National parks and reserves are located. Nature reserves - National parks - Sanctuaries

The first park appeared on earth before our era. But even today there are philanthropists alive who do not allow beauty to disappear from the face of the earth. The more people encroached on the values ​​of nature, the more actively the parks grew. They appeared in Europe already in the 10th century, then in the States, and later in Africa.

Countries with nature reserves and national parks make up the majority of all states. A national park or reserve is a part of pristine nature that has not been touched by civilization. In the States, parks are created exclusively for recreation, in Russia - for nature conservation, in Asia - a combination of the first and second.

Man is a curious creature. Avoid beauty? No, he's on his way.

Features of ecotourism

Traveling through parks and reserves is very different from other types of tourism. It has a name - ecotourism. The name is conditional. It is also called “soft”, “green”, “natural”, the essence does not change. Some refer to it as “adventure travel” and, perhaps, come closest to the truth.

Millions travel every day! Few people venture into ecotourism. Sometimes such travelers are called “crazy”. But isn't this praise? A person is alive as long as he is capable of doing crazy things.

The main feature of ecotourism is to give up comfort. The postulate is not to harm nature.

Important Factors

What does nature give people? I would like to say - everything. She makes him understand the meaning of existence, i.e. an opportunity to look inside yourself. The further a person moves, the more his thirst grows, the wider his needs become: to look into every corner, to get to the essence. Few people decide to take such a journey alone, i.e. another opportunity arises - to better get to know the one who is next to you: friend or enemy.

Ecotourism is also our feasible contribution to their preservation.

Countries and continents

• Voroninsky Nature Reserve, Russia.
• Reserve "Kuznetsky Alatau", Russia.
• Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus.
• Levens Hall, England.
• Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany.
• Oulanka Park. Finland.
• Swiss ancient park.
• Rangel St. Elias, a park in the USA.
• Greenland National Park, the largest in the world.
• Limpopo Park, Africa.
• Kruger Nature Reserve, Africa.
• The oldest African reserve, the Serengeti,
• Snowdonia, North Wales.
• Taman Negara, a park in Malaysia.
• Alnwick, poison garden, England.

Will you dare to take such a trip?

Can a child go on such a journey? Quite if there is a reliable person nearby. Even a pensioner can do this, the main thing is to choose the right route. If you are “thirsty”, tired of everyday life, go for it. You will not just relax, you will learn a lot of interesting things, you will look at the world with different eyes! And for myself too.

If you're going on a green trip, do the following:

• Leave all care in your native land,
• Imagine yourself as Robinson Crusoe
• Think about how you will manage without your usual things,
• Take what you can't do without,
• When traveling, eat the foods that are offered to you.
• Be patient, accept other concepts, other language, other rules, remember - you are a guest,
• Be sure to keep a diary!

Principles

Why are nature reserves and national parks important? The opportunity to preserve its originality.

The state system of national parks of the Russian Federation began to take shape more than 20 years ago, the first national parks were formed in 1983. As of December 31, 2007, there were 40 national parks in the Russian Federation with a total area of ​​7.732 million hectares (0.45% of the territory Russia). National parks are located on the territory of 11 republics, 4 territories, 19 regions, 1 autonomous district, 1 federal city. All 40 national parks were under the direct management of Rosprirodnadzor.
The rapid expansion of the network of national parks in Russia took place between 1991 and 1994: by the end of 1994, their number reached 27. During the same period, the regulatory framework was re-formed: a regulation on national natural parks of the Russian Federation was adopted, replacing the 1981 regulation. In 1995, the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” was adopted, which is still in force today.
In subsequent years, the rate of growth in the number of national parks decreased. In 2013, three national parks were established: "", "" and "

In an effort to preserve the natural diversity of the country, nature reserves and national parks protected in accordance with Federal Law were created in Russia.

If in Europe and the USA protected areas are created as places of recreation and entertainment, then in Russia the priority is the protection of unique representatives of the animal and plant world, as well as their study and protection. At the moment, there are 109 nature reserves and 46 national parks in the Russian Federation, of which 32 are included in the system of international monitoring of the biosphere state.

Nature reserves in Russia are state-protected natural complexes where no economic activity is conducted and where fishing and hunting are prohibited. In Russia, the creation of protected areas began quite a long time ago; the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve (Buryatia) was the first to begin work back in 1917. There are protected areas in almost all regions of Russia, the largest number of them are located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 7, in the Crimea - 6, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 5.

Many territories are included in the reserves of Russia, the list opens with the largest in Eurasia and the third in the world, the Great Arctic Reserve (Taimyr), whose area is more than 40 thousand sq. km of Arctic tundra, where polar bears, musk oxen, reindeer, and also freely live walruses, bearded seals, seals and beluga whales.

The smallest reserve is Belogorye (Belgorod), where the southern nature of the Central Russian Upland remains unchanged: three-hundred-year-old oak trees and feather grass steppe, alpine herbs, as well as archaeological monuments - mounds built about 25 thousand years BC.

Russian reserves, although they are objects of nature conservation, are still accessible to tourists; some can be visited by excursion groups, others on their own. Thus, special hiking trails have been laid around Lake Baikal, and the Caucasus Nature Reserve, in particular Elbrus, is regularly visited not only by tourists, but also by athletes - climbers and skiers. Almost all nature reserves in Russia have established tourism infrastructure: hotels, recreation centers and cafes have been built, routes have been laid out and marked, some offer rafting, horseback riding or boat rides, and scuba diving.

National parks of Russia

National parks have been created in Russia since the 80s of the 20th century in order not only to preserve examples of nature and historical and cultural monuments, but also to promote the development of eco-tourism. Now there are 35 parks across the country, Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) was the first of them.

The smallest Russian national park is a kind of calling card of the Kaliningrad region. The Curonian Spit Park occupies a little more than 6 thousand hectares, but there are unique white sand dunes, a variety of landscapes (from desert to tundra), and the migration route of millions of birds lies over the spit. On the Curonian Spit, tourists are offered 6 hiking routes.

The largest park is Yugyd Va (Komi), occupying 1894 thousand hectares, representing virgin forests of the northern Urals, numerous park rivers flow into the large European river Pechora. Tourists are always welcome here: in winter they are offered skiing and hiking trips, in summer - rafting and weekend walks.

The Sochi National Park in the foothills of the Caucasus, where relict beeches, oaks and boxwoods grow in a subtropical climate, has become especially popular. Curious tourists can see karst caves, waterfalls, canyons, dolmens, mounds, burial grounds, the remains of fortresses and temples.

Nature reserves and national parks in Russia are becoming more and more interesting to tourists of all ages, because thanks to them, it is possible to better understand the diversity of the natural world of our homeland.

The idea of ​​creating national parks was first proposed in 1832 by the American scientist and artist George Catlin. In 1864, the world's first Yosemite National Park was established in California. In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established in the United States, covering a vast territory. Now in 124 countries there are national parks and nature reserves, the purpose of which is to protect unique natural areas and animals.
National parks in Russia began to form only in the 1970s. The first of them, “Samara Luka,” was created in the Volga region.
On December 5, 1997, in Yucatan (Mexico), the World Heritage Committee inscribed 37 new sites on the World Heritage List, thereby bringing the list to 506. Of these, 380 World Heritage sites are classified as historical and cultural, 107 as natural and 19 as mixed. . They are located in 107 countries, of which 11 are in Russia. Lake Baikal rightfully became one of the new objects declared the property of all mankind. 3 nature reserves and 2 national parks have been created on the shores of Lake Baikal.
The system of state reserves in Russia includes 100 reserves (2000) and 31 national parks (1999), which protect 30 million hectares, or almost 1.5% of the total area of ​​Russia, which exceeds the territory of Belarus, Latvia and Estonia combined. Any human activity except scientific research is prohibited in the reserves. Even people's access there is extremely limited.

Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve.

The Baikal-Lensky State Nature Reserve, established in 1986, is located on the northwestern coast of Lake Baikal in the Kachugsky and Olkhonsky districts of the Irkutsk region. Its area is 659.919 hectares. This is the largest environmental protection zone on Lake Baikal (14th place in Russia). The reserve stretches from south to north along the western coast of Lake Baikal for approximately 120 km with an average width of 65 km. The perimeter of its borders is about 520 km, of which 112 km are on the shore of the lake. The reserve includes the coast of Lake Baikal from the river. Heyrema to Cape Elokhin, a difficult section of the Baikal ridge and the upper reaches of the great Siberian river Lena with its tributaries. Lena's length (4400 km) ranks first in Russia and tenth in the world. The border of the Irkutsk region with the Republic of Buryatia runs along Cape Elokhin.
The main part of the reserve's territory is represented by taiga forests of various types. Fragments of ancient relict steppes have been preserved on the coast of Lake Baikal. The flora of higher plants of the reserve includes 920 species, of which 36 species are endemic to Siberia, 10 of them are included in the federal Red Book. Mosses (230 species), lichens (248 species) and mushrooms (about 100 species) are also widely represented.
The reserve is home to 50 species of mammals and about 240 species of birds. The reserve is famous for its high number of bears; it is not for nothing that one of the forest districts is called “The Coast of Brown Bears.” Rare and interesting birds are found in the reserve: white-tailed eagle, black stork, humpbacked scoter, common scoter, and gray crane.
On the territory of the reserve there are the oldest paleovolcanoes Yuzhno-Kedrovsky and Solnechny, which are among the largest in the world, their age is 1560-1710 million years.
There are many attractive places for tourists on the territory of the reserve: the source of the river. Lena (distance from the shore of Baikal 12 km along the path through the Solntsepad pass), Cape Ryty, a section of the coast sacred to local residents with a grandiose gorge, the remains of the oldest volcanoes on Earth - the mountain peaks of the Baikal ridge in the area of ​​the Sredny and Verkhniy Kedrovy capes.

Baikal State Reserve.

The Baikal Nature Reserve is located on the eastern shore in the southern part of Lake Baikal and covers an area of ​​165.7 thousand hectares of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. The boundaries of the reserve run along the Mishikha and Vydrinnaya rivers. Organized in 1969
The scientific profile of the reserve is the study of the natural mountain-taiga complex of the Khamar-Daban ridge on the coast of Lake Baikal. The list of vascular plants of the Baikal Nature Reserve includes 840 species.
On the river In Osinovka, not far from the shore of Baikal, there is a picturesque powerful waterfall about 5 m high. An excursion to the waterfall takes about 4 hours along a path passing among tall grasses and ferns along the river bank.

Barguzinsky Biosphere Reserve.

Established in 1916, the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve became the first hunting reserve in Russia. His task was to preserve and study sable. Today it is the oldest nature reserve in Russia. In 1986 it received the status of a UNESCO biosphere reserve.
The reserve is located on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal on the central part of the western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge (highest point 2472 m). The height of the snow cover on the loaches exceeds 2.5 meters, which is 5 times more than on the shores of Lake Baikal. More than half of its territory is made up of loaches - rocky peaks (1500-2400 m above sea level). About 60% of the reserve's territory is occupied by the high-mountain char belt, most of which is covered with high-mountain alpine meadows, almost impenetrable thickets of dwarf cedar and dwarf dwarf birch and willow forests. Significant areas are occupied by almost lifeless rocks and rocky placers. A third is occupied by mountain taiga forests, growing at altitudes from 600 to 1250 m. Only a little more than 16% of the reserve’s territory is located on the Baikal coast. The length of the reserve along the coast of Lake Baikal is about 100 km. The area of ​​the reserve is 263.2 thousand hectares.
The fauna of the Barguzinsky Reserve is typically taiga, but with some peculiarities caused by the mountainous terrain and the close proximity of Lake Baikal. The fauna includes 41 species of mammals, 274 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, about 50 species of fish and over 1200 identified species of insects.
The slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge facing Lake Baikal rise to a height of 2652 meters above sea level. They are cut by a dense network of valleys, among which stand out the canyon-shaped valleys of four large rivers: Sosnovka, Tarkulika, Bolshaya and Kabanya, originating on the tops of the Barguzinsky ridge. In total, there are 17 rivers in the reserve that flow into Baikal. Their drainage basins are located entirely within the protected area.
In the valleys of the rivers Ezovka, Bolshoi, Talamusha and Davshi there are thermal springs with water temperatures in some of them above 70 °C.
There are 874 plant species in the reserve. The long-term protection of the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve has had a beneficial effect on the number of animals. In bears it reaches 250 individuals in favorable years, in squirrels - from 5,000 to 10,000 animals.
The reserve contains 39 species of mammals, 243 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians.

State National Park "Tunkinsky".

Tunkinsky National Park was established on May 27, 1991 within the administrative boundaries of the Tunkinsky district. The territory of the park occupies the Tunka Valley and the adjacent mountain ranges of the Eastern Sayan and the Khamar-Daban ridge (maximum height 3172 m). Between the Tunka char and Khamar-Daban lies the intermountain Tunka depression, 200 km long and 20 to 40 km wide. The Irkut River, the left tributary of the Angara, flows along the entire length of the Tunka Valley from south to north. The area of ​​the park is 1183.662 hectares (of which 150,836 hectares of land are occupied by agricultural land). The park area is well developed. Most of the Tunka Valley is occupied by arable land, hayfields and pastures.
Here you can find various species of rare and endangered plants: peony (Maryin root), small red day, Sayan buttercup, sea buckthorn krushinova, Rhodiola rosea, Hummel's mannagettea, etc. More than 10 rare and endangered plant species grow in the park, and more than 40 species of mammals live and 62 species of birds listed in the Red Book of Buryatia.
The Tunkinskaya Valley is famous for its mineral springs. Among the most famous are the resorts at the Arshan, Nilova Pustyn, and Zhemchug springs. These resorts are located close to the A-164 highway and have good roads. The carbon dioxide radon springs of Shumak and the ferruginous springs of Khongor-Uuly are popular.

Transbaikal State National Park.

The territory of the park, organized in 1986, covers the Chivyrkuisky Bay, the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, the Ushkany Islands archipelago with the largest seal rookery on Lake Baikal. The park is located in the middle part of the eastern coast of Lake Baikal. The area of ​​the park is 267.17 thousand hectares. Forest lands occupy 158.6 thousand hectares; swamps - 77.0 thousand hectares; sands - 0.4 thousand hectares.
A conservation regime has been introduced on 40% of the park's territory. All economic and recreational activities are prohibited here and a regime of ecological rest is maintained, which allows maintaining animal and bird populations at an optimal level. The park territory includes the Ushkany Islands - one of the favorite habitats of the famous Baikal seal, the nerpa, which is the hallmark of Lake Baikal. There are 5 hiking routes through the park, among which stands out the route to Mount Markovo, the highest mountain peak of the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, from where a 360-degree panorama of the Ushkany Islands, the northern part of Chivyrkuisky Bay and the sandy beaches of Barguzinsky Bay opens up.
The most picturesque places in the park include Ongokonskaya Bay in Chivyrkuisky Bay, the Cheremshanskaya Grove tract with willow thickets, and Lake Arangutai. There are many grotto caves located in the steep cliffs of the Holy Nose. Three outlets of mineral springs are popular among the local population and tourists: Zmeiny, Kuliniye Boloty and Nechaevsky.
There are 299 species of animals, 3 species of amphibians and 3 species of reptiles in the park. Birds are represented by 241 species, including such rare ones as the peregrine falcon, black crane, golden eagle, black stork, long-tailed eagle, white-tailed eagle, etc.

Reserve "Vitemsky".

The Vitimsky Nature Reserve (1982, 585 thousand hectares) is located in the northeastern part of the Stanovoy Highlands in the river basin. Vitima. Includes Lake Oron (52.3 km2).

Reserve "Dzhirginsky".

The Dzhirginsky reserve (238.1 thousand hectares) is located in the Kurumkansky district of the republic, at the headwaters of the Barguzin River, and was formed on the basis of the Dzhirginsky complex reserve that existed since 1974.

Pribaikalsky National Park.

Pribaikalsky National Park (PNP) was formed in 1986 on the western shore of Lake Baikal. The protected area of ​​the park in the form of a narrow strip of land adjacent to the shore of the lake, 1 to 8 km wide, stretches almost 470 km of coastline from the village. Kultuk to Cape Kocherikovsky, along which the border with the Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve passes. The park also includes the largest island of Lake Baikal - Olkhon. The total area of ​​the park is 417,297 hectares. There are 10 forest districts here. In terms of protected area, it is one of the five largest national parks in Russia. 284.7 thousand hectares (70% of the park’s territory) are occupied by forests, of which 22 thousand hectares are cedar trees. Pine forests predominate, often with an admixture of larch. On watersheds, a small area is occupied by cedar and cedar-fir forests; on the mountain slopes, spruce forests are less common.
The landscape of the Pribaikalsky National Park is very diverse and picturesque. The mountain-taiga slopes of the Primorsky Range with heights from 1100 m in the south to 1500 m in the north are cut by relatively large rivers flowing into Baikal: Goloustnaya, Buguldeika, Anga, Sarma. These rivers form beautiful rocky gorges and some of them are large deltas. On the territory of the park there is a tourist Mecca - Peschanaya Bay, the peculiar Anga Bay and Aya Bay, the warm bays of the Small Sea. The majestic cliffs and cliffs of the coast often have a distinct individual appearance and bear their own names: Big and Small Bell Tower, Burkhan Cape, Sagan Khushun, Cape Khoboy. The steppe landscape in the middle part of the coast and in the south of Olkhon Island is unique and beautiful. Low rocky ridges, rocky outcrops, basins with salt lakes carry the mysterious charm of the ancient nature of Central Asia.
Relict steppes are of particular interest. On Baikal, large tracts of them are found only in the Pribaikalsky Park. These are the remains of the late Cenozoic tundra steppes, interesting for their preserved biological species of previous eras.
The park's flora includes more than 1,344 species of plants, about 250 species of lichens and 200 species of mosses. This is more than half of the flora of Central Siberia. Scientists note among them a large number of relicts and endemics (31 plant species are included in the federal Red Book, 110 species are included in the Red Book of Plants of the Irkutsk Region (2001). Within the territory of the national park, 21 endemics grow: Olkhonsky astragalus, Zunduksky pennywort, Turchaninov's pike, Popov's cotoneaster, trifoliate, Peshkovoi, Popov, etc.
The fauna is also rich and diverse. There are 64 species of mammals in the park, of which 14 are predatory, 6 are ungulates, and about 340 bird species. On the small rocky islands of the Small Sea there are the largest herring gull colonies on Lake Baikal and relatively large nesting grounds of ducks (hump-nosed scoter, common and great mergansers). There are 7 species of eagles and sea eagles found in the park; the unique nesting group of the sun eagle Aquila heliaca is of particular value.
A natural attraction of the Pribaikalsky National Park is the largest cold wintering ground for waterfowl in Eastern Siberia at the source of the Angara. The southwestern coast of Lake Baikal (in the area of ​​the old Circum-Baikal Railway) is a route for mass autumn migration of birds of prey. Up to 2 thousand of them fly here every day; for Siberia this is an exceptional phenomenon. You can observe the migration of many rare Red Book species of raptors (eagles, bald eagles, falcons), as well as the black stork.
PNP protects not only natural, but also historical and cultural resources. In terms of the number of archaeological monuments, Olkhon and the Olkhon region exceed any other region of the Baikal region. On Olkhon alone, 143 such objects are known (ancient settlements, remains of stone walls, tiled graves). The rock paintings on the Sagan-Zaba cliff became world famous. They include images of shamans, running deer, and swans. The age of the drawings is estimated at 2.5 thousand years. There are also small “art galleries” on the rocks in Aya Bay, at the entrance to the Sarma Gorge, on Cape Burkhan. In total, 986 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic era to the present are known on the territory of PNP!
In the park, 52 objects have the status of natural monuments. A network of campsites has been created in the national park, where visitors to the national park can relax. Every year, the construction of a road transport network (about 60 km in 10 years) and the construction of tourist parking lots are carried out (a total of 937 parking lots have been built). Pribaikalsky National Park was one of the first in Russia to introduce a comprehensive Bioecological Monitoring program.
PNP visitor information centers are open in Irkutsk, village. Listvyanka, village Elantsy, Bolshaya Goloustnaya.
Most of the listed natural objects (primarily plants) are accessible for observation. Wildlife lovers get to know them during periodic ecological tours. The habitats of rare species of plants and animals are visited by a huge number of tourists.

Republican reserve "Tofalarsky".

Republican reserve "Tofalarsky" (1971, 132.7 thousand hectares) is located on the northern slopes of the Eastern Sayan. The smallest people of the Irkutsk region live here - the Tofs (630 people).

Table especially protected natural areas of the world contains background information: protected areas and included objects belonging to different countries, such as nature reserves, national parks and reserves.