Austria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These include medieval fortresses, religious buildings, residential buildings, ancient monuments, gardens, and cultural natural landscapes. Each of them “proved” to the international commission that they needed special supervision and protection.
UNESCO World Heritage Site. This unique list includes the riches of the Earth created by the genius of man or the forces of almighty nature; priceless masterpieces of history, culture, architecture. Sites included in the UNESCO register meet strict criteria. Each of them “proved” to the international commission that they needed special supervision and protection.
There are nine such facilities in Austria. These include medieval fortresses, religious buildings, residential buildings, ancient monuments, gardens, and cultural natural landscapes.
The Austrian state has an ancient history. In the 1st century BC, the Romans occupied European lands, freeing the center of Europe from Celtic tribes. Austria eventually became a separate duchy, then an independent state. It developed at the intersection of three civilizations: Romanesque, Germanic, Slavic. Expressive natural and historical objects, like exquisite paintings, illustrate the history of Austria. The most striking of these “pictures” have become a UNESCO heritage.
1. City of Salzburg. Historical center
The brightness and originality of the historical center is formed by two styles of architecture - fancy baroque and “flaming” gothic. The view of Salzburg opens from the towers (Festung Hohensalzburg), an impregnable medieval stronghold that soars above the city at the 120-meter height of Mount Festunsberg. Old baroque residential buildings protect the peace of the market square.
2. Schönbrunn. Palace and gardens
“Beautiful spring” is what the Austrians call Schönbrunn. This Habsburg building, surrounded by beautiful gardens, is considered the apotheosis of the Viennese Baroque. The castle was founded in the 17th century. It survived changes of owners, destruction and reconstruction. Maria Theresa loved Schönbrunn and admired it. Under her rule, the gardens were expanded, greenhouses, a menagerie, and a theater were created.
Today Schönbrunn greets the public as a museum and architectural complex. It has more than 1,400 rooms; Forty of them house a museum. The Imperial Zoo is considered the oldest zoo in the world. Schönbrunn Park is a fusion of natural grace with garden architectural art.
3. Hallstatt-Dachstein – cultural landscape, the pearl of Salzkammergut
The unique landscape of Hallstatt-Dachstein is formed by the majestic peaks of Dachstein, a lake district of 76 reservoirs and a group of medieval towns.
The main city of this historical and cultural system is (or Hallstatt, German: Hallstatt). It is called the most beautiful lakeside city in the world. The territory of Hallstatt-Dachstein was inhabited by Celtic tribes four thousand years ago. Excavations near Hallstatt reveal new historical facts.
Salzkammergut developed thanks to salt mining. “The Pantry of Salt” is how this region is called to this day.
4. Semmering. First mountain railway
Narrow streets and tiny courtyards keep their historical secrets. Extraordinarily beautiful (Grazer Dom). The symbol of Graz, (Schloss Eggenberg) is a “pearl”, a vivid example of a harmonious fusion of Baroque and Renaissance styles.
A valley stretches between the ancient cities of Lower Austria (Melk) and (Krems). This (Wachau) is a historical territory developed by ancient tribes during the Paleolithic era. The Wachau landscape is bordered by the wooded hills of the Dunkelsteinwald and the leisurely flow of the Danube.
Archaeological, religious, architectural and agricultural monuments of these places clearly illustrate the history of civilization. In the local ruins, ancient monasteries, castles, vineyards and farmlands, features of the distant Middle Ages, Gothic, and Baroque times have been preserved.
7. Cultural landscape – lake region of Fertö-Neusiedlersee.
Around the lake (German Neusiedler See) (in Hungarian Fertő-tó), this is a federal land, a unique landscape has formed. The rural architecture of local villages is distinctive. There are three quarters of Austrian possessions here, one quarter of Hungarian possessions. In the Fertö-Neusiedlersee area, one can see the contact of different cultures and different ways of life. On the banks of the Fertö-Neusiedler there are ancient monasteries, settlements, and fortresses. On the southern shore there is the Neusiedler-Seewinkel nature reserve. Local excavations have uncovered many Roman artifacts and remains of ancient buildings.
This small European country has many interesting attractions, some of which are World Heritage Sites. For example, the Aggtelek nature reserve, where a unique cave system is located. Inside them you can see ancient stalactite labyrinths, in which geologists were able to study the processes of rock formation. Ordinary tourists are amazed by the beauty of these attractions, especially Baradla, which is considered the largest stalactite cave in the EU.
The UNESCO natural heritage in Hungary is also represented by the Hortobágy National Park. Oak groves grow here, rare animals and over one hundred and fifty species of birds live here. In particular, herons, bustards, mounded eagles and cranes are found here. In addition, local residents have preserved the way of life of their ancestors. Time seems to have stopped here. Shepherds also lead a nomadic lifestyle. In the settlements there are crane wells, and food is prepared according to traditional recipes. Thus, Hortobágy represents not only natural, but also ethnocultural value.
The most important architectural sights of the country are located in the capital. Budapest is included in the list of UNESCO monuments in Hungary. In this city you can see ancient palaces; the famous Andrássy Avenue, built in the 19th century; churches and cathedrals, as well as beautiful bridges. In Budapest there are buildings erected in different styles - from Gothic to Baroque. The Hungarian capital had a great influence on world architecture, for which it was deservedly included in the World Heritage List.
In addition to the majestic Budapest, you can visit the ancient city of Pecs in the country. It is famous for its ancient buildings, which date back to the 4th century. During the Roman Empire, the city of Sopiana was located in its place. Archaeologists were able to find many interesting artifacts on the territory of Pécs. In addition, the largest early Christian cemetery in Europe has survived to this day. In its mausoleums you can see unique frescoes depicting the apostles and religious motifs.
In Hungary, Germany, Italy, Argentina and many other countries they are of exceptional interest to the world's population. Just under a thousand of these unique corners, distinguished by their natural, historical or cultural value, have been preserved. Hungary, a country that represents Europe at its best, is home to eight of these special sites.
World Heritage of Hungary
Eight objects from the list are included in it according to cultural criteria, another one - according to natural ones. World Heritage sites in Hungary include:
- Sights of Budapest - the capital of the Hungarian Republic. The monuments date back to the 12th-18th centuries, and were added to the list in 1987.
- Ethnographic open-air museum in the village of Hollokö. It was included in the list of Hungarian World Heritage Sites in 1987, as was the capital.
- Caves of the Slovak Karst and Aggtelek. The mountain range in Hungary and Slovakia was awarded special site status in 1995.
- Monastery of the Benedictine Order in Pannonhalm. Added to the list in 1996.
- Hortobágy protected area. The unique natural area appeared on the Hungarian World Heritage List in 1999.
- Necropolis in the city of Pecs. Created in the fourth century AD, the site was added to the heritage list in 2000.
- Landscape of Fertö - the westernmost flat salt lake in Europe. Appeared on the list in 2001.
- Tokaj wine region. Wine has been produced here since the thirteenth century. The area was added to the heritage list in 2002. This is currently the last World Heritage Site in Hungary, while no new attractions have been added to the list.
Budapest: bank of the Danube, Andrássy Avenue and other places
The first settlements on the territory of the modern capital appeared a very long time ago. In general, the city was formed from several small settlements located nearby. Today, the “birthplace of the waltz” and the “city of bridges”, which even has its own “Champs Elysees”, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Andrássy Avenue is part of the historical center of Budapest. This street, built at the end of the nineteenth century, is today filled with many famous places. This is where the Postal Museum, Opera House, Old Palace of Art, Heroes' and Liszt's Squares are located.
The panorama of the Danube River embankment is breathtaking, and the city owes its inclusion in the Hungarian World Heritage List to its many bridges. The Szechenyi Chain Bridge is a large replica of the British Marlowe Bridge, Erzsebet is the longest bridge in Europe, the Freedom Bridge has elaborate decorations, and Margaret consists of two parts that connect on a small island. And these are just the most culturally outstanding structures; there are eight bridges in total in Budapest.
The residence of the Hungarian kings - the Buda Fortress - deserves special attention. The walls of the structure separated the old, historical part of the city from the modern one. This castle is of amazing beauty, and at night it is also illuminated favorably, which emphasizes the uniqueness of the architectural ensemble.
Hollokö: an open-air ethnic museum
The entire population of the village of Hollokö today lives the same life as it did several centuries ago. They engage in crafts, preserve customs and traditions, wear national clothes, eat simple food and do housework. In mid-August, an almost real knightly tournament is held here, and in October everyone celebrates the grape harvest.
When the threat of an Ottoman invasion arose, the monastery was surrounded by strong walls, the structure became a powerful fort and fortified on all sides. But this did not save us from the Turkish invasion; the enemies ravaged the monastery, and some of the buildings were destroyed. The reconstruction of Pannonhalm became possible only in the eighteenth century.
Reserve (nature park) Hortobágy
This is the oldest reserve with a huge territory, in which live buffalos, rare breeds of sheep, goats, great white herons, bulls. But the most interesting thing here is not animals in the natural environment, but nomadic shepherds, practically no different from their ancestors. They perform their duties in national costumes, prepare traditional dishes and water their flocks from wells. Here you can get acquainted with the culture of Hungary, and also enjoy the natural beauty. There are excursions for tourists. There is also a spectacular horse show in the Hortobágy National Park.
Necropolis in the city of Pecs
The early Christian necropolis was at one time the center of an ancient Roman province. This place contains several burial chambers, a chapel and a mausoleum. This is the earliest Christian cemetery in Europe.
These places are distinguished by amazing architecture and historical value. The necropolis and mausoleum allow you to fully experience the spirit of antiquity and plunge into the era of early Christianity.
Lake Fertö and surroundings
The national park in northwestern Hungary consists of two large areas: the lake itself and the Hanszág region. Excursions are held in the protected area, and some are completely prohibited from visiting. The lake itself, which is included in the World Heritage List, is the fourth largest in Europe and a unique protected area. More than 300 species of birds can be observed here.
Both locals and tourists love to relax on the lake. The place is distinguished by the fact that three natural zones intersect on the mineral lake (alpine, continental and subtropical). You can improve your health here - there is a balneological hospital nearby. Also of interest to tourists is the once luxurious Esterházy Palace, where the great composer Joseph Haydn lived, and ecotourism.
Tokaj wine region
In the Tokaj Valley, which is often compared to the cradle, wine has been produced for centuries. The first evidence of this dates back to the sixteenth century. The geographical location and special climate make it possible to grow a good harvest of selected grape varieties here. Here, ideal conditions are created for the development of noble mold. The centuries-old traditions of Tokaj are preserved to this day.
Tokaj wines are distinguished by their softness, rich golden color, and characteristic flavor bouquet. The grapes are harvested in October-November; only four varieties are used in the production of the drink: zeta, furmin, yellow muscat, lipovina. The main types of wines produced in the valley are as follows:
- Asu. Grapes affected by noble greens are harvested only by hand, placed in special containers, where they begin to produce juice under the influence of their own weight. Juice is added to the base wine; the quality of the drink depends on the proportion.
- Asu essence. The same asu, but aged longer.
- Edesh is native. This wine is produced in those years when, due to weather and other conditions, it was not possible to harvest a sufficient amount of grapes affected by noble greens.
- Saraz currant. Dry white wine.
- Furmint. Budget white wine from local grapes.
- Harshlevel. Also an inexpensive drink made from the “linden leaf” variety.
Of course, there are claims on wine production from Slovakia, which, by the way, are justified (after the partition of Austria-Hungary, part of the vineyards went to the country), but this does not prevent Tokaj from being classified as a World Heritage Site.
Pecs (in Hungary) Pecs is a city in southwestern Hungary (see Hungary) at the foot of the southern slopes of the Mecsek mountain range, 32 km from the border with Croatia (see Croatia). Population 155.9 thousand people. (2001). The administrative center of the region (council) is Baranya.… … Geographical encyclopedia
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Hungarian World Heritage List:
Budapest: banks of the Danube, the mountain in Buda and the old town, as well as Andrassy Avenue / Andrássy út
Cultural criteria: ii, iv
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1987-2002
This site includes monuments such as the ancient Roman city of Aquincum, the ancient city and the Gothic castle of Buda (Budai Vár), which had a significant influence on the architecture of various historical eras. This is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes, illustrating significant stages in the history of the Hungarian capital.
The historical village of Hollókő and its surroundings
Cultural criteria: v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1987
The village of Holloko is a clear example of a purposefully preserved traditional settlement. It developed rapidly during the 17th-18th centuries. The village well illustrates the features of rural life before the agrarian revolution of the 20th century.
Aggtelek Cave System - Slovak Karst
Natural criteria: i
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1995, 2000
The area of karst caves (of which 712 have been discovered to date) is distinguished by the diversity of karst manifestations and their high concentration in a very limited area. The combination of natural factors (climatic, geological) that led to the formation of the cave system is recognized as unique. The study of caves allows us to imagine geological events spanning tens of millions of years.
Thousand-year-old Benedictine monastery in Pannonhalmi Főapátság and its surroundings
Cultural criteria: iv, vi
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1996
Benedictine monks settled here in 996. They came to baptize Hungarians, founded the first school in this country and wrote the first documents in Hungarian in 1055. Since its founding, this monastic community has spread culture in the center of Europe. Its thousand-year history is illustrated by the successive changes in architectural styles of the monastery buildings (the oldest of them dates back to 1224), where a school and a monastic community are located today.
Hortobágyi National Park (Hortobágyi Nemzeti Park)
Cultural criteria: iv, v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 1999
The cultural landscape of the Hortobágy Desert (Puszta) is a vast steppe plain and riverine wetlands in eastern Hungary. Traditional land use practices, such as pastoralism, have persisted in this rural community for over two millennia.
Ancient Christian burial in the city of Pécs/Ókeresztény Sírok (ancient Roman Sopiana)
Cultural criteria: iii, iv
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2000
In the 4th century. In the cemetery of the ancient Roman center of the province, the city of Sopiana (modern Pecs), several richly decorated tombs were built. Underground crypts and above-ground memorial chapels stand out in construction, technical and architectural terms. The tombs also have artistic significance, as they are richly decorated with magnificent wall paintings on Christian themes.
Fertö Cultural Landscape - Neusiedler See
Cultural criteria: v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2001
The lake region of Fertő tó - Neusiedler See has been a place of contact between different cultures for 8 thousand years. This is clearly manifested in the diversity of the local landscape, formed as a result of long-term interaction between man and nature. The cultural significance of the area is enhanced by the remarkable rural architecture of the villages located around the lake and the presence of several palaces from the 18th and 19th centuries.
Historical cultural landscape of the Tokaj wine region
Cultural criteria: iii, v
Year of inscription on the World Heritage List: 2002
The cultural landscape of Tokaj provides clear evidence of the long tradition of winemaking in this area with low hills and riverside villages. The intricate network of vineyards, farms, villages and small towns, together with historical systems of deep wine cellars, illustrates all aspects of the production of the famous Tokaj wines, which have been strictly observed for almost three centuries.
