In a stone circle of an ancient cemetery, in a place of cult of old, forgotten and eternal gods pulsing with ancient magic and power, the Wall Climber raised his hands and a bloody knife. And he screamed. Gleefully. Wildly. Inhuman.
Everything around froze in horror.
Andrzej Sapkowski "God's Warriors"
Among the windy wastelands, above the heather, under the low restless sky, there are hieroglyphs on a gray stone. Worn out by time, lost, alien to our world, thrown into it from another, unknown reality, separated by the abyss of centuries. The fragments of forgotten epochs bearing the seal of eternity, survived more than one generation of legends, in which there is no longer a drop of truth. But still filled with strange strength and invincible greatness. Awe-inspiring even now. Megaliths.
Megaliths ("big stones") are usually called prehistoric structures of huge stone blocks, connected without the use of mortar. But this definition is very imprecise. A significant part of archaeological sites classified as megaliths, in the strict sense, are not structures at all, since they consist of a single monolith or several plates that are not connected to each other.
In addition, the stones of megalithic structures are not always large. Finally, some buildings that were already built in historical time are often referred to megaliths, but either with the use of cyclopean boulders (the Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek), or without the use of mortar (Machu Picchu in Peru, XVI century).
What, then, unites megaliths? Perhaps the monumentality and aura of mystery. Megalith is the creation of a bygone, often already nameless people. This is a message from an unimaginably distant "pre-legendary" past. Monument to an unknown builder.
ETERNAL STONES
Alien, surreal, contrary to all known principles of architecture, the appearance of the megaliths feeds the vast "modern mythology", full of Atlanteans, Hyperboreans and other representatives of highly developed civilizations that have sunk into oblivion. But there are at least two reasons not to take such speculation seriously. Firstly, they still do not give an intelligible explanation for the appearance of megaliths. Secondly, the real secrets of history are more interesting than the imaginary ones.
The simplest megaliths, thus, which cannot yet be considered constructions, include the sacred stones of seida and menhirs - oblong, roughly worked blocks vertically stuck into the ground, split off from the rock. A little later, they are replaced by orthostats, which are distinguished by a flat shape and the presence of at least one carefully smoothed edge on which magic signs were drawn or carved.
Solitary menhirs and seids, as a rule, served as objects of worship. Sacrifices were made near the 7.6-meter-high Radston Monolith, the largest in England, decorated with fossilized dinosaur footprints. On the plains, ice blocks have always attracted attention and, most likely, could be considered the home of the spirit or the weapon of the ancestor. Smaller menhirs usually served as tombstones for the leaders. In any case, it was for this purpose that the last of them was installed under the camera at the beginning of the last century in Indonesia. The largest cluster of 3000 orthostats is the Karnak Stones in Brittany - a prehistoric cemetery.
In some cases, the menigirs were placed in a group, forming the cromlech circle that marks the boundaries of the cult place. Often, in the center of the decorative fence, a platform lined with stone was found, on which the bodies of the dead were burned or animals and captives were sacrificed. Ceremonies, meetings, festivals and other social events could also be held here. Cults have changed. Cromlechs are more durable than religions.
The use of megalithic structures as observatories is not excluded. To accurately determine the position of the moon and the sun (by the shadow), unshakable landmarks were required. Menhirs placed in a circle fulfilled this role. It should be noted that in the Middle Ages the observatories had a similar structure.
Already in ancient times, people strove for diversity and were not afraid of experiments. An epochal step forward, a real breakthrough in stone architecture, was the taula - a structure made of a large stone, set on a small one. Then came the triliths - arches of three stones - the beauty and pride of Stonehenge. The stability and durability of these structures led the primitive builders to the idea of \u200b\u200bconstructing dolmens - the first stone buildings in the history of mankind.
A lot of mysteries are associated with dolmens, as well as with the rest of the simplest megaliths. For example, they can never be associated with any specific archaeological culture - that is, with an ancient people, whose migrations are tracked by scientists using characteristic ceramics, arrowheads and other finds. The stone does not give out the age of the building, does not tell anything about the creators. As a rule, it is possible to determine the date of the dolmen appearance only with an accuracy of several centuries. And over such a period, the population of the country has changed more than once. The artifacts found in and around the structure do not say anything, since it is known that the megaliths, passing from hand to hand, remained "in operation" for thousands of years.
The fact that similar, almost identical megaliths are scattered over a huge area - from the Caucasus to Portugal and from the Orkney Islands to Senegal - may also be quite puzzling. In this regard, even a version was put forward about a certain "dolmen culture", whose representatives once inhabited all these territories. But the hypothesis was not confirmed. No traces of such people were found. Moreover, it was found that the age of two identical, adjacent dolmens can differ by a couple of thousand years.
In fact, the similarity of dolmens of different countries is explained by the fact that the idea lying on the surface naturally occurred to many people. Any child could make a "house" by placing four flat stones on the edge and placing the fifth on them. Or cover the hole in the stone with a flat block (trough-shaped dolmen). Having admired his creation, the young architect grew up, became a leader and encouraged his fellow tribesmen to build a structure already in full size.
One thing can be said with certainty: the appearance of the first megaliths is associated with the transition of the population to a sedentary lifestyle. Wandering hunters did not have the desire to turn over the blocks they encountered during migrations. And the groups of people were too small to carry out large-scale work. The very first farmers got the opportunity to engage in capital construction. Only experience was missing. And it took them a long time to think of anything better than digging two stones into the ground and planting a third on them.
Apparently, the dolmens were crypts. Some of them contain the remains of hundreds of people. Decaying bones formed layer by layer, and new graves were dug right in the resulting mass. Other dolmens are completely empty. Probably, over the past millennia, someone has taken the trouble to clean them out.
| Path in the maze | |
| A special category of megaliths is made up of flat cairns - lines or drawings made of small stones. It includes numerous "stone boats" - Viking burials, made in the form of a ship's outline indicated by boulders, and a unique "stone eagle" - an image of a bird with outstretched wings, created by an unknown tribe of North American Indians. But the most famous flat cairns are “labyrinths”, found in Scandinavia, Finland, England, in the north of Russia and even on Novaya Zemlya. Rows of stones form an intricate, coiling path. These are the least visible and, at the same time, extremely spectacular megaliths. For the labyrinth is a powerful symbol that weaves reality. The path to the land of spirits is winding. Who left these stone seals, unsolved signs in the northern, meager land? Like most megaliths, the labyrinths are anonymous. Sometimes they are associated with the tribes of the proto-saami, but the Sami themselves do not know anything about spirals. In addition, labyrinths are spread far beyond the boundaries of the settlement of the ancestors of this people. A separate opinion on this issue among the Nenets, who consider the flat cairns to be the work of the Sirte - a short, stocky people of blacksmiths who have long gone underground. |
But sooner or later, building simple stone boxes was no longer satisfying. The dolmen is effective enough to glorify a separate clan, but too small to become the pride and cult center of an entire tribal union. People already wanted more. At least just in size.
Individual dolmens began to line up in a long corridor, often with lateral branches. Sometimes two corridors connected by passages were built. Natural slabs were difficult to match in shape, and for the construction of "walls" masonry began to be used, as in composite dolmens, or solid polished blocks, as in tiled ones.
But even in this case, the structure did not seem majestic enough. Therefore, a colossal cairn - an artificial structure in the form of a pile of stones - was poured on top of the "serial" dolmens. In order to prevent the pyramid from collapsing, it was “propped up” along its perimeter with a ring of orthostats. If there was more than one belt, it turned out something like a ziggurat. The scale of the Neolithic gigantomania can be judged by the fact that such structures, which had long taken the form of rolling hills, in modern times were exploited as quarries for decades before workers discovered the inner chambers.
The most impressive of the Neolithic monuments are now called “corridor tombs” or “megalithic temples”. But one and the same structure could combine functions or change them over time. In any case, the mounds were poorly suited for rituals. It was too crowded inside. Therefore, the cairns continued to coexist with the cromlechs until people learned to build real temples, under the arches of which not only priests, but also believers could fit.
The era of megaliths, which began in prehistoric times, has no clear boundaries. It was not completed, but only, as the construction technologies improved, it gradually came to naught. Even in relatively late eras, when the methods of erecting the arch became known, and buildings were built from hewn stone and brick, the demand for giant blocks did not disappear. They continued to be used, but rather as a decorative element. And even knowing how to fasten stones with mortar, the architects did not always find it necessary to do this. After all, polished stones fitted to each other, equipped with protrusions and grooves, looked better. Finally, even an untreated lump sometimes ended up in place. The boulder that serves as the basis for the equestrian statue of Peter I in St. Petersburg is a typical megalith.
| Titan towers | |
| Scottish Borchs and Mediterranean Nuragues are relatively late megaliths dating back to the Bronze Age. They are towers made of small rough stones without the use of mortar. And the fact that many of these structures, held together only by the weight of the material, are still standing, causes great respect for the builders. The creation of the Borchs is attributed to the Picts, and the Nurags to the Shardens. But both versions are controversial. In addition, only the names given to them by foreign chroniclers remained of these peoples themselves. The origins and customs of the Picts and Chardins are unknown. And this makes it even more difficult to unravel the purpose of the numerous (in Sardinia alone more than 30,000 Nuragi were built), but non-functional structures. Broches resemble fortifications, but were hardly used for defense, because they did not have loopholes and could not accommodate a sufficient number of defenders. They did not make a fire, did not live, did not bury the dead, and did not store supplies. The objects found in the towers belong almost exclusively to the Celts, who settled in Scotland centuries later and tried to think of some use for the towers. However, they succeeded no more than archaeologists. |
THE MYSTERIES OF THE BIG STONE
The question remains "how". How, without heavy equipment, did people deliver huge stones, how did they lift them, how did they trim them? It is these mysteries that inspire the authors of alternative hypotheses. At the heart of which, however, lies a banal lack of imagination. It is difficult for an untrained person to imagine how barbarians cut a giant block with stone tools and manually set it in place. To imagine how all this is unknown why, in an unknown way, the Atlanteans who have gone to unknown place are doing, anyone can do.
But the alternative reasoning contains a fundamental error. With cranes and diamond saws, we do not use huge stone monoliths. This is irrational. More user-friendly materials are now available. Megaliths were built by people who simply could not build otherwise.
The stone is really difficult to work with other stone or copper. Therefore, it was only in the Iron Age that people began to build from relatively compact hewn "bricks". After all, the smaller the block, the larger its relative surface. So the Egyptians did not at all seek to complicate their work, using one and a half and two ton blocks to erect the pyramids, which, of course, were not easy to transport and lift. On the contrary, they lightened it as much as possible. Indeed, with a decrease in blocks, the costs of their manufacture would increase sharply, while transport costs would decrease slightly.
The same weight would have to be transported. The creators of the megaliths reasoned the same way.
Assessing the complexity of a task "by eye" often leads to errors. It seems that the labor of the builders of Stonehenge was enormous, but obviously the costs of building the smallest of the Egyptian and Mesoamerican pyramids were incomparably higher. In turn, all the pyramids of Egypt, taken together, took four times less labor than just one canal - a 700-kilometer "backup" of the Nile channel. This was really a large-scale project! The Egyptians built pyramids in their free time. For the soul.
Was the 20-ton slab difficult to hew and sand? Yes. But every peasant or hunter in the Stone Age during his life in between times, making the necessary tools in the evenings, brought about 40 square meters of stone almost to a mirror shine, choosing the hardest of rocks as much as possible: only a diamond is not amenable to chipping and grinding on wet sand ...
It seems difficult to deliver huge stones not only without equipment, but also without horses, even without a wheel. Meanwhile, under Peter I, frigates were ferried along the route of the future Belomorkanal. Peasants and soldiers pulled the ships along wooden rails, placing wooden rollers. Moreover, the cargo had to be dragged on many-meter cliffs more than once. In such cases, it was necessary to build a draft, and sometimes use counterweights in the form of cages with stones. But when giving the order, the tsar probably did not think long, since it was a matter of an operation that was quite ordinary. It also seemed to the Spaniards both faster and safer to drag galleons from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean across the Isthmus of Panama than to drive them around Cape Horn.
Valuable information was provided by a study of the Maltese megalithic temples, one of which was suddenly abandoned during the construction process. Everything that the workers usually took with them - stone rollers and sleds - remained in place. Even drawings have survived, which looked like a miniature model of the building (this is how - according to the model, not on paper - they were built until the 18th century). In addition, in Malta, and later in other megalithic regions, "stone rails" have been discovered - parallel grooves left by the repeated rolling of round stones under heavy sleds.
| Hobbit holes |
| The megalithic structures of Skara Bray are unique primarily in that they are residential. Usually, Neolithic people built houses from eternal stone only for the dead. But Scotland at that time was the northern outpost of agriculture. So the surprisingly stunted, fewer pygmies, the people, who decided to settle on this harsh land, had to dig themselves in conscience. The lack of wood also affected. "Hobbits" could only count on the logs brought by the sea waves. Another interesting feature of these megaliths is that there is little in their masonry that deserves the epithet "mega". Most of the stones are small. The houses were clearly built by the efforts of one family, unable to deliver to the site and erect a monolithic dolmen slab on the structure. Hobbits' roofs were made of wood and sod. But in each room there were several megaliths in miniature - stone stools and whatnots. |
But all the same - wasn't the work too great? Did the unknown barbarians really need to complicate their already difficult life by delivering and lifting 50-ton boulders of Stonehenge? And not for the sake of profit, but for beauty, for glory. Realizing that the arches of the cult center can be made of wood.
The inhabitants of Neolithic England thought not too much. The Romans believed in exactly the same way, using record, unthinkable 800-ton blocks in Baalbek, although they could easily do with the usual ones. The Incas agreed with them, carving whimsical puzzles from stone to assemble the walls of Machu Picchu from them. Megalithic buildings are amazing even now. They struck him then. They were much more striking. With their labor, the builders glorified the deity, and a little - themselves. And considering that they achieved their goals - although their names are forgotten, glory, having survived the birth and end of many civilizations, thunders through the millennia - can we say that the work was too great?
On the contrary, it was a very economical solution.
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All megalithic structures were built before the devastating earthquake and flood
The listed general features of megalithic structures testify to their very ancient age. They were built before the earthquake that destroyed them, which greatly changed the terrain and probably led to a change in the contours of the continents and oceans. The presence of some megalithic structures (Yonaguni, Ponape, etc.) under water, and others (Tiahuanaco, Cusco, Saxauman, etc.) at an altitude of more than 3.5-4 km and the discovery in them of the remains of an ancient port (Tiahuanako) speaks of the enormity of the tectonic shifts, which, apparently, were accompanied by a flood.
Tectonic movements of such force could not have been caused by any earthquake observed in historical time, which could not even completely destroy the upper, built-on at a later time, sections of the walls on the megalithic foundation. The latest event of this magnitude known to geologists - the Messinian one - occurred at the turn of the Miocene and Pliocene, about 5.3 million years ago.
The study, after writing this work, of underground structures included in the underground-surface megalithic complexes of Israel and Turkey, gave me reason to believe that 1) they bear the impact (traces) of the flood and were built before the last great flood, which occurred 12 thousand years ago , 2) by the nature of the secondary wall changes, they correspond to natural caves of the Paleogene and Neogene age, 3) the underground cities of Turkey, apparently, were built in the range of 14 - 4 million years ago.
Read more details about this in my works "When and by whom was the underground-surface megalithic complex of Israel built?"and" When and by whom were the underground and rocky cities of Cappadocia (Turkey) built?", as well as in other works in the sections"Underground-terrestrial megalithic complex of Israel"and" Underground and rocky cities of Cappadocia (Turkey)"
The ancient age of megaliths does not contradict geological data
But is it possible that the ancient sections of the megalithic walls have been preserved from such distant times?
From the standpoint of a geologist, there is nothing incredible in the ancient age of megaliths.
In different parts of the Earth, rocks of various ages are exposed - from several thousand years to several billion years. At the same time, strong and durable rocks - andesites, diorites, basalts, many limestones and others - often look approximately the same when their age is several million years, several tens of millions of years, and several hundred million years. Older rocks tend to be more deformed and altered along faults and penetrating fractures. But such differences are almost invisible when we are dealing with small outcrops of rocks or platform formations.
Megalithic masonry in its strength and homogeneity is slightly inferior to the covers of basalts and layers of limestone, which I had to be convinced of more than once. Moreover, the megalithic blocks are sometimes so tightly fitted to each other that at first glance it is even impossible to understand whether they are artificial formations or separate in limestones.
Based on this, it can be assumed that fragments of megalithic structures, like rocks, could have survived almost unchanged from any time. Their presence in a particular place (mountains, plains or the seabed) is due only to the direction of tectonic movements, destruction and weathering of rocks and, last but not least, excavations that reveal overlying strata.
People puzzle over the pyramids of Ancient Egypt and similar structures in Central and South America, and wonder how early people could lift and move such huge boulders? Of course, they couldn't. The early people did not build these structures.
Pyramids
Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments of Ancient Egypt. The largest is the Cheops pyramid. Initially, its height was 146.6 m, its height has now decreased to 138.8 m.The length of the side of the pyramid is 230 m.
The pyramid is composed of 2.5 million stone blocks; no cement or other binders were used. On average, the blocks weighed 2.5 tons, but the "Tsar's Chamber" contains granite blocks weighing up to 80 tons. The pyramid is practically a monolithic structure - with the exception of a few chambers and corridors leading to them.
Pharaoh's curse
The curse of the pharaohs is a curse that supposedly befalls anyone who touches the tombs of the royal people and the mummies of Ancient Egypt. The curse is mainly associated with deaths that took place over the next few years after the autopsy of Tutankhamun's grave in 1922.
The main facts set forth in the "curse" are as follows:
1.Lord Carnarvon died 4 months after being in the tomb.
2. a few days after Carnarvon, archaeologist Arthur Mays died;
3. The radiologist Archibald Douglas-Reid soon died;
4. A few months later, the American George Gould, who also visited the tomb, died;
5. In 1923, Carnarvon's half-brother, traveler and diplomat, Colonel Aubrey Herbert, died of blood poisoning;
6. In the same year, a member of the Egyptian royal family, Prince Ali Kamel Fahmi Bey, who was present at the opening of the tomb, was shot by his wife;
7. In 1924, the Governor-General of Sudan, Sir Lee Stack, was shot dead in Cairo;
8. in 1928 Carter's secretary Richard Bartel died unexpectedly;
9. in 1930 Bartel's father Sir Richard, Baron Westbury, threw himself out of a window;
10. Carnarvon's half-brother committed suicide in 1930.
The reports of Lady Almina Carnarvon's death from the bite of an unknown insect at the age of 61 are false, as she passed away at the age of 93 in 1969.
Did the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun contain information about the nature and timing of the past Pole Shift, and is this related to the Curse of the Mummy? Did the establishment kill those who threatened to publish or use the timing information to silence these people? It's no secret that the elite (including the Vatican) are aware of the impending cataclysms that will be caused by the next passage of Nibiru (or Planet X). It is clear that these were not accidents, but the result of efforts to destroy those who possessed the information or made it clear that they would seek to use this knowledge.
The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest building in Teotihuacan and one of the largest in Mesoamerica. Located between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Citadel in the shadow of the massive Cerro Gordo mountain, it is part of a large temple complex. The Pyramid of the Sun is the third largest pyramid in the world after the Great Pyramid of Cholulu, Mexico and the Pyramid of Cheops.
Ancient Chinese gravestone mounds. In popular publications and television films, especially in English, the mounds of Ancient China are called "pyramids". The first message about the existence of the giant so-called "White Pyramid" was delivered in 1945 by a US pilot. Later, the existence of pyramidal hills was confirmed to the north of the ancient Chinese capital Xi'an.
The pyramids found around the world and buried under shifting sands or under randomly growing plants have a similarity in appearance, and this similarity is not accidental. for similar purposes. The pyramids were astronomical instruments that allowed giant humanoids to determine when their planet, the 12th planet, was approaching, and to direct their shuttle spaceships to it. Since the 12th planet visits the solar system on average every 3600 years, those who built the pyramids also built them for their followers, and wanted to make them lasting - like a written record that cannot be lost. The shape of the pyramids allows them to survive earthquakes and hurricanes, and thus it was the chosen shape. After the passage, when the pole shift changed the landscape of the earth's surface, the pyramids lost their value as astronomical instruments, but their durability protected them from disappearing from the earth's surface. Thus, they have become another piece of the puzzle that humanity grapples with in its attempts to solve it.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a stone megalithic structure in Wiltshire (England). It is located about 130 km southwest of London, about 3.2 km west of Amesbury and 13 km north of Salisbury. One of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, Stonehenge is made up of ring and horseshoe structures built from large megaliths. The first researchers associated the construction of Stonehenge with the Druids. Excavations, however, pushed back the creation of Stonehenge to the New Stone and Bronze Ages. The material for dating the sarsen boulders, which is available in very limited quantities, points to 2440-2100 BC. e.
Stonehenge is ancient, much older than man thinks. It was created so early that it is not imprinted in any cultures, and all the threads are broken. Stonehenge is neither a sundial, nor a device for astronomical measurements, nor a place of worship or sacrifice, nor a meeting place. All these interpretations are only an attempt by humanity to explain the purpose of Stonehenge, since the true explanation can lead to too much confusion.
So what exactly is Stonehenge? Stonehenge was erected by order of the reptilian king, who lived on Earth for so long, when people first appeared. However, the structure was intended for the emerging people who existed at that time. This is a subliminal message containing a sadistic appeal and influence on those who will be sacrificed. People should look at Stonehenge and imagine the desperate efforts of an innocent lying on the table under the knife. Why was there another table there? To represent the bunch of villains surrounding the victim. Why is there a circle? So that they do not imagine any force penetrating inside the circle to save the victim. Why else is all this in the open air? Stonehenge was built in order to fulfill the purpose that the creators laid in it - to penetrate into the subconscious of humanity.
If pi is in Babylon (3.125), then the circumference of the Sarsen circle at Stonehenge is 3650 imperial inches, which is represented in the great pyramid. This is a coded message representing the orbital period of Planet X.
Easter Island
Like most other oral traditions, the folklore of the inhabitants of Rapa Nui has been passed down from time immemorial through many generations, and therefore it is not known if these stories are based on historical facts. At the center of most statue stories is the mystical idea that massive megaliths were propelled by the use of "mana" or divine energy. Those who possessed "mana" were able to direct the movement of the "moai" (ie the statue) to its intended place. Information about who actually possessed "mana" varies considerably.
In 1919, the British archaeologist Catherine Routledge, who lived on Easter Island for a year, wrote in her journal: “There was an old woman who lived at the southern edge of the mountain and held the position of cook for the statue makers. She was the most important person among influential circles. and moved the statues with the help of supernatural powers ("mana"), placing them everywhere at will. " Earlier reports left by visitors to the island indicate that the statues were located in the places of the mythical King Tuu Ku Ihu and the god Make-Mak. It was known that there were even special priests who moved moai at the request of those who wanted to have them on their ancestral land or on ahu (base of wind-blown sand).
And this is a pedestal under the moai on about. Easter: 
The giant humanoids have long faces, but the discovered skulls, usually described as alien, do not belong to these humanoids. The heads on Easter Island were designed to be intimidating, since the appearance of these faces was, and indeed has the structure of their faces.
Megaliths of South America
Sacsayhuaman is a large ceremonial complex in Cusco, according to legend it was built by the first Inca king, Manco Copac. According to scientists, megalithic structures were built in the tenth - thirteenth century. The most well-preserved area of \u200b\u200bthe complex is a large square with three massive terraces adjacent to it.
The stones used in their construction are among the largest among the structures of pre-Columbian times. The giant boulders are so precisely matched to each other that you can't even slip a sheet of paper between them. It is believed that this technology, as well as the rounded corners of the stones, allowed Sacsayhuaman to survive the numerous devastating earthquakes that occurred in Cuzco.
Not far from Sacsayhuaman, sixty kilometers northwest of Cusco, there is another megalithic object - Ollantaytambo. In the nineteenth century, the ruins of the city attracted scientists from all over the world who were extremely surprised by the way the buildings were constructed. During its heyday, Ollantaytambo was a fairly large settlement.
Its plan is typical of the Incas - four cross streets crossed seven longitudinal ones, in the center there was a large square. The city consisted of residential buildings, temples, warehouses, as well as utilities - it even had some kind of water supply. Most of the structures were built from large stone blocks closely fitted to each other.
Situated high in the mountains near the Chilean town of San Clemente, the El Enladrillado site is the subject of much controversy among scholars, as well as a source of myth and legend. From Spanish “El Enladrillado” literally translates as “stone floor”. Actually, this phrase describes this area as best as possible.
El Enladrilado is the masonry that covers the surface of the earth. It is made of large boulders that fit tightly together. At the same time, in its shape, the masonry resembles a triangle, pointing with its apex towards the Descabezado Grande volcano.
Tiwanaku or Taipikala is an ancient settlement in Bolivia, 72 km from La Paz near the eastern shore of Lake Titicaca. According to the materials of excavations, this settlement dates back to 1500 BC. e.
High in the mountains of South America, there are traces of ancient civilizations with features similar to those of ancient Egyptian civilizations. These are structures that were built from large stone blocks and were paved and fortified in the same way as the Great Pyramids. Space ports on high plateaus, which can be clearly visible from space, can still hardly be identified from the surface of the Earth. In the humid jungle to the north lie the outlines of cities abandoned for no apparent reason. This land is fertile, the water supply is rich, and yet they are there unattended and unpopulated. Legends say that human sacrifices were made on pyramid-like platforms, that hearts were bursting from the chests of living people, but there is no evidence of this practice among the local peoples. Who built it and where did they go?
All these traces of ancient civilization are only traces that remained from humanoid aliens from the 12th planet, who left the earth. Human sacrifice - never the practice of the local population - was also stopped, as this ferocious form of punishment was used by mainstream aliens to keep their wayward human slaves on a tight leash. After their departure, the frightened people either left there to wander, or played politics, according to which they chose new masters for one day. If people don't have the technology to make a city function, then cobbled streets and stone structures become unnecessary burdens. People were forced to walk much further to work the fields or to go hunting. Why did they have to take all these tedious steps? The cities were soon abandoned by everyone except the monkeys, lizards, and vines that crawl through everything in the jungle.
Baalbek is the oldest and most majestic city on Earth, the ruins of which are located at the foot of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains 85 kilometers northeast of Beirut in Lebanon. In the Sumerian chronicles, it is mentioned that Baalbek was built at the same time as the pyramids of Giza. Baalbek's structures are striking in their size. Once upon a time, the grandiose temple of Jupiter towered on the Baalbek terrace.
In the southeastern wall, the base consists of nine rows of stone blocks weighing more than 300 tons each. In the southwestern wall of the base there are three colossal megalithic blocks of absolutely incredible size, called Trilithon - the Miracle of the Three Stones. Each of them is 21 meters long, 5 meters high and 4 meters wide. They weigh 800 tons each. Moreover, these monoliths lie at an eight-meter height. Traces of machining of planes are visible on the blocks.
Contrary to the sometimes encountered statement, the so-called. The "South Stone" was not at all thrown by the builders along the road and was not lost during transportation - it remained lying in the quarry, and was not even completely separated from the rock foundation. The slope of the block is set by the general slope of the surface, which the rock mass had in this place.
Giant humanoids from the 12th planet, which entered the legends of many earthly peoples, wandered around the Earth and even in those places where no legends about their presence remained. These humanoids are recorded in the mythology of Europe as Greek gods or as Vandals-Visigoths, in Africa - in the memory of the Dogon tribe, in South and Central America - in the cities of the Maya and Incas. However, they also visited Australia and the East, although the only traces of them there are artificially made objects. The gods of the ancient Egyptians, the ancient Babylonians, the Germanic Visigoths, the gods of the ancient Mayans and Incas are, almost down to a specific individual, members of the royal family from the 12th Planet who settled on Earth to oversee the development of mines.
Avebury
Avebury is a cult site dating back to the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, consisting of megalithic tombs and sanctuaries. It is located in Wiltshire, England, and gets its name from a nearby village. According to archaeologists, the complex was created and intensively used in the period from 2100 BC. e. to 1650 BC e.
The buildings of Avebury are associated with the culture of bell-shaped beakers. It consists of a huge cromlech with an area of \u200b\u200b11.5 hectares and a diameter of over 350 meters, surrounded by a moat and a rampart, with about 100 stone pillars along its inner edge, each weighing up to 50 tons.
Avebury and the Dark Star. People who settled in the past in the Avebury area and began to lay out stone circles here witnessed the most amazing astronomical phenomenon. In any case, it is interesting that the third circle with an additional sinuous trail extending from it, located near Avebury, means an object like Planet X.
It seems that Babylonian culture allows for this dual interpretation. At the top of this stele is an image of the trinity of bright astronomical objects - the Sun, the Moon and the third emitting planet. Please note that the Babylonian deity Marduk is depicted below on the stele, a deity closely associated with the planet Nibiru. It is interesting to compare this image with the later alchemical image of the dragon, symbolizing Azoth, with its two suns and a moon. Planet X, represented as a Second Sun, and a winding, undulating path are depicted as crop circles in many places.
Newgrange
Newgrange is a megalithic religious building in Ireland, a corridor tomb that is part of the Bru-na-Boyne complex. Newgrange dates from 2500 BC. e. The building has a diameter of 85 meters and a height of 13.5 meters, a 19-meter gallery was made, which points strictly to the southeast and leads into a cruciform hall. The most delightful time to visit Newgrange is December 21st and the days before and after. At dawn, during the winter equinox, the sun's rays rush straight into a small hole above the entrance to the gallery, reach the farthest stone and then fill the entire room with light. Some researchers believe that Newgrange is the oldest "astrological" building of its kind on earth.
If the Annunaki built the Great Pyramids as an astronomical device so that the remaining Annunaki on Earth could determine when their home planet, Nibiru, would enter the solar system, were other such observing devices built during the same time period? According to human estimates, the Great Pyramids were built approximately 4,000 years ago, and New Grange is estimated to be over 5,000 years old. If the Great Pyramids were built for the astronomers existing among the Annunaki awaiting the next passage of Nibiru, then New Grange was a type of structure built for disaster relief. What if the plague strikes, because then astronomers will lose the ability to track the calendar! Their knowledge, of course, was recorded in writing, but we are talking about tasks that have not been solved due to the uncertainty of the number of days, weeks or months that have passed. In such a case, the team was sent to an observation site such as New Grange to celebrate the onset of the Winter Solstice, and quickly report this to the astronomical center.
New Grange is famous for witnessing the moment of the solstice, when sunlight enters it around the dawn of the Winter Solstice. Since the former N Pole was located on the island of Greenland, and the crustal shift during the last shift simply pulled the island of Greenland to a more southerly latitude, at the solstice only the observation pattern changed before and after the moment of the solstice. - The arcs of the trajectory of the Sun in winter in the Northern Hemisphere in the direction from north to south, and therefore ultimately it looks into the hole in which the moment of the Winter Solstice is recorded. Further, at more northern latitudes, the Sun looked into the hole earlier. Does some sunlight penetrate through this hole before or after the solstice? Of course, why not? After all, the hole is not a point. But the approximate time of the Winter Solstice can be registered.
Megaliths in Siberia
Have you seen this already? March 10, 2014 In Gornaya Shoria, in southern Siberia, researchers found an exceptionally huge wall of granite stones.
Some of these giant granite stones are estimated to weigh over 3,000 tons, and as you will see below, many of them were carved "with flat surfaces, right angles and sharp edges." Nothing of this magnitude has ever been found before. The largest stone found at the megalithic ruins in Baalbek, Lebanon, weighs less than 1,500 tons. So how is it that someone carved 3,000 tons of granite stones with unprecedented precision, moved them up the side of the mountain and stacked them in a 40-meter-high stack?
The Annunaki were helped by extraterrestrials who are able to manipulate gravity on their ships, themselves and objects, such as large stones, to lift large stones from which they created their pyramids and walls. Their ships do not hover using jet propulsion, but because of the creation of a separate gravitational field inside the ship. Contactees report floating in the air during visits. So the discovery of massive megaliths shouldn't come as a surprise. The Annunaki were present on Earth even before humanity was genetically engineered from ape. The land was sparsely populated, so their mining operations did not interfere with the efforts of genetic engineers. Due to their long stay on Earth, they were or were buried under the shifting ground, puzzling modern man.
Dolmens
Dolmens are ancient burial and cult structures belonging to the category of megaliths (that is, structures made of large stones). The name comes from the appearance of structures common in Europe - a slab raised on stone supports, resembling a table. The main function for dolmens of all types is funerary.
Why would an early man cremate his dead? Today, there are cultures in New Guinea that eat their dead to gain the strength and wisdom of the deceased. This approach to using the dead is common throughout the world. The practice can be found in Africa and South America, and has been used in China in the past. This is at the heart of cannibalism. So given that the Annunaki were viewed as powerful and dominant giants by early man, and given that the early man in all likelihood would have tried to eat a dead Annunaki in this way in order to obtain these qualities, the Annunaki regularly burned their dead. What is the reason that no mummies or Annunaki graves have been found? They were burned and their ashes scattered.
Megalithic structures appeared and became widespread during the Bronze Age. Megaliths include the following structures:
- menhirs;
- dolmens;
- alineman;
- cromlechs;
- covered walkways;
- and other buildings of large boulders and slabs.
Megalithic structures can be found in every corner of the globe: in the Caucasus, Crimea, Western and Northern Europe (England, France, Denmark, Holland), India, Iran, the Balkan Peninsula, North Africa and other countries.
Figure 1. Megalithic structures. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
The history of the appearance of megalithic structures and types
The appearance of various types of megalithic structures is often associated with cults of worship of ancestors, sun or fire, and totem. Large-scale work on the processing and movement of stone blocks was carried out with the help of a huge number of people in the primitive community of labor organization. The most common sites of this type are dolmens.
Definition 1
Dolmens are burial structures that consist of several slabs arranged vertically and covered with a horizontal slab.
The slabs weighed several tens of tons. Initially, dolmens reached a length of two meters, their height did not exceed 150 centimeters. However, over time, their size became larger, the approach to them was arranged in the form of a stone gallery. The length of such galleries could reach 20 meters. Menhirs are another type of megalithic structures.
Definition 2
Menhirs are vertically installed stone pillars with a rounded cross-section, up to 20 meters high, and weighing about 300 tons.
Menhirs are located near dolmens, so there is an assumption that their funeral rites are connected. Menhirs can often be found in small groups that are arranged in parallel rows. It happens that the length of such rows reaches 30 kilometers.
An example is Karnak in Brittany, where the number of menhirs reaches 3000. It is believed that each menhir is a monument to a deceased person.
Remark 1
Menhirs did not arise out of vital necessity, when a person needed to build dwellings or warehouses. An idea was laid in the creation of menhirs, which is not related to the struggle for existence. But, despite this, considerable efforts were made in order to extract, deliver and erect these blocks, which reached impressive sizes and considerable weight.
The fact of such a rapid spread of this type of megalithic structures indicates that menhirs were a kind of expression of ideas that were the same for people of that era, regardless of their actual location.
It is no coincidence that these stones were of enormous size and weight. If we take into account their historical relationship with subsequent structures that had architectural features, then a menhir is a tombstone or monument, which is similar in its memorial column, but a dolmen is a crypt, tomb or sarcophagus. Cromlech at Stonehenge is already a kind of temple, albeit very primitive.
Definition 3
Cromlechs are large groups of menhirs, which are located in closed circles. Sometimes the circles are made up of several rows of vertical stones.
Stonehenge can be cited as an example of a complex megalithic structure. It is a circle with a diameter of 30 meters, which consists of vertically placed stones. From above they are covered with horizontal slabs. In the middle of the structure there are two rings of low stones, and between them there is a third ring of high boulders composed in pairs. In the center is a single stone, which is believed to be an altar. Stonehenge is a well-known megalithic structure, which already has such architectural elements as center, rhythm, symmetry.
In this type, you can see a structure in which a technical problem found not only a certain type of solution, but also received an aesthetic embodiment, which testifies to the architect's mastery of a sense of rhythm, space, form, scale and proportions. Other megaliths do not possess such qualities, since by all the above signs, they are all closer to amorphous natural creatures than to the work of human hands.
Despite this, cromlech, which is located in Stonehenge, also cannot be called an architectural structure. It is too massive in relation to the horizontal lines, its verticals are too heavy. The technicality of the appearance in this case prevails over its artistic composition. In the same way, as in all other structures that preceded the formation of cromlech:
- dugouts;
- semi-dugouts;
- huts;
- ground-based adobe structures that had a utilitarian purpose.
The artistic form emerged only when the utilitarian form reached perfection. It was also at the final stage of the Bronze Period, when crafts and art industries were actively emerging.
A huge number of megalithic structures have been collected in the Caucasus. Here, stone alleys became widespread, which in Armenia were called the stone army. There are also stone images of fish that were the personification of the deity of fertility.
Magical architecture of megalithic structures
The origins of architecture date back to the late Neolithic. Then the stone was already used to create monumental structures. All ancient megaliths can be divided into two large groups:
- Ancient architectural structures of prehistoric societies: cromlechs, menhirs, dolmens, temples of Malta. For the construction of such structures, almost untreated stones were used. The cultures that used such structures are called megalithic. This culture can also include labyrinths of small stones, as well as individual stone blocks with petroglyphs. Also, the dolmens of the Korean nobility and the tombs of the Japanese emperors can be attributed to megalithic architecture.
- Megalithic structures of more advanced architecture. These are structures made of large stone blocks that have a regular geometric shape. This kind of megalithic architecture is characteristic of the early powers that were not built in later times. This includes the monuments of the Mediterranean: the megalithic structures of the Mycenaean civilization, the pyramids in Egypt, the temple mountain, which is located in Jerusalem.
The most beautiful megalithic structures in the world
Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. The complex is located in the Armenian Highlands. This megalithic structure is considered the oldest in the world. According to historical data, it was formed in the X – IX millennium BC. People at that time were engaged in gathering and hunting. The form of this megalithic temple resembles a circle, of which there are more than 20 pieces. According to experts, this architectural complex was deliberately covered with sand. Its height reached 15 meters, and its diameter was 300 meters.
Megaliths in Carnac (Brittany) France. Many megalithic structures were presented in the form of ceremonial centers in which a cult for the burial of the dead was held. This includes the complex of megaliths in Carnac (Brittany), which is located in France. It has about 3000 stones. Megaliths reached a height of 4 meters, they were placed in the form of an alley, the rows ran parallel to each other. This architectural complex can be dated back to the 5th – 4th millennium BC. Legend has it that Merlin ordered the ranks of Roman legionnaires to be petrified.
Figure 8. Megaliths at Carnac (Brittany), France. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
Nabta Observatory, Nubia, which is located in the Sahara. Some megalithic structures were previously used to determine astronomical events (equinox and solstice). At that time, a megalithic structure was found in the Nubian desert near Nabta Playa, which was used for astronomical purposes. Due to the special arrangement of the megaliths, it was possible to determine the day of the summer solstice. Archaeologists believe that people then lived seasonally, only when there was water in the lake. That is why they needed a calendar.
Stonehenge, UK, Salisbury... Stonehenge is a megalithic structure, which is presented in the form of 82 columns, 30 stone blocks and five huge triliths. Columns weigh up to 5 tons, stone blocks - 25 tons, and huge stones weigh 50 tons. The stacked blocks form arches that previously pointed to the cardinal points. According to scientists, this structure was erected in 3100 BC. Ancient monolith was not only a lunar and solar calendar, but also was an exact copy of the solar system in cross section.
Figure 9. Stonehenge, UK, Salisbury. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
Comparing the mathematical parameters of the geometric figures of the cromlech, it was possible to establish that they all reflect the parameters of various planets of the solar system, and also simulate their orbits. Surprisingly, Stonehenge is a display of 12 planets in the solar system, although today there are only 9. Astronomers have long believed that there are two more planets beyond Pluto's outer orbit, and the asteroid belt is the remains of the pre-existing 12th planets. How could the ancient builders of cromlech know about this?
There is another interesting version about the purpose of Stonehenge. During the excavation of the trail, along which the ritual processions were carried out, once again confirm the hypothesis that the cromlech was built along the relief of the Ice Age. This place was special: the natural landscape was located along the axis of the solstice, connecting heaven and earth.
Cromlech Brogar or Temple of the Sun, Orkney Islands... Initially, this structure had 60 elements, but today only 27 rocks have survived. The place where the cromlech is located is ritual. It is "stuffed" with various burial mounds and burials. All monuments here are united into a single architectural complex, which is preserved by UNESCO. Today, archaeological excavations are being carried out on the islands.
Temples of Ggantija in Shara... It is located in the central part of the island of Gozo and is one of the world's most important landmarks. The megalithic structure is presented in the form of two separate temples, each of which has a concave façade. There is a platform of stone blocks in front of the entrance. The most ancient temple of the architectural complex consists of several semicircular rooms, which are arranged in the shape of a trefoil.
Figure 10. Temples of Ggantija in Shara. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
Scientists believe that such a trinity is a symbol of the past, present and future. According to historians, the temple complex is a sanctuary for worshipers of the goddess of fertility. However, there is a version that the Ggantija temple is a tomb, because the population of the Megalithic era observed traditions. They revered their ancestors and erected tombs, and only later these places became sanctuaries where they worshiped the gods.
Scientists argue no less about the purpose of the megaliths than about who built them. But on this issue today, there is still a unanimous opinion. Megaliths, as the researchers suggest, had three main functions.
Solitary megaliths, menhirs, characteristic of the earliest period of this era, are believed by some archaeologists to have served as a kind of symbols that stood out against the background of the agricultural landscape, and, possibly, were border signs in the face of a growing shortage of land suitable for arable land and pastures.
The most common European megaliths - dolmens, or stone boxes, were tombs for wealthy leaders or entire communities. Some of the earliest were simple tombs, consisting of vertically placed slabs, covered with a horizontal slab. Access to such a grave was limited by a very narrow passage, which was blocked by a stone or earthen embankment. Even though the passage was often very low and narrow, it provided access to the grave for ceremonies. More complex structures consisted of whole paths of stones. Under the long embankment there was a corridor with side stone chambers. Where there was not enough stone, the cells were built of wood.
Many of these collective stone tombs have been in use for decades, even centuries, and a large cemetery like Bouton in Western France has been in use for more than 2 thousand years and contains the remains of hundreds of those buried.
The most complex stone structures, alleys and cromlechs, according to scientists, were a kind of astronomical observatory. These megalithic structures were built collectively - by whole clans and tribes, because their construction required a huge expenditure of muscular strength.
The workforce required to create even the smallest cromlechs and galleries was incomparable to the capabilities of a single community. The digging of ditches, the transportation and installation of huge stones involved cooperation between the communities. Estimates of the man-hours required for the construction of these monuments show an interesting progression: the most ancient megaliths in Wessex, judging by the calculations of the researchers, required about 50 - 70 thousand man-hours, while for later and larger structures it was necessary already about half a million man-hours. And for the construction of Stonehenge at the third stage, it took already 2 million! The immensity of such buildings and the colossal costs of their construction testify to the enormous importance of religion and ritual centers in the life of ancient Europeans. Although we know little about the religious beliefs of the builders of the megaliths, there is no doubt that the celestial bodies played an important role in them: the sun, the moon, the stars. Observations of astronomical and seasonal natural phenomena were the main functions of ancient observatories - ritual centers.
Cromlech Newgrange in Ireland is oriented so that sunlight hits the central chamber inside the stone circle precisely on the winter solstice in the middle of winter. On the day of the summer solstice, Stonehenge was oriented. With the help of these structures, it is possible to record other astronomical phenomena, in particular, the location of the stars in the sky.
A megalithic tomb under a long mound in West Kenneth. England
Hundreds of various carved drawings, which cover many megaliths, also give ideas about the lifestyle and worldview of the builders of megaliths. The earliest examples are simple axes and intersections, however, over time, more complex elements appear on them: spirals are symbols of the Sun, wavy lines are symbols of the water element. Entire galleries of such "prints" have been opened in Scandinavia. There are images of human figures, hunting scenes, and fantastic creatures. They testify to how complex the religious ideas of the ancestors of Europeans were.
The old agricultural symbols of the Neolithic era, especially the female deity associated with abundance and the Earth, gradually gave way to male mythology, more consistent with the new order: wealth expressed in the number of cattle and metal, values \u200b\u200bcaptured in the war. The old myth of the Mother Goddess gave way to new ones. Circles, wheels, spirals and similar elements reflect the endless movement associated with fire, the Sun and their opposite - water, the source of life. These elements became the main objects of veneration in Central and Western Europe.
Around the middle of the VI millennium BC. e. the construction of stone circles and galleries in Spain, Portugal, Northwest France and the British Isles ceases. The old cults are being replaced by new ones associated with the era of war and enrichment. Earth and water become objects of worship. Gifts are dedicated to them - treasures buried in the ground or flooded in swamps and lakes. Collective tombs - dolmens - are being replaced by other forms of burial structures. In Europe, a new era of warriors and heroes begins, the era of mounds, under which ordinary members of the community and noble leaders were buried.
Megaliths of the river valley
This small river flows in Ireland, in the seaside region north of Dublin. In its valley, several burial mounds were discovered, as well as free-standing boulders belonging to the so-called slaughter culture. Apparently, in ancient times, this valley was considered a sacred place. The center of the entire megalithic complex here is undoubtedly Newgrange.
The Irish, who discovered Newgrange at the very end of the 17th century, have long considered it the tomb of the Celtic kings.
Only later it was proved that this burial belongs to the 4th millennium BC. e., that is, it is older egyptian pyramids... On the list of World Heritage Sites, Newgrange is characterized as the largest and most important of the megalithic structures in Europe at that time.
Indeed, this huge structure-dolmen, which is 60-80 m long and 11 m high, is made of 200 thousand tons of stones, and is covered with earth and white quartz pebbles on top. An 18-meter corridor made of stone slabs leads from the entrance to the depth of the dolmen. It hides the path to the actual burial chamber with a ritual bowl and three niches decorated with stone carvings. Above the entrance, oriented to the southeast, there is an opening - a window through which the sun's rays can penetrate into the inner chamber, but only once a year - on the day of the winter solstice, and even then only for 17 minutes. What is the reason for this? Why are only five people buried in Newgrange? How did the ancient people manage to deliver such huge stone blocks here? There are no answers to these questions yet.
An ancient observatory?
Perhaps the most famous megalithic monument in Europe is the giant cromlech Stonehenge (translated from the Celtic, its name means "hanging stones"), near the city of Salisbury in southern England. Stonehenge has become a favorite object of study not only for archaeologists, but also for astronomers. It is estimated that the work to erect Stonehenge took a total of a third of a million hours. It turned out that the ring of giant boulders served as an astronomical observatory. Two thousand years before Euclid and Pythagoras, the builders of Stonehenge used the mathematical laws they discovered in practice.
This structure has survived to this day in the form of a horseshoe of five pairs of vertical sandstone stones, covered from above by the same boulders (trilites). This horseshoe was surrounded by a ring of 30 stone monoliths weighing 25 tons and a height of 4.5 m. Inside it was a stone altar.
Stonehenge stones clearly indicate sunrise and sunset at different times of the year. Obviously, this cult was closely associated with observations of the cyclical changes in nature, the movement of the Sun, Moon and stars. Stonehenge served many functions. It was a monument that embodied the energetic power of the Earth. It was an astronomical observatory. And finally, it was a temple built for people who prayed and celebrated religious holidays here.
The megalith in Avebury, adjacent to Stonehenge, is also a giant cromlech. Modern researchers believe that the outer circle consisted of about 100 boulders and was surrounded by a very wide moat. Together with the two inner circles and the road leading to the monument, the total number of stones reached 274. The stones were uncut and not decorated with patterns. They are believed to have been established around 2600 BC. e., although cult rites were carried out here before. The mysteries of Avebury's stone rings are also not fully unraveled. It is possible that the ancient people in this place worshiped the Sun and the Moon.
