MICRONESIA
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), a state in the northwestern part of Oceania between 0 and 14° N latitude. and 136 and 166° E. (2500 km from west to east), occupies 607 islands of the Caroline archipelago (except for the islands of Palau, or Belau, in the west). Consists of four states: Yap, Chuuk (formerly Truk), Pohnpei (formerly Ponape) and Kosrae (formerly Kusae). The total land area is 700.8 square meters. km, more than half of it is occupied by the state of Pohnpei. Only 40 of the 607 islands are significant in size. The largest of them are islands with the same names as the states. The capital is the city of Palikir on Pohnpei Island.
- Federated States of Micronesia. The capital is Palikir. Population - 109 thousand people (1996). Area - 700.8 sq. km. The highest point is Mount Nana Laud (on Pohnpei Island, height 798 m). Main languages: English (official), Japanese, Trukian, Pohnpei, Kosrae. The main religion is Christianity (Catholicism, Protestantism). Administrative division: four states. The monetary unit is the US dollar. National holidays: the same as in the USA; own - Constitution Day - May 10, Micronesia Day - July 12, United Nations Day - October 25.
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia
On the map of Oceania
Based on their geological structure, they distinguish between low coral islands, rising 3-5 m above sea level, and higher volcanic ones (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae), with elevated mountainous central parts. Volcanic islands are surrounded by lagoons separated from the ocean by coral barrier reefs, often consisting of several dozen small islands. Many reefs have passages that allow ships to approach large islands.
The state of Yap (121.2 sq. km) includes seven small and four large islands (Yap, Map, Rumung, Gagil-Tomil) and 134 atolls, stretching from west to east over 1,100 km. Yap Island is characterized by hilly terrain with a maximum height of 178 m (Mount Tabiwol) and fertile soils. It is surrounded by a barrier reef. Most of the population of the state of the same name lives on the island of Japan. The administrative center of the state is the city of Colonia. The largest atoll of the Caroline Islands, Ulithi Island (8 sq. km) consists of 40 small islands. Fais Atoll in the Yap group is famous for its phosphorite reserves.
Chuuk State, which occupies a central position in the FSM, is located 1440 km east of Yap and consists of 15 small island groups (total land area 118 sq. km), scattered in the Pacific Ocean over a 480 km latitudinal direction in the north and 960 km - in the south. The state also includes the atolls of Namonuito (second in area in the world), consisting of 10 islands, Namoluk (triangular in shape), Laol, Pis, Talap, the islands of Pular, Puluwat, Kuop, Nama, Losap, Mortlock (100 islands in three groups - Etal, Lukunor and Satavan). The Chuuk Islands themselves are a compact group of 14 mountainous islands of volcanic origin (Moen, Tol, Dublon, Fefan, Uman, etc.) with a total area of 72 square meters. km, surrounded by a coral reef. The main city of the state of Chuuk Moen is located on the island of the same name. Lagoon surrounding the 14 central islands of the Chuuk group with an area of 2000 square meters. km, serves as an excellent harbor for the port on the island of Dublon. Settlements are confined to the coasts of the islands.
The state of Pohnpei (land area 345.4 sq. km) occupies the largest island of the same name, surrounded by a reef consisting of 2.5 dozen islets, half of which are of volcanic origin. The state also includes the islands of Ant (2 large and 12 small), Pakin, Oroluk (with small islands), Mokil (Urak, Manton, Mokil islands with excellent timber and several hundred small ones), Pingelap (Pingelap itself, Takai and Tagulu , united by one reef), as well as two isolated atolls, Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi (also known as Greenwich).
Soils about. Pohnpei is fertile, with lush forest cover the slopes that rise straight from the shores up to Mount Nana Laud (798 m), located in the center of the island. Numerous rivers - sources of drinking water - originate from it. On this island is the capital of the state, Palikir, with the residences of government and congress, a modern airport and seaport. The administrative center of the state is the city of Colonia.
The state of Kosrae (109.8 sq. km) is located on the island of the same name and the surrounding reef in the extreme east of the FSM. The island is mountainous with a highly dissected topography (the highest point is Mount Finkol, 634 m above sea level), covered with thickets of excellent timber. The soils are fertile. There are significant reserves of river drinking water. The island of Kosrae is surrounded by a reef and has four convenient bays (Okat, Lelu, Taf and Utwe). The main settlements - Tafunsak, Lelu, Malem and Utwe - are located on the coast and are connected by an unpaved road. The main city of the state is Lelu. There is local air service to Pohnpei. The airport is operational.
The FSM climate is equatorial, more humid in the east of the archipelago, where the cyclone zone passes. Conventionally, two seasons are distinguished: dry (January - March) and wet (April - December). The part of the Pacific Ocean where Micronesia is located is an area where typhoons occur (on average there are up to 25 typhoons per year). Typhoon season is from August to December.
From November to December, northeast trade winds predominate; the rest of the year, southwest monsoon winds blow, bringing heavy precipitation. Pohnpei has an average of 300 rainy days a year. The average annual precipitation is 3000-4000 mm. Seasonal fluctuations in air temperature are insignificant, average monthly temperatures are 24-30° C. The length of daylight hours is the same throughout the year.
The vegetation is represented mainly by virgin moist equatorial forests on the mountain slopes. On volcanic islands it is significantly more diverse than on coral islands. The coasts of volcanic islands are often covered with mangroves. On both types of islands, coconut palms, breadfruit trees, pandanus trees, and bananas grow. Europeans and Asians introduced citrus fruits, cassava, sweet potatoes, various tropical fruit trees, chocolate trees, and black pepper.
The land fauna is not very diverse. Bats, rats (brought on ships by the first Europeans), and lizards are represented. Many types of birds. The fauna of the ocean is extremely diverse and rich, including many species of fish, crustaceans, bivalves, dolphins, and sometimes whales and dugongs.
POPULATION
109 thousand people live on the FSM islands. About half the population lives on the islands of the state of Chuuk - 52.3 thousand people, in the state of Pohnpei - 33.7 thousand, Yap - 11.2 thousand, Kosrae - 7.3 thousand (in the latter state the average age does not exceed 20 years). The FSM's accession to the Compact of "Free Association" with the United States allows citizens of the country to freely choose their place of residence within the United States. Currently, in the USA (on the island of Guam, the Hawaiian Islands and on the mainland) approx. 15 thousand FSM citizens.
The average population density in the country in 1994 (latest census data) was 150 people per 1 sq. km (in the state of Chuuk - 420, Pohnpei - 98, Yap - 94, Kosrae - 66). As a rule, it is higher on volcanic islands (the exception is Nama Atoll, which has an area of 0.7 sq. km and is home to 1,020 people). The birth rate in the FSM in 1994 was more than 20 per 1000 inhabitants (average female fertility 4.7, in the state of Yap -3.7, Chuuk - 5.6, Pohnpei - 4.4, Kosrae - 4.2), mortality - 3, 4 per 1000. Infant mortality - 46 per 1000 births. Life expectancy is 62.5 years.
Average life expectancy is 69.13 years. Population growth in 2003 was 0.04%. The birth rate reaches 26.47 per 1000 inhabitants, the mortality rate is 5.1 per 1000. The emigration rate is 20.98 per 1000. Infant mortality is 32.39 per 1000 births.
The Compact of “Free Association” with the United States allows citizens of the country to freely choose their place of residence within the United States. Currently, in the USA (on the island of Guam, the Hawaiian Islands and on the mainland) approx. 15 thousand FSM citizens.
The ancestors of the modern inhabitants of the Caroline Islands come from Southeast Asia. Racially, they form a special group, formed as a result of the mixing of Australoid and Mongoloid elements. The atolls of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi are inhabited by Polynesians. Ethnically, there are 9 groups.
Ethnogenesis and occupations of the population.
The ancestors of the modern inhabitants of the Caroline Islands come from Southeast Asia. According to the latest theories, Micronesia was settled in two ways - through the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and possibly the Japanese Islands, and also through Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides). The inhabitants of the Caroline Islands, like all Micronesians, form a special group racially, formed as a result of the mixing of Australoid and Mongoloid elements. They are characterized by fairly dark skin, wavy, straight and curly hair, and average height. The appearance of some Carolinians also contains Japanese, Chinese and European features. The atolls of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi are inhabited by Polynesians.
The traditional occupations of the local population are fishing and farming. Small areas of forest cleared from forest are used for the cultivation of coconut palms, breadfruit, pandanus, yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas, taro, and sugar cane. Currently, citrus fruits, various fruits (pineapples, papaya, mangoes, etc.), chocolate trees, and peppers (black and betel) are also grown. The population also engages in fishing and collecting mollusks and crustaceans on the reef. In recent years, employment in the tourism business (hotels, restaurants, agencies) and airports has been growing. In the cities, Carolinians work as petty employees and are engaged in handicrafts, in particular, making souvenirs.
Language and writing. The official language of the FSM is English, which is also the language of interethnic communication. The languages of the indigenous population of the archipelago belong to the Eastern Oceanic group of the Oceanian branch of the Austronesian family - Yapese, Woleai, Ulithi and Sonsorol, Carolinian, Truk, Kosrae, Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi. The last two are Polynesian languages. The writing of local languages is based on the Latin script. English is taught in all schools. Many older people speak Japanese.
Confessional composition. The overwhelming majority of the population is Christian, with approximately equal numbers of Catholics and Protestants. In some states Protestants predominate (over 98% in Kosrae), in others - Catholics (Chuuk State). Less than 1% of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The FSM is a federal state headed by a president, in a relationship of “free association” with the United States. The President and Vice-President of the country are elected by members of the FSM National Congress from among their members, but the latter cannot come from the same state as the President. The population of the states elects the governor and local legislature. The country's unicameral legislative body, the National Congress, consists of 14 deputies. Four of them (one from each state) are elected by the population every four years, the remaining 10 deputies are elected for a two-year term (in proportion to the number of residents of the states (Chuuk - 5, Pohnpei - 3, Yap and Kosrae - one deputy each). Based on the election results 1999 Leo A. Falk became the president of the country, and Redley Kilion became the vice president. The president appoints the cabinet of ministers. There are no political parties in the FSM. The military protection of the FSM is provided by the United States.
The FSM is a member of the UN (since 1991), as well as a number of regional organizations, such as the Pacific Forum.
Formalities and rules for entry into Micronesia
Visas to Micronesia
For tourist trips to Micronesia for up to 30 days, a visa is not required. It is worth noting that the 30-day period begins to count again every time the tourist moves to another island group. When crossing the border, you must present a passport valid for at least 120 days from the end of the trip.
Customs regulations in Micronesia
The import of food products that have not passed special sanitary and hygienic control is prohibited. Fruits, vegetables, wood products, plants and seeds are subject to inspection. The export of samples of state-protected plants and animals, eggs and stuffed birds, as well as items made of leather, bone, bird feathers, shells and corals is prohibited.
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP) in 1989 was the highest in the history of the FSM and was estimated at $145 million, or $1,465 per capita (ranging from $2,107 in Yap to $1,056 in Chuuk). Since then, there has been a steady decline in this indicator.
Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, providing 60% of the food the country needs and employment of almost 50% of the working population all year round or at least during agricultural work. The country is dominated by traditional semi-subsistence farming, which mainly uses manual labor. They grow coconut palm, breadfruit, pandanus, yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas, taro, citrus fruits, papaya, mango, chocolate tree, pepper (black and betel) and other crops. In addition, goats, sheep and buffalo are raised on Pohnpei. Some agricultural products are exported, mainly coconut products. Its shell is used by the population as fuel. In Yap, brooms, brushes, ropes and mats are made from coconut shell fibers. The coconut palm forms the basis of life for the islanders. In traditional life, coconut palm leaves were used for roofing, weaving mats, baskets, fans, and the nut kernel was used as a valuable food product.
Citrus fruits are grown in Kosrae, bananas, vegetables, fruits, and betel pepper are grown in Yap. The cultivation of black pepper on the island of Pohnpei is acquiring a plantation character (40 hectares of land are allocated for it). The chocolate tree is cultivated on the islands of Chuuk, Pohnpei and Yap.
In recent years, the role of fishing in the country's economy has been increasing, since ocean resources within the maritime economic zone (2.6 million sq. km) are the property of the FSM. Licensed fishing in FSM waters is carried out by Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Mexico and the USA. The approximate market value of tuna caught annually is approx. $200 million
The Micronesian Maritime Department and the National Fisheries Corporation were created to regulate the protection and exploitation of marine resources within the FSM maritime economic zone, support the development of marine fisheries and the priority of domestic fisheries. The Micronesian Maritime Academy operates in Yap, training personnel for the development of fisheries.
Foreign tourism is developing in the FSM. Every year the country is visited by approx. 25 thousand tourists, mainly from Australia and Japan. The main export items are copra (more than 50% of the export value), pepper (black and betel), fish (mainly tuna), trochus shells, coconut derivatives (edible and cosmetic oil, soap, creams), and local handicrafts. Export income amounts to 13-15 million dollars per year. FSM imports up to 40% of food products, industrial goods, cars and other machinery, and petroleum products. FSM foreign trade is characterized by a significant predominance of imports over exports.
The FSM budget consists of taxes, exports of agricultural products, seafood, and licensing of tuna fishing by foreign countries in the FSM marine economic zone. The FSM's main trading partner is the USA. In addition, the Compact of "Free Association" with the United States provided a package of financial assistance that contributed to the FSM's economic progress and guaranteed the sustainability of democracy in the country. On November 3, 1996, the last five-year agreement on US financial assistance was signed. According to it, the volume of assistance in 1996-2001 was reduced to 40 million dollars per year (in 1986 - 60 million dollars, in 1991-1996 - 51 million dollars). Other donor countries (Japan, China, Australia) also have FSM assistance programs, but they are significantly less than US investments.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Education. According to the FSM constitution, education is financed from the central and regional budgets. Primary and secondary schools are owned by the state and religious missions. State governments provide basic education and teacher training, while central governments support and coordinate education at all levels. Young people receive vocational education at the Micronesian College in Palikir (opened in 1972, with faculties of business, pedagogy, applied arts, etc.), the Micronesian Vocational Center on the island of Kosrae, in the schools of agriculture and trade on Pohnpei, the Javier High School on Chuuk, and also in educational institutions in the USA (on the mainland, Guam and the Hawaiian Islands).
Healthcare. Medical care to the population is provided in full by state medical institutions. True, in recent years private dental and medical practice has appeared on Pohnpei. The FSM government recruits doctors for the Public Health Program through the US National Health Service and the UN Development Program. It also implements various health, nutrition and sanitation programs of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the South Pacific Commission (SPAC). There are hospitals in every state, several dispensaries and more than 100 outpatient clinics operate in the country. In difficult cases, patients are sent to hospitals on Guam and the Hawaiian Islands.
Culture. The traditional culture of the FSM population is pan-Micronesian (with the exception of the culture of the two Polynesian atolls Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi). However, it has undergone significant changes over several centuries of foreign domination. But even today on many islands there are houses of local pillar construction without walls, the function of which is performed by gable roofs reaching to the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. Micronesians still master the art of making wooden boats without a single metal nail. Leaders play a significant role in the public life of the FSM. Perhaps the culture of the Yapese remained the most conservative (folklore, dancing, houses on stone foundations under palm leaves, loincloths for men and fluffy skirts made of plant fibers for women).
Intensive contacts with the Western world in recent decades have changed the mentality of the younger generation of FSM citizens, who are no longer guided by traditional values, but strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
Tips and advice for traveling to Micronesia
Tips and prices
Tipping ranges from 10% to 15% on Pohnpei, but despite American influence, it is practically not used elsewhere in the country. Most goods are sold at fixed prices, although there are several markets where you can bargain.
Communications and communications in Micronesia
Internet
There is information about the availability of a provider providing Internet access. According to the latest data, the situation with obtaining access can be clarified by e-mail:[email protected]
.
cellular
The local operator FSM Telecommunications Corporation operates in the GSM 900 band. Roaming is not yet available to subscribers of Russian operators. Thuraya satellite communications operate in this area.
| Money in Micronesia |
Sights of Micronesia
The term "Micronesia" means "small islands", and this absolutely accurately reflects the essence of this country. Although the islands are firmly tied to the economic and political interests of the United States, Micronesia stubbornly follows its traditional path - a country where people sport loincloths and stone coins are still used as a means of payment. Micronesians are very proud of their past, especially since they have every right to be - their ancestors crossed the Pacific Ocean in fragile canoes long before Europeans entered these waters. The islands have some of the best diving, snorkeling and surfing conditions in the world, and are seen as a potential international hub for beach holidays and water sports. The waters around the islands are filled with many forms of spectacular marine life. There are a large number of species of hard and soft corals, anemones, sponges, fish, dolphins and shellfish, including the giant clam Tridacna. Large pods of whales pass through these waters every year. Several species of sea turtle lay eggs on these shores, and islanders are allowed to use both turtle meat and eggs for food. The islands are also home to more than 200 species of seabirds.
Kosrae Island (Kosrae) is one of the least spoiled and least developed areas in Micronesia, a quiet and laid-back place that maintains an aura of pristineness. The main island has an area of 109 square meters. km. and a volcanic interior with wild tropical forests, an ancient barrier reef and a beautiful coastline that is formed by a mix of sandy beaches and mangrove swamps. The people are quite sparse and quite unassuming and given that they usually never have contact with more than a dozen visitors at a time, the islanders still show a friendly interest in tourists. Impressive ancient ruins on a nearby island Lelu date back to the 14th century, when the chieftain of Kosrae was the dominant regional ruler. Although the outskirts of the massive royal castle-city have been destroyed, the remaining ruins still give a sense of the power and grandeur of the ancient city, which can only be realized after the many hours of travel through the dense jungle that would be required to do so.
Lelu Hill, the island's highest point, has a collection of caves and tunnels used by the Japanese during World War II. The island of Kosrae itself has completely pristine coral reefs close to shore that are suitable for diving and easily accessible by boat. Underwater visibility here often exceeds 30 m, and in summer often more than 60 m. Underwater cave Blue Hole ("Blue Hole") in Lelu is inhabited by colonies of corals, stingrays and barracudas. The south is a good place to dive - Hiroshi Point, which is famous for its beautiful soft corals and the gathering place for schools of hammerhead sharks. An American reconnaissance plane lies on the bottom 20 meters from the entrance to Lelu Harbor. Two Japanese ships and several whaling ships also sank nearby.
Pohnpei Island With its lush vegetation, jungle-covered mountain slopes and blooming hibiscus, it most closely matches the typical image of the southern island, although excess humidity spoils this picture somewhat. The main and largest island in Micronesia, it has an area of 334 square meters. km. This is an almost rectangular island, framed by picturesque bays and narrow peninsulas. The island's coastline is formed mainly by tidal beaches and mangroves, but there are also many small islands with beautiful lagoon beaches between the island itself and the surrounding reefs.
The main city of the island is Colony, a relatively large settlement by island standards, still retains a colorful provincial character. small town Palikir, located just 8 km. nearby, is the capital of Micronesia. Pohnpei Airport and most of the island's hotels and restaurants are located in Kolonia.
Ancient stone city Nan Madol, lying on nearly 100 artificial islets off the southeast coast of Pohnpei, is Micronesia's finest archaeological site. Nan Madol was built from colossal basalt blocks during the period of a tyrannical dynasty Saudeler, which reached its peak in the 13th century. Nan Duvas- the largest, still standing, part of the city, the outer walls of which reached 8 meters in height, and contained crypts on the inside. Although many of Nan Madol's temples, vaults, and reservoirs have been destroyed, the entire colossal, semi-legendary city still has great dramatic impact. The most famous natural monument of Pohnpei is the picturesque rock Sohes Rock(180 m), a basalt cliff that resembles a human face.
Chuuk Island (formerly Truk) very colorful, with a lively and quite “rough” coastline. Chuuk has 15 main islands, 92 outer islands and more than 80 lagoon islets. His biggest assets are sunken ships and planes from the Second World War. All over the world they know about "underwater museum" Chuuk- the entire Japanese fleet lies at the bottom of this lagoon, this is evidence of the greatest naval disaster in history. Each ship lies in the same form in which “death” found it - some are upright, some are completely intact, others are only partially preserved. Some of the transports were filled with weapons, trucks and fighter planes; team members also remained buried at sea.
The main activity in Veno, the main town on the island, - watching the sunrise over the island Faychuk in the western lagoon or the usual beach pastime. Most hotels are located in Veno, but there are also stylish local-style houses on other islands.
Yap Island- The land of giant stone money, the most traditional area in Micronesia. Yap consists of four islands - Yap, Tomil-Gagil, Map and Rumung. Unlike the other "high" islands in the country, which are volcanic in origin, Yap was formed by the uplift of a section of the Asian continental plate shelf. Hence the peculiar landscape of the island - more hills and plains than mountains and valleys. Of the 134 outer islands, many are just tiny pieces of shore made of coral and sand, barely rising above the surface of the water. The island's communities are linked by old stone footpaths (some estimated to be centuries old), and village buildings are still constructed in the intricate traditional style of timber, thatch, rope and bamboo. It is a society with a strong caste system, where village elders and chiefs still have so much influence that they easily challenge the decisions of elected officials, and stone money is still used for some traditional transactions.
Please note that residents of Yap are very offended if a tourist points cameras at them ( taboo), although they are very friendly and receptive to travelers who respect their customs and culture. Most people have already adopted the Western style of clothing, but in everyday life, almost everyone, especially children, wear bright colored loincloths, and some of the women only wear woven skirts made from hibiscus leaf fibers. Almost every resident is constantly “busy” chewing betel.
Nukuoro Atoll- a real “shelter” for lovers of loneliness. One of Pohnpei's outer atolls, it contains 42 tiny islets that form an almost perfect circle around a lagoon 6 kilometers in diameter. The Polynesian people of the atoll are very welcoming, making it a great place to relax, or to spend some time just walking around the shore, searching for seashells and playing with the island's children. There is a small guesthouse right on the pier. There is no airport, and a passenger ship arrives only once a month.
Woleai Atoll, one of Yap's outer islands, is famous for its patriarchal simple lifestyle, friendly people and beautiful beaches. Its approximately 800 inhabitants live on just five of Woleai's 22 islets, some of which are clustered together and connected only by sandbars. Woleai "holds fast" to its traditional ways: canoes take precedence over motorboats and there are certain rules against wearing T-shirts, pants, baseball caps and other Western clothing. While foreign visitors are freed from any instructions and prohibitions, this helps to perceive the traditions and way of life of the islanders. Technically, there are no commercial hotels or guesthouses for long-term stays, but it is usually easy to arrange overnight accommodation for any length of time with the locals. Woleai is accessible by plane from Yap or by slow and circuitous boat from the capital. Permission is required to visit Woleai and the other outer islands of Yap: make a request to the Special Assistant for External Island Affairs in Colonia or Yap at least one month in advance of the visit.
etc.................
The official name is the Federated States of Micronesia.
Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Area 702 km2, population 137 thousand people. (2003). The official language is English. The capital is the city of Palikir (11.7 thousand people, 2003). Public holiday - Constitution Day on May 10 (since 1979). The monetary unit is the US dollar.
Member of the UN (since 1991), IMF (since 1993), Pacific Islands Forum (formerly UTTF, 1987).
The Federated States of Micronesia is located north of Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands on the 607 islands of the central and eastern Caroline Archipelago and the Kapingamarangi Atoll to the south. Length from west (Yap Island) to east (Kosrae Island) - approx. 3 thousand km.
Sights of Micronesia
Geographic coordinates: 6°55 north latitude and 158°15 east longitude. The Federated States of Micronesia are divided into 4 parts: 1) Pohnpei - the island of the same name (the largest, 334 km2) and more than 160 islands and atolls; 2) Chuuk - 11 “high” islands in Truk Lagoon (one of the largest in the world - over 2 thousand km2) and several groups of coral atolls and islands; 3) Yap - 4 islands that make up the island of Yap (three of them are connected by bridges) and 15 groups of small islands and atolls; 4) Kosrae - the island of the same name and the islet of Lelu, connected by a dam. The length of the coastline is 6112 km.
Most of the islands of the Caroline archipelago are low coral. Rain moisture does not linger in the upper layers of calcareous soils. The vegetation is adapted to saline groundwater. On the “high” volcanic islands - Pohnpei and Kosrae - the soils are rich in organic matter, the vegetation is much more diverse (areca palm, ramp, bamboo, etc.). Mangroves cover the coast of almost all volcanic islands. Highest point - 791 m (Pohnpei). There are more than 40 rivers on Pohnpei. The fauna is represented by bats, rats, crocodiles, snakes, and lizards. The world of birds is diverse. Yap, unlike other “high” islands, is of non-volcanic origin, it is covered with hills and meadows. The waters of coral reefs and lagoons are rich in fish and sea animals.
Minerals: The world's largest tuna reserves in a 200-mile economic zone (an area of over 2.6 million km2), high-quality phosphate deposits and potential seabed mineral reserves.
The climate is tropical. Temperature +23-30°C. The island of Pohnpei is one of the “wettest” places on the planet (over 5000 mm of precipitation per year). But under the influence of El Niño, droughts occur. Destructive typhoons are regular (June-December).
Average annual population growth rate approx. 3% per year, partially compensated by emigration (about 15 thousand immigrants from the Federated States of Micronesia live in Guam, the Mariana and Hawaiian Islands, as well as in the mainland USA). The vast majority of residents are Micronesians, with some Polynesians. Ethnic traits are affected by long-term contacts with Europeans and the Japanese occupation. English is widely spoken, and the two main languages of the 8 Malayo-Polynesian group are Chuukese (about 50% of the population) and Pohnpeian (25%). Each of the main parts of the country has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common features. 89% of the adult population is literate. Life expectancy for men is 67 years, for women - 71 years. Infant mortality 33 people. per 1000 newborns.
Catholics - 50% of believers, Protestants - 47%, there are adherents of local beliefs.
The Caroline Islands were named in honor of the Spanish King Charles II - in 1521 F. Magellan landed here. Since 1899, the archipelago has been under the control of Germany (bought it from Spain). In 1914 it was occupied by Japan. After World War II, 6 Pacific territories, under a UN mandate, came under the guardianship of the United States (1947). Of these, 3 (Pohnpei, including Kosrae; Yap and Chuuk) are the current constituent parts of the Federated States of Micronesia. Since 1979, the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia, the national government and state governments have been in force. In 1986, with the entry into force of the Compact of Free Association with the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia became a sovereign state. In 1990, the UN Security Council abolished the status of a mandate territory in relation to the Federated States of Micronesia.
The Federated States of Micronesia is a presidential republic. The President is the head of state and government.
Administratively, it is divided into 4 states according to geographical parts. In addition to the capital, the states have administrative centers.
The National Congress has legislative power. It has 14 senators: 4 - one from each state - are elected for 4 years (next elections in 2007), another 10 - for 2 years in proportion to population (next elections in 2005). From among the “four-year” senators, Congress elects a president (since 2003 - J. Urusemal) and a vice president (R. Killion) for 4-year terms. By-elections are held to fill any vacancies thereafter. When electing state leaders, there is an informal principle of rotation between states. Each of the 4 states of the country has a similar structure of executive and legislative power according to its own Constitution. State governments exercise most of the executive functions of the state.
There are no political parties.
According to the Treaty of “Free Association” with the United States, the latter carries out the defense of the Federated States of Micronesia.
The Federated States of Micronesia has had diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation since 1999.
GDP per capita approx. 2 thousand US dollars. GDP growth rate since mid. 1990s - 1-2% per year. Agriculture retains a semi-natural character. Its value is falling. It employs up to 50%. The rest work in the public sector, retail trade and tourism industries. Unemployment is 15-20%.
Coconut palm, betel, cassava, tropical fruits and vegetables, sweet potatoes, black pepper are grown, poultry and pig farming, fishing and fish processing are being developed. Souvenirs are made from shells, wood and pearls.
Highways - 240 km (42 km - paved). Each of the 4 urban centers has an international airport capable of receiving medium-range aircraft, and a deep-water port accessible to ocean-going ships. In the Federated States of Micronesia - 2 thousand Internet users (2000).
Up to 15 thousand tourists visit the islands annually. Remoteness and lack of infrastructure hinder the development of tourism, but the Asian Development Bank considers this industry the most promising.
The Federated States of Micronesia is heavily dependent on US financial assistance. According to the Treaty of “Free Association” in 1986-2001 it amounted to approx. $2 billion in grants and subsidies. Since 1999, negotiations have been ongoing to extend the Treaty. Aid was extended during negotiations but has been reduced in recent years, affecting the economic situation of the Federated States of Micronesia.
In addition to fish and fish products (85% of exports), copra and coconut oil, black pepper, bananas, etc. are exported. Food and drinks, finished products, and equipment are imported. The main partners are the USA, Japan, Guam, Australia. Up to 30% of budget revenue comes from the sale of licenses to foreign fishing vessels.
Primary (eight-year) public education is compulsory (but 25% of children do not attend school). There are 2 (private) secondary schools, the Maritime and Fishery Academy (secondary school and college level). The College of Micronesia (Pohnpei) provides higher education.
general information
The largest islands of Micronesia are of volcanic origin (height up to 791 m), surrounded by coral reefs. The climate is equatorial and subequatorial. Precipitation ranges from 2250 mm to 3000-4500 and 6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusape) per year. The part of the Pacific Ocean where Micronesia is located is an area where typhoons occur (on average there are 25 typhoons per year). The islands are covered with evergreen tropical forests and savannas; The coral islands are dominated by coconut palm and pandanus.
Since the seventeenth century, the Caroline Islands belonged to Spain. In 1898, Spain sold them to Germany. In 1914, the islands were captured by Japan, and during the Second World War they were occupied by US troops, who began to administer them under a UN mandate. In 1978, the Caroline Islands received the status of a “freely associated territory with the United States.” In 1979, the constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia was adopted.
The basis of Micronesia's economy is fishing, copra production, and vegetable growing. Cattle, pigs, and goats are raised on the islands. To develop its fishing zone, Micronesia cooperates with the USA, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. Every year, 25 thousand tourists visit Micronesia, mainly from Australia and Japan. The length of asphalt roads is 226 km. Half of the export consists of copra; pepper, fish, handicrafts, and coconut oil are also exported. The main foreign trade partners are the USA and Japan. Micronesia receives significant cash subsidies from the United States and uses the American dollar as its currency.
Culture
The traditional culture of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia is pan-Micronesian (with the exception of the culture of the two Polynesian atolls of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi). However, it has undergone significant changes over several centuries of foreign domination. But even today on many islands there are houses of local pillar construction without walls, the function of which is performed by gable roofs reaching to the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. Micronesians still master the art of making wooden boats without a single metal nail. Leaders play a significant role in the public life of the FSM. Perhaps the culture of the Yapese remained the most conservative (folklore, dancing, houses on stone foundations under palm leaves, loincloths for men and fluffy skirts made of plant fibers for women).
Intensive contacts in recent decades with the Western world have changed the mentality of the younger generation of Micronesian citizens, who are no longer guided by traditional values, but strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
Story
The ancestors of the Micronesians settled the Caroline Islands more than 4 thousand years ago. Over the centuries, two social groups emerged in Micronesian society - the “noble” and the “common”; the former did not engage in physical labor and differed from the latter in their special tattoos and jewelry. The territorial associations were headed by chiefs (tomol), but their power was not the same on different islands. On about. Temen (Pohnpei state) the remains of an ancient civilization were discovered - the stone city of Nan Madol. It consisted of monumental structures erected on reefs - platforms made of coral rubble and lined with basalt slabs. Residential and temple complexes were built on the platforms, the dead were buried and various rituals were performed. According to legends, the city was the center of the vast Saudeler power and was destroyed by the conquerors, after which Pohnpei split into five territorial entities. Similar monuments were found on the island. Lelu (Kosrae state). On the island of Yap in later times, there apparently existed a centralized state entity that had economic and religious functions. Tribute was collected from conquered tribes. The first Europeans found on Yap one- and two-tier platforms with temples and men's houses, as well as peculiar money in the form of large stone disks with a hole in the center.
The Caroline Islands were discovered by European navigators in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1526, di Menezighi discovered the Yap Islands, and in 1528, Alvaro Saavedra first saw the Truk Islands (modern Chuuk). In 1685, Captain Francisco Lazeano rediscovered the island of Yap and named the island Caroline (after King Charles II of Spain). Later this name was transferred to the entire archipelago, which was declared the possession of the Spanish crown. However, the discovery of its islands continued in subsequent years. The first Spanish Catholic missionaries, arriving in 1710 on the Sonsorol Islands and in 1731 on Ulithi Atoll, were killed by the islanders, and the Spanish abandoned attempts to colonize the Caroline Islands until the 1870s.
From the end of the 18th century. Commercial and scientific British, French and even Russian ships began to visit the archipelago. Thus, in 1828, the Russian navigator F.P. Litke discovered the islands of Ponape (Pohnpei), Ant and Pakin and named them in honor of Admiral D.N. Senyavin. Since 1830, American whalers have often visited here. In the 1820s and 1830s, Pohnpei was home to British sailors who were shipwrecked while carrying an English missionary to Kosrae. In 1852, American evangelists founded a Protestant mission on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae. German and English traders began to penetrate the archipelago.
In 1869, Germany established a trading station on Yap, which became the center of the German trading network in Micronesia and Samoa. In 1885, the German authorities announced their claims to the Caroline Islands, which Spain considered its own. Thanks to the mediation of the Pope, a German-Spanish treaty was concluded, recognizing the archipelago as Spanish possession, but giving German traders the right to create trading posts and plantations on them. Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived on the islands, but they met fierce resistance on Pohnpei. The islanders rebelled and destroyed plantations.
After losing the war with the United States, Spain agreed in 1898 to cede the Caroline and Mariana Islands to Germany. From 1906 they were controlled from German New Guinea. The German colonial authorities introduced universal labor service for adult islanders and began extensive road construction. In response, the people of Pohnpei rebelled and killed Governor Beder. The uprising was suppressed by the German fleet only in 1911. In the fall of 1914, Micronesia was occupied by Japanese troops.
Officially, Japan received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern Micronesia only in 1921. It used the territory of the Caroline Islands for economic purposes (fishing, production of cassava flour and alcohol from sugar cane), to create naval and air bases. Japan pursued a policy of forced assimilation towards the indigenous population. Tens of thousands of Japanese were resettled on the islands, and the best lands were given to them. Japanese settlements emerged. Traces of Japanese domination were preserved in the appearance of the Carolinians, in their language and names.
Since 1944, bloody battles began on the islands between American and Japanese troops. By 1945, Japanese forces had been expelled from Micronesia, the archipelago came under US military control, and in 1947 the Caroline Islands (along with the Marianas and Marshall Islands) became a US-administered UN trust territory, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TPIS). In 1947–1951 The territory was administered by the US Department of the Navy, then transferred to the control of the civil administration of the US Department of the Interior. In 1962, administrative authorities were moved from Guam to Saipan (Mariana Islands). In 1961, the Council of Micronesia was created, but all power remained in the hands of the American High Commissioner. In 1965, the first elections to the Micronesian Congress took place. In 1967, Congress created the Future Political Status Commission, which recommended seeking independence or a "free association" relationship with the United States with full internal self-government. Since 1969, negotiations have been held between representatives of the Congress of Micronesia and the United States.
On July 12, 1978, the population of Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), Yap and Kusaie (Kosrae) counties voted in a referendum for the creation of the Federated States of Micronesia. The Marianas, Marshall Islands and Palau refused to join the new state. On May 10, 1979, the FSM Constitution was adopted, and in the fall the first elections to the National Congress, as well as the governors of four states, were held. The president of the country was the former president of the Congress of Micronesia, Toshiwo Nakayama, who took office in January 1980.
During 1979–1986 The United States has consistently transferred management functions to a new head of state and government. Issues of foreign policy and defense of the FSM remained the prerogative of the United States. In 1983, the population approved the status of “free association” with the United States in a referendum. On November 3, 1985, the PTTO was officially dissolved and the US trusteeship regime ended. On December 22, 1990, the UN Security Council approved the abolition of trusteeship and the FSM became an officially independent state.
In 1991, Micronesian President John Haglelgam (1987–1991), who lost the parliamentary elections, resigned as head of state. In 1991–1996 Bailey Alter (Pohnpei State) served as President from 1996–1999. – Jacob Nena (Kosrae State), 1999–2003 – Leo Amy Falkam, and since 2003 – Joseph John Urusemal. A draft constitutional amendment that would have provided for direct elections of the president and vice president was rejected.
The country's main problems remain high unemployment, declining fish catches and a high degree of dependence on American aid.
They are located in the waters of the Pacific Ocean, just north of New Guinea, and are part of the Caroline Islands archipelago. The country belongs to the geographical region of Oceania and has an independent status, but at the same time plays the role of an Associated State in alliance with the United States of America, largely dependent on their economic assistance.
Peculiarities
The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands of varying sizes, some of which are connected by causeways or bridges. However, only 65 islands of the archipelago are inhabited, and a significant part of the territory is privately owned. The main activities of the islanders are agriculture, fishing, livestock raising and the production of wooden ships. The tourism industry here is poorly developed due to the remoteness from the outside world and limited financial opportunities. The largest islands are of volcanic origin and abound in mountainous heights, the surface of which is covered with dense forests. All land areas are surrounded by coral reefs and atolls. The underwater world is extremely rich and diverse. The forests are home to many rare animals and mammals. When staying in Micronesia, you should take into account the peculiarities of the local culture and try to comply with generally accepted norms of behavior. In particular, the islanders do not like to be photographed or filmed, although due to their mentality they are very sociable and always hospitable towards foreigners.
general information
The main religions in the archipelago are Catholicism and Protestantism. The area of the territory is just over 700 square meters. km. The population is about 110,000 people. The official language is English, although in addition to it there are several other local dialects. The main currency on the islands is the American dollar. Time zone +10. Local time is 7 hours ahead of Moscow. The country's telephone code is +691.
A brief excursion into history
The first Micronesian settlements began to appear here around 2,000 BC, and the local residents were divided into various social groups that had unequal status. Civilization came here in 1527, when the first Spanish ships appeared in the coastal waters of the Caroline Islands. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Germany bought these lands from the Spaniards. During the First World War, the islands were captured by the Japanese, who established sugar cane plantations here. A few decades later, after the end of World War II, the Americans occupied the archipelago, and in 1986 the Federated States of Micronesia acquired the status of a sovereign state in free association with the United States, with the latter taking on the burden of ensuring security and financing the FSM.
Climate
This Pacific region is dominated by an equatorial and subequatorial climate with minor seasonal variations. Throughout the year, the average air temperature on the islands ranges from +25 to +35 degrees, and it often rains. From August to December, typhoons with strong hurricane winds hit the territory of Micronesia. The greatest part of precipitation occurs in April, when tropical downpours pour down like a continuous wall. The most acceptable times of the year to visit the FSH are the periods from January to March and from the second half of May to July, when the likelihood of natural disasters is minimized.
Visa and customs regulations
When visiting the country for less than 1 month, you do not need a visa. In this case, each state is considered separately and the period of 30 days is counted again from the moment of crossing the border of any of the 4 administrative territories. All 4 states have a customs border, where generally accepted customs standards apply regarding the transportation of certain goods. There is no Russian embassy in Micronesia, and the nearest one is located in the Philippines.
How to get there
Each of the FSR states has its own international airport, and the island of Yap has a deep-sea port that regularly receives large ocean liners. There are no direct flights with the CIS countries, so you can get to the archipelago by air either from Tokyo, Japan or from Manila, Philippines. There are also flights from the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu Airport) and the island of Guam, also part of the United States.
Transport
Within the country, private buses and taxis are actively used as the main means of transportation. There is no public transport here. There are regular ferry services between the islands. If you wish, it is worth renting a car, especially since the prices for this type of service are quite reasonable.
The most interesting
Administratively, the FSM is divided into 4 states: Chuuk, Kusai, Pohnpei and Yap. Each of them has several islands and atolls, while having its own administrative center. The most populous state is Chuuk. It is home to over 53,000 islanders. The capital of Chuuk is the island city of Veno, which has its own airport, several hotels and excellent diving conditions. The state of Pohnpei is home to the capital of the entire country, the city of Palikar, with a population of about 20,000 people. It is located on the island of Pohnpei, part of the state of the same name. This area of land is considered one of the wettest on the planet. More than 7600 mm of precipitation falls here annually. The surface of the island is replete with an abundance of coconut palms and pandanus trees, and mangroves grow along the coast. Not far from Palikara is the city of Colonia, which has a developed tourism infrastructure, including hotels, restaurants and entertainment venues. The main attraction of Pohnpei is the ruins of the ancient city of Nan Madol, dating back to the origins of megalithic culture. The third state of the country, Kusai, includes several land areas, including the island of the same name with the local capital Tofol, geographically considered the easternmost point of the Carolina Archipelago, not far from Hawaii. The fourth state of the country, Yap, consists of 4 large islands, 7 small and several dozen atolls. It is known for its distinctive culture and ancient traditions. In addition, the local lagoons offer excellent conditions for scuba diving, and the island's shores are ideal for hiking and admiring the ocean views.
The main advantage of the Federated States of Micronesia is its magnificent natural landscapes and ocean expanses, so revered by numerous diving and snorkeling enthusiasts. To explore the underwater beauty of the local atolls and coral reefs, you can use any island or tiny piece of land by going there by boat or boat. On the island of Veno, Mount Tonachau attracts attention with a picturesque waterfall and ancient petroglyphs on the walls of mysterious rock caves. In addition, fragments of military equipment and bunkers of Japanese soldiers who took refuge on the island during the Second World War have been preserved here. Since then, a lighthouse has risen on the coast, with an observation deck equipped on it. The original traditions and culture of Micronesia are most clearly represented on the island of Yap, where you can see the ancient stone money of the islanders and enjoy the dancing of local beauties dressed in national costumes. On the islands of the state of Kusai, in the thickets of the tropical forest, you can see traces of ancient civilizations, including partially surviving fragments of the temple of the goddess Shinlaku and the ruins of Menka, with medicinal plants growing along them.
In the state of Chuuk, a real find for diving enthusiasts is the unique Truk Lagoon, which is a free underwater museum, where instead of the traditional shining, well-kept halls, fans of deep-sea diving are offered a real sandy battlefield, dotted with the remains of guns, planes and ships that sank during the battles of World War II war. There is a circular highway running along the entire coastline of Pohnpei Island, allowing you to easily get to its most picturesque places. Here, first of all, Mount Nana Laud is notable, its height reaches 800 meters. Several dozen rivers originate from it, cutting the island territory. Along them there are many waterfalls, the most famous of which are Keprohi, Sauvartik and Lidudunlap. These places are recommended for lovers of eco-tourism, especially since comfortable campsites are located right among wild natural landscapes, allowing travelers to have a good rest and relaxation. Like all other regions of the archipelago, Pohnpei is distinguished by a wealth of animal life, and in the local waters among the vegetation you can see anemones, soft, hard and fire corals. As you dive, you will often encounter common Pacific marine life such as sharks, manta rays, sea turtles and all kinds of tropical fish. The islanders celebrate several national holidays throughout the year. They are held very fun and solemnly, so if you are in the country on one of these days, you should definitely experience such an event in order to become imbued with the culture and traditions of this amazing people.
The Federated States of Micronesia is one of the most remote, and therefore attractive, countries in the world. It has a lot of advantages and even if it is not a popular tourist Mecca on a planetary scale, it arouses genuine interest among travel lovers and serves as an excellent reason to get acquainted with distant and mysterious shores, lost in the vast waters of the Pacific Ocean.
» Truk, Federated States of Micronesia
There is nothing cooler than an evening on a good Micronesian island: with white sand, almost without even the usual marine debris, with palm trees with coconuts removed so that a tourist doesn’t get hit on the head, with a beautiful sunset promising tomorrow’s adventures. The repellent does not cope well with mosquitoes, but this is not visible from the photo.
The morning is even more beautiful. We are divers in a dive hotel in one of the most important dive sites. 
A good Micronesian island of the day is Truk, until 1944 the largest Japanese naval base in the South Pacific, and now a worldwide mecca for wreck diving. 
Truk
From a dive hotel with a closed area with grass and palm trees, you can and should only go out into the sea, but we take a car and drive around Truk, and Truk turns out to be absolutely beautiful.
Independent since 1986, but the postal code system remains American for now: 
On the shield on the left is the heavenly Truk, which is in our heads and hearts (it is worth noting the marked asphalt roads, the collected garbage and the trimmed lawn. No one drinks), on the right is Truk, our days: 
The real situation is this: Truk is not an island, but a lagoon in which there are several islands of approximately the same size. We are not going around Truk, but around Weno - the island with the airport, all the business and tourists. Veno is an island, a city, a state capital, and a village, gradually turning into each other. 
Veno
The main road: 
Veno is fighting for the title of owner of the crappiest main road around the island in Micronesia, but loses to the main one: on Tarawa there is an insane number of potholes and you drive nervously, as if on a grater; on Truk, the potholes have already merged into single half-flooded channels of sorts and the driving has become calmer. 
The main road has narrowed, how can you miss an American school bus? 
The jungle is gradually digesting the machines and units that could not cope with the Truk road: 
But in much better condition. 
Village. 
A man walking towards you with an empty bucket seems to be hinting: 
Good-natured locals hang out. Good nature ends with sunset: Truk is the most dangerous, most vile place. Micronesians have the same problems with alcohol as some aboriginal peoples, Indians, and residents of northern Siberia, but alcohol is not limited to anything other than church propaganda, and by the evening fights begin, robbing rich strangers, or worse. 
They are buried in the yard if the site allows: 
The young man stands under a canopy and hides his hands: 
Fiber-optic communication line has been extended: 
The young man was carrying coconuts, got tired and sat down: 
Girls posing: 
Soft Borders: 
There are very few historical houses of European and Japanese colonists left, but they are incredibly beautiful: 
Here are the churches, like everywhere else, in large numbers and in perfect order: 
The turtle above the gate is straight out of pre-European history, when public façades were decorated with something cool, like drawings (or skeletons) of useful sea creatures. Actually, modern churches usually stand on the site of temples demolished by the first missionaries. 
Sometimes the main road emerges from the jungle village and winds along the crystal turquoise waters of the lagoon 
So that the diver does not forget why he needs all this, every license plate, T-shirt and souvenir reminds:
