
Ecology
The reservoir considered is considered little contaminated. Negative impacts are provided by enterprises located on the banks of the Lena River, Anabar, Yana. It is from them that fenologues, zinc, copper fall into sea water. Tiksi administrative center also contributes to pollution. The source of pollution is also a rotting wood that falls into the sea as a result of a leoplava. All this causes a high concentration of phenol.
This sea is limited to natural boundaries and conditional lines. Sea waters are well connected with. This sea has the status of the mainland seas.
In the waters of the sea Laptev is about several dozen islands. Their part is located in the western zone of the sea. Here the islands are located both in small groups and separately. Here are the following groups of the Osters: Komsomolskaya Pravda, Wilkitsky and Faddey. Among the single cores themselves are: Starokadsky, small Taimyr, Big Begichev, sandy, pillars and Belkovsky. A large number of little islands is located in the river delta.
The coastline of the sea is quite uneven, there are a large number of bays, bays, and capes. Eastern shores of the islands of the North Earth and the Taimyr Peninsula are strongly cut. To the east of him there are large bays: Khatanga, Anabar, Oleneksky and Yansky. Here are the bays (Kozhevnikov, Normvik, Tiksi), lips (Wankina and Bore-Haya) and Peninsula (Hara-Tumus, Nodvik). The shores that wash the sea Laptev, have different. Some shores have low mountains, some are lowlands.
Laptev Sea is located in the shelf zone, the mainland slope and takes a small area of \u200b\u200bthe ocean bed. In connection with this location, which is sharply broken in the north. On this plain there are several, hills and cans. A small on the length of the chute is opposite the mouth. Unintelligible and enough long chute extends from the island of columnar to the north. Another gutter is located in the Olyland Gulf. In the east of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, there are two banks Semenovskaya and Vasilyevskaya.
Most of the sea has a small depth. The most shallow part is located in the south of the sea. Half of marine spaces has a depth of up to 50 m. When moving to the north, the depth of the sea increases. At first, minor changes are occurring in depth (from 50 m to 100), and then the depth increases sharply from 2000 m or more.
The climatic conditions of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev are rather harsh compared to other seas. This is due to the location of the sea near, remote from water and the neighboring location of the mainland. Climatic conditions of the sea are close to continental. Although there are features and marine. At sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, such a continental climate feature is traced, as a strong change in air temperature during the year. But under the influence of the sea, this oscillation is not so clearly expressed as on land.
At different times of the year, different centers affect the climate. In the cold period over the sea, predominantly the area is high. In autumn, the winds of the variable government are replaced by southern, and their strength increases to storm.
In winter, three zones can be distinguished on the sea, which have several different climatic conditions. The south-eastern part of the sea is in the power of Siberian. In the north affects the influence of the polar maximum. The western part is periodically under the influence of an Icelandic minimum. The biggest impact on the expanses of the Laptev Sea is provided by Siberian anticyclone. Thus, in winter, the southern and south-west winds are predominantly blowing, whose speed is about 8 m / s. At the end of winter, their strength weakens, and they are observed. During this period, a strong cooling is noticeable. In January, it is overlooked to - 26 - 29 ° C. In general, the weather in the winter is distinguished by cliffness and calmness. Sometimes, formed south of the sea, contribute to the emergence and powerful northern. Such storms continue within a few days, after which they stop.
In the warm period, the high pressure region is replaced with a low low. Spring winds do not have a permanent direction. Along with southern winds, there are northern. Such winds, as a rule, poushers and non-mounted. The air temperature is constantly increasing. But the weather is still cold enough. In the summer, northern winds predominate, the speed of which does not exceed 3 - 4 m / s. Powerful winds are not typical for summer. At this time he rises and reaches the highest mark in August + 1-5 ° C. On closed spaces, the air temperature can be significantly higher. For example, a temperature of + 32.5 ° C was recorded in Tiksi Bay. In summer, cyclones are very often dominated, while cloudy and rainy becomes.
Fisheries and hunting for the marine beast is weakly developed, mainly by sea fishing are engaged in the mouth of the rivers. Sea Laptev has economic significance, as transport transportation is carried out here. In the departure and delivery of goods, the port of vice is of great importance.
The coastal water of the Laptev Sea contain a large concentration of phenol, which comes along with the waters. The large content of phenol in river and coastal waters is due to the huge number of sunken wood. The most dirties are the water of Nelov Bay. Water expanses of the Bay Tiksi and Bore-Haya are contaminated. The ecological standing bay of Bulunkane is noted as a catastrophic. The content of a large number of poisoning substances in coastal waters is due to the discharge of Tiksi's crude water. Also, the sea contains a large number of petroleum products in the areas of developed shipping.
Laptev Sea - the outskirts of the northern ice ocean. Located between the Peninsula of the Taimyr and the islands of the North Earth in the West and the Novosibirsk Islands in the East. The sea is named after Russian Polar Researchers Dmitry and Hriton Laptev (Original Sea, Nordsheld's name). The shores are strongly cut. Large bays: Khatangsky, Oleneksky, Faddeya, Jansky, Anabar, Bay of Maria Bronchishcheva, Bore-Haya. In the western sea of \u200b\u200ba lot of islands, mainly off the coast. In the southwestern part of the sea are the islands of Komsomolskaya Pravda. Rivers flow into the sea: Hatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Lena, Yana. Some rivers form large delta. Main Port - Tiksi.
The salinity of sea water at the surface in the northwestern part of the sea is 28 ppm, in the southern part - up to 15 ppm, near the mouth of the rivers - less than 10 ppm. Siberian rivers and ice melts are strongly influenced by the saltness of surface waters. With an increase in depth, salting rapidly increases, reaching 33 ppm.
The Laptev Sea, the outskirts of the Northern Ocean, the Northeast Coast of Asia, between the Archipelago North Earth, the Taimyr Peninsula, the coast of Siberia and the Novosibirsk Islands. It is reported through the straits with the seas: in the West with Kara, in the East with East Siberian. The Western border passes from the Cape Arctic (North point of the island of Komsomolets) along the eastern shores of the Islands of the Archipelago of the Northern Earth and the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky, Wilkitsky, then along the eastern coasts of the Taimyr Peninsula to the mouth of Khatanga; South - further on the mainland coast to Cape holy nose (141 ° Eastern longitude); Eastern - on the strait of Dmitry Laptev, the western coast of the Big Lyakhov Island, the shedding of Etoistan, the West Bank of the Small Lyakhov Island, the Sannikov Shannikova, the west coast of the island of the boiler to Cape Anisions, then in the open sea to Meridian 139 ° East longitude to the parallel 79 ° of northern latitude; North - from this point along the arc of a large circle to the Cape Arctic. In these borders, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lapte Sea of \u200b\u200b662 thousand km 2, the volume of 353 thousand km 3. The highest depth of 3385 m (79 ° 35 'of northern latitude, 124 ° 40' Eastern longitude).
Strongly rugged the shores of the Lapte Sea form a lot of bays, bays, peninsulas. Large bays - Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Yansky, Faddey; Bay - Proncischeva, Kozhevnikova, Nudevik, Tiksi; lubs - Bore-Haya, Wankina, Sellyakh, Ebeli; Peninsula - Hara-Tumus, Nudevik, widely. There are several dozen islands (mainly small), located in the western and southern shores; The largest islands - Big Begichev, Small Taimyr, Starokadovsky, Belkovsky, Pillar; Groups of Islands - Faddey, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Peter, Danube. Many small islands are located in the mouths and delta rivers. The nature of the shores is diverse, abrasive, accumulative; Large areas of coasts are composed of fossil ice, they are susceptible to intensive erosion; So, Vasilyevsky Islands and Semenovsky, open in 1815, were completely blurred and in the mid-1950s turned into sand banks with the same names. The coast is mostly lowlands, but in some sections to the coastal feature, low mountains are closely suitable.
Relief and geological structure of the bottom. The bottom of the Lapte Sea is represented by a slightly lowered by several plain gutters, hollowing from the south to the north. The sea is shallow, about half of the bottom is at depths less than 50 m, the shelf (by exorbitant 200 m) takes 72%. The mainland slope is cut to the deep-sea frown of Sadko, north of Nansen turning into the brand. Square with depths of more than 2000 m (the north-western part of the sea) make up only 13%. Large, shallow part of the Lapte Sea is located in the articulation of the Taimyr, Upper-Kolyan and Novosibirsk-Chukchi folded systems, the Mesozoic complexes of which dissected the branched Cenozoic rift system of the North-Western Stretch and blocked by the Cover of Uppermal - Cenozoic precipitation from 1-1.5 km on raising up to 8-12 km in deflection. In the northern, deep-sea part of the sea, the sedimentary case lies at the magmatic rocks of the oceanic crust. Modern bottom deposits on the shelf are represented by sands, alaverite il, sometimes with the inclusions of pebbles and boulders; In deep-water areas, there are predominantly aeurito-clay and clay ils. The sedimentation of coastal areas is under considerable influence of solid river flow. Only Lena and Yana annually bring to the southeastern part of the sea to 17.5 million tons of suspended nans. The eastern part of the Lapte Sea seismically active (earthquakes with magnitude to 6); There is an increased seismicity of the coast.
Climate. Arctic marine climate, with signs of continental in southern coastal areas; High-grade position, the proximity of the mainland, isolation from the softening effect of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans determine its severity. The polar night continues from three to five months. Most of the year the sea is under the influence of the Siberian maximum, which causes a weak cyclonic activity and the monsime character of the wind situation. In winter, the southern and south-west winds are dominated at a speed of 8-10 m / s, air It gets very out, the temperature in January falls to -34 ° C, absolute minimum amounted to -61 ° C. In the summer, mainly northern winds (speed 3-4 m / s), air temperature in July from 0 ° C at the northern borders up to 4 ° C in southern coasts. In small wind-protected bays, air coats are heated to 12-15 ° C, the maximum temperatures in the summer reach 22-24 ° C, the minimum decreases to -4 ° C.
Hydrological mode. There are many small and several major rivers in the Lapte Sea, so freshly has a noticeable effect on hydrological mode shallow water. One of the largest rivers of the Northern Ocean Basin River - Lena annually brings 520 km 3 water, Khatanga - 105 km 3, Olenek - 38 km 3, Yana - 31.5 km 3. In total, more than 700 km 3 of fresh water arrives in the Laptev Sea, or Over 30% of the river flow of the Arctic basin. The runoff is unevenly distributed by season of the year: in January in January flows about 36 km 3 (over 5% of the annual value), and in August to 290 km 3 (over 40%) of water. In coastal areas with a strong influence of the river flow in the surface layer, highly desalinated water is formed, when the salinity is reduced on the assistance section of Lena to 10. Salty increases towards the north and northwest, reaching the arctic 31 ‰. The water temperature on the surface at this time changes, respectively, from 4 to -1 ° C. In winter, the salting everywhere increases significantly due to the decrease in the fresh flow and the coalion of the surface layer in the process of the Ice formation: in the Tiksi area up to 15, at the Arctic Cape to 33. The water temperature on the surface in winter is everywhere close to the freezing point and is determined by the saline of water, changes accordingly from -1 to -1.8 ° C. With depth, the temperature quickly decreases and deeper 15-20 m even in the summer everywhere takes negative values. Only in deep-sea areas, in a layer of 100-300 m, the water temperature is higher than 0 ° C due to the heaven effect of intermediate atlantic water.
Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. The Introduction Season continues from 7-8 months in the south to 9-11 months in the north. In the cold years, ice can be formed in all seasons, in very warm years at the end of August - early September, the sea is freed from ice from the ice. Extensive coastal areas, especially in the southeastern part, covered with immobile ice-in-law.
Typically, the bandwidth of the digest is determined by a 25 m's hand-made, so in the Lapte Sea, the soldiers can take up to 30% of the water area. On the rest of the sea, the ice is drifting. By the end of the winter, the soldiers and drifting ice can (in one season) increase in thickness to 1.8-2.0 m. The cohesion of drifting ice is highly dependent on the prevailing winds. Sustainable winds of Eastern Rumbes often distinguishes the drifting ice from soldering, creating even the most powerful frosts space of open water - the so-called evaporated wormwood. Such a phenomenon in the past received the name of the Great Siberian Walnings. With the cessation of the action of eastern winds, the hint is quickly delayed with young ice.
Due to the weak winds in summer and high ice cohesion in winter, the wind mixing is developed poorly and usually does not penetrate the deeper 8-10 m. Autumn-winter heating and gland formation contribute to the development of convective mixing, which in the shallow southern regions penetrates the end of winter to the bottom, and in Northern - to a depth of up to 90-100 m. Horizontal circulation is mainly cyclonic. Along the mainland shore, the flow is moving from the west to the east. The Novosibirsk Islands most of the flow goes to the north in the form of a Novosibirsk current, where it is divided into two branches: one turns to the east, to the East Siberian Sea, the other goes to the west. In the northern land, the current is rejected to the south and called the East Taimyr flow closes a circulation.
The tides are incorrectly semi-sufficient character, the height is 0.3-0.8 m. Only in the top of the funnel of the Khatang Gulf in Sizigia, the tide exceeds 2 m. Up Hetang, the tidal wave penetrates 200-300 km. Sign-navigable level fluctuations usually do not exceed 2.0-2.5 m. Seasonal fluctuations in the level are small, are observed mainly only in southeastern regions, where they reach 0.4 m (the minimum level is observed in winter, the maximum - in summer). The prevailing excitement 2-4 point With a height waves About 1 m. In the central part of the sea during the autumn storms by force 5-7 points, the wave height reaches 4-5 m, their maximum height is 6 m.
Story study. Russian landlockers of the Laptev Sea are known from the 1st half of the 17th century. Taimyr traces found on the shores of Pomeranian Peninsula, testify that the Russians penetrated the Lapte Sea no later than 1620. In 1633-34. earthlock Ilya Pontifers and I. I. Rebir, descending along Lena, opened the Olenek bay, the mouth of the River Olenek, the Yansky Bay, the mouth of the Yana River. The first filming of the shores of the Naptev Sea from the mouth of Lena to the northern shores of Taimyr was performed in 1735-36 Lieutenant V. V. Brachechev. The former names of the sea is Siberian, since the late 19th century - Nordenchelda, in 1935 there was a modern name in honor of the marine officers, participants of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition V. I. Bering, cousins \u200b\u200bD. Ya. Laptev and H. P. Laptev, who Finished the shooting of his mainland coarse and amounted to the first reliable map of this area. Novosibirsk Islands are open to Siberian Fishing Hunters in 1712-1812. The first reliable maps of the islands amounted to the Government Expedition of Lieutenant P. F. Anju in 1821-23. The North Earth archipelago was opened in 1913 by the hydrographic expedition of the Northern Ocean Ocean, which was led by Senior Lieutenant B. A. Vilkitsky. Map of coasts of northern land was compiled by the expedition of G. A. Ushakov in 1930-32.
Economic use. The Laptev Sea is characterized as a region of weak economic use. Fisheries has a local meaning. Among the commercial is the Arctic Caulfur, Siberian Sig, Omul, Nelma, Osperature, Rocky, Muksun. Mammals are represented by walries, seals, whites. On the islands are offspring white bears. On the shores - white sands, lemmings. The world of birds is diverse, especially on bird bazaars, where carts nest, numbers; Numerous types of chaps, pieces; The polar owl and others are common.
Laptev Sea is part of the Northern Sea Route. The main port is Tiksi, where there is a passing of cargo river - the sea. Trucks, construction materials, freshers, food are dominated in cargo transportation. Sea freight transportation is carried out under icebreaking wiring. The Laptev Sea is promising from the point of view of oil and gas, however, its development is difficult due to harsh natural conditions.
Ecological situation. In general, the ecological situation of the Lapte Sea is characterized as a prosperous in connection with the weak economic use of this area. Clear parts of the sea are slightly contaminated, with the result that the eutrophication of the bays, bays, coastal areas of the sea is noted; There is a decrease in the size of hydrobionts.
Lit.: Dobrovolsky A. D., Zubdivin B. S. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe USSR. M., 1982; Atlas Arctic. M., 1985; Tectonic map of the seas of Kara and Laptev and the North Siberia / Edited by N. A. Bogdanova, V. E. Heina. M., 1998; Svalodin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Sea. M., 1999; Geoecology of the shelf and coast of the seas of Russia / edited by N. A. Aibulatova. M., 2001.
