Ice cover in the Black Sea It often forms only on the northern coasts, and then only in relatively harsh winters. Ice usually does not appear off the Caucasian and Anatolian coasts. Almost every year the Dnieper-Bug and Dniester estuaries, lakes near the Danube delta and on the northwestern coast freeze. In very cold winters, the Danube River is covered with ice, and in some cases, the coastal strip of the sea. During the period of ice drift, the current carries the ice south to the Bulgarian shores; usually they reach Cape Kaliakra, and in rare cases they go down further south. In exceptionally harsh winters, when the sea freezes off the Bulgarian coast, broken ice carries even into the Bosphorus and Eregli.
Off the coast of Crimea, ice usually forms up to Cape Tarkhankut, and broken ice reaches Evpatoria. Taken out of Sea of Azov ice often appears near the Kerch Strait and in the eastern direction reaches Anapa, in the western direction - to Feodosia.
The first information about ice formations on the Black Sea is given by Herodotus; he mentions that the Cimmerian Bosphorus (Kerch Strait) and Maeotis (Azov Sea) are often covered with a fairly thick layer of ice, which, breaking in the spring, is carried into the Pontus (Black Sea). The Roman poet Ovid, exiled to Lesser Scythia (Dobrudzha), writes that in the period from 7 to 17, for three winters, the Danube and coastal sea waters froze over a significant extent. Nolian (III century) reports about frequent freeze-ups on the Danube. Significant freezing of the Black Sea observed in 401. Amian Marcelinus writes that almost the entire sea froze, in the spring the ice fields filled the Bosphorus, and from it they came out into the Sea of Marmara and floated there for about a month. Byzantine sources mention the freezing of the Bosphorus in 739, 753 and 755. In 755, ice formed in the Sea of Marmara and blocked the Dardanelles.
The most intense ice formation, in 762, was reported by Patriarch Nikephoros and the chronicler Codrinus: the Black Sea froze approximately 100 miles from land, even in the area of the Anatolian coast. From Mesemvriy (Nessebar) it was possible to walk across the ice to the Caucasian coast.
Freeze-up in the Bosphorus was observed in 928 and 934. In 1011, not only the Bosporus froze, but also part of the Sea of Marmara. At the same time, great cold occurred in Syria and Egypt, ice appeared in the lower reaches of the Nile River. The northern part of the Black Sea froze, according to the testimony of Prince Gleb Svyatoslavich, in 1068.
Ice appeared on the southern shores of the Black Sea and in the Bosphorus in 1232, 1621, 1669 and 1755. In 1813, the Black Sea was covered with ice off the northern shores up to southern regions Crimea. The Bosphorus froze in 1823, 1849 and 1862.
In 1929, 1942 and 1954. ice formed almost along the entire Bulgarian coast, and at the same time ice penetrated into the Bosphorus. Freeze-up in the north-western part of the Black Sea and in the Sea of Azov and strong ice drift on the Danube in 1972 caused the appearance of ice fields off the Bulgarian coast even south of the cape Kaliakra. But persistent winds from land carried them to the open sea.
The appearance of ice and slush in the shallow parts of the bays of the Bulgarian coast was observed in other years. Lakes located near the sea coast freeze much more often.
Ice formed from seawater contains less salt than water did. During education sea ice between ice crystals consisting of clean water, small drops of sea water (brine) are retained. Over time, the brine
falls down, the ice is desalinated, and air bubbles appear in it, creating its porosity.
Fresh waters freeze at 0° C, salted ones - at lower temperatures. In the oceans, water freezes at a temperature of -1.9 to -2 °C, in the Black Sea - at a temperature of -0.9 °C, but only in calm weather. When there is strong excitement in the water, ice crystals form - ice porridge, and the water temperature can be about -1.1 or -1.2 ° C.
The salinity of the lower part of the ice immersed in water is higher than that of the upper part, even freshwater ice, caught in the sea, the lower part is saturated with sea water.
The salinity of the upper layers of sea ice is negligible. When ice ages chemical composition it changes - the amount of chlorides decreases and the amount of bicarbonates increases.
In general, ice cover contains significantly less salts than seawater.
Many people often dream about the sea. And most of them perceive such dreams as the body’s need for rest, others as dreams about unrealistic, cherished dreams. But what does the sea really mean in dreams?
Many people often dream about the sea.
Such dreams are often filled with many details, bright colors and leave behind a storm of emotions in the soul of the sleeper.
But different dream books interpret dreams about the sea, based on all the smallest details and details:
- Is the sleeper a man or a woman?
- is the person far from the sea or swimming in it?
- Are the waves raging on the sea surface or is it completely calm?
- clean, clear water or dirty?
In general, the sea, like water, symbolizes:
- cleanliness;
- calm and measured life;
- stability in all areas of life;
- pregnancy and childbirth;
- favor of fate;
- joy.
If you dreamed that the sleeping person was sailing on the sea, it means that a pleasant journey, good news, and changes in life for the better await him. It can also promise wealth, a surge of vitality, and restoration of health.
- Traveling by sea in a dream means that new opportunities in terms of work will open up for the sleeper, and career growth is possible.
- A little worried, it predicts the victory of the sleeper in a conflict that has arisen with someone from his close circle.
- If a sleeper falls into sea water, this is a warning of impending danger to health and life.
- The boundless sea can reflect the loneliness of the sleeper, his desire to find good friend or a faithful life partner.
- Hearing the sound of the sea surf in a dream means the loss of a faithful friend, a quarrel with relatives, a lonely and boring life.
- If a girl bathes in good weather under a clear sun, this promises to receive good news. A picnic on the seashore or on a yacht means a quick meeting with a young man who will soon become her husband.
- Getting ready to go to the sea speaks of a person’s fatigue and emotional exhaustion. In this case, it’s worth putting everything aside and setting aside at least one day to come to your senses and put your thoughts in order.
- The Black Sea in a dream is a harbinger of a difficult period in the life of the sleeper, especially regarding financial situation.
- If in a dream an acquaintance wets his feet in sea water, this indicates that someone from the dreamer’s inner circle is in dire need of help and moral support. It's definitely worth helping to this person, and he, in turn, will lend a helping hand in return when needed.
A sea tide in a dream predicts the arrival of significant amounts of money in real life. Low tide, on the contrary, dreams of losses and loss of funds.
The sea in the dream book (video)
Seeing a sea with clean or dirty water in a dream
A dream about a sea with dirty water promises the dreamer:
- squabbles and gossip behind his back;
- quarrels with people from the immediate environment;
- unpleasant conversations;
- illness;
- losing a considerable amount of money;
- accusations and threats towards the sleeping person.
If in a dream the wind raises muddy, dirty waves, then the dreamer should be more careful with colleagues at work. This means that one of them is plotting meanness towards him, and is ready to stab him in the back at the first opportunity.
The dream of a clean sea is usually interpreted as positive But swimming in a dream in a dirty but calm sea, on the contrary, is a very good sign. Such a dream predicts receiving unexpected monetary profits. For people who have their own business, the dream promises its rapid development and the conclusion of a profitable deal.
For a woman, a dream in which she swims in dirty sea water indicates that she is expecting a pregnancy.
The dream of a clear sea is usually interpreted as positive, bringing to the sleeper:
- pacification;
- peace of mind;
- well-being in life;
- full understanding from the family.
Swimming in a sea with clear, turquoise water is a sign of great success in real life.
Why do you dream about a raging sea?
Seeing a raging sea in a dream, especially if the water in it is dirty, threatens:
- family quarrels;
- serious disagreements with relatives;
- sorrows and worries;
- loss of friends;
- monetary or property losses;
- bad luck in business;
- danger to health and even life.
But if it has stopped raging, then all conflicts will soon be resolved, and in favor of the sleeping person. If a sea storm intensifies in a dream, then the sleeper is in danger of a serious quarrel with his soulmate, which may even end in a break in the relationship.
This vision can reflect a person’s inner unrest about some important event.
This dream can also be interpreted as a warning that you should take a closer look at the people around you. Some of them harbor a grudge against the sleeping man and are waiting for an opportunity to strike.
This vision can reflect a person’s internal worries about some important event occurring in the dreamer’s life. His worries about the correctness of the choice that faces him.
- A dream in which the dreamer enters a stormy sea promises a night of love filled with passion and euphoria.
- If you fall there in a dream, you should expect health problems.
- For girls, such a dream brings problems with a loved one, and possibly his loss. But if the sea is calm after a storm, then there is a high probability of meeting new love.
A dream about a storm at sea for a guy means that he has been in sexual tension for a long time, and this makes him overly aggressive.
Why do you dream of a frozen or dried up sea?
A dream about a frozen or dried up sea predicts a not very good situation in the dreamer’s personal relationships.
Dried water, like water covered with ice, promises the dreamer problems with his lover:
- a break in relationships;
- serious quarrel;
- breakup of relationships.
A dream about a frozen or dried up sea predicts a not very good situation in the dreamer’s personal relationships. This can also predict stagnation at work for the sleeping person, lack of monetary and career growth.
For people who have their own business, a dry sea predicts a stop in development, a delay in cash payments, and non-repayment of debt obligations.
Calm, warm or cold sea in a dream
Seeing a cold sea in a dream is a sign that the dreamer’s relationship with his significant other has exhausted itself. For a married woman, such a dream means that coldness in the relationship will soon lead to misunderstanding of her husband, great disappointment in him and a possible breakup.
Seeing something warm is a positive sign. This means that fate is preparing for the sleeping person:
- good luck in all work-related matters;
- career growth;
- attention and care from a loved one.
A dream in which there is a calm sea surface can be interpreted in two ways. Such a dream may indicate the boring life of the sleeper, in which it is time to change something. For man himself is dissatisfied with his existence. Or, the dream may warn of an impending storm, which has brought discord, quarrels and nervousness into the sleeper’s life.
A dream in which there is a calm sea surface can be interpreted in two ways Looking at the calm blue sea from afar speaks of a person’s search for peace and quiet, which he so lacks in real life.
Swimming in a calm sea prophesies:
- changes for the better in life;
- if the sleeper is sick, then a speedy full recovery;
- unexpected cash receipts.
The sea in Miller's dream book
The dream book of the philosopher Miller interprets the image of the sea seen in a dream ambiguously:
- like unfulfilled hopes of a person in real life;
- physical attraction experienced by the sleeper.
It says that a person needs spiritual satisfaction or that he is very lonely at this period of life.
Miller interprets the sound of sea waves as a loss of meaning in life for the sleeping person, disappointment in the people around him, in relationships. And you should urgently decide to make drastic changes, so as not to completely get bogged down in despondency and melancholy.
For a girl floating in a dream on a calm blue sea, Miller prophesies:
- fulfillment of your deepest desires;
- long and happy life;
- a promising acquaintance.
Seeing the sea from afar according to Miller’s dream book means dreaming of an unforgettable night, love pleasures, affection.
Why do you dream about the sea (video)
Dreams tell about the future and give a person hints on how to circumvent certain obstacles prepared for him by fate. The image of the sea in dreams reflects subconscious outbursts of human emotions. Therefore, people who dream of the sea should listen more carefully to their inner “I”, pay attention to all the details of the dream, then they can avoid quarrels, conflicts and unpleasant situations and live in harmony with themselves.
Attention, TODAY only!
Among the southern and western Slavs, Mora is a demon who strangles and torments a sleeping person, falling on his chest at night.
Poles and Kashubians believe that if six or seven daughters are born in a row in a family, the last one becomes Mora.
According to Czech beliefs, children born with teeth become Mora, and according to Serbian and Croatian beliefs, children born with a “shirt”, usually bloody or blue, become Mora.
The Serbs believe that Mora is a girl who was born in a bloody shirt, which the midwife burned in a fire.
Serbs and Croats also believe that Mora is the daughter of a Veštica, and also that Moras are children conceived by a woman on a holiday or during her period.
According to Polish beliefs, the girl who produces Mora has two souls - good and evil, while the evil soul flies out of the body of the sleeping Mora and harms people, but Mora herself does not suspect anything.
Mora's demonic properties manifest themselves at night, and the rest of the time she is no different from those around her.
Western Slavs believe that the Moras strangle people against their will when their time comes.
According to Bulgarian and Polish beliefs, Moras are the souls of people who died without confession, were buried in violation of the funeral ritual, as well as children of unbaptized or incorrectly baptized infants.
Poles, Czechs and Lusatians also have beliefs about Moras - men.
The Poles believe that Mora is invisible or looks like a vaguely visible human shadow, she has a transparent body, she is thin, bony, and has abnormally long legs, arms, and nails.
According to Serbian beliefs, Mora can take the form of a moth or mosquito, as well as animals associated with other world: bat, cat, mouse.
Mora climbs onto the chest of a sleeping person, crushes and tortures him, drinks his blood, and sucks milk from women's breasts.
According to some beliefs, there are several varieties of Pestilence: one sucks and strangles people, another sucks the sap of trees, the third sucks vegetables and weeds.
Mora's victim turns pale, withers and soon dies.
Mora can enter a room through any, even the smallest, opening, including a keyhole.
Poles and Kashubians believe that Mora moves in a sieve, on a broom, a wheel from a wheelbarrow, a reel, a spinning wheel (cf.
Spinning wheel) or in a cart with one wheel.
As amulets against Mora, a knife, a needle stuck into clothing, an ax or other iron object, garlic, a belt placed on top of a blanket, bread, and a mirror are used.
To stop visiting Mora, you need to recognize her.
To do this, the person whom Mora is strangling must tell her: “Come in the morning, I will give you bread and salt.”
The first woman to come in the morning will be Mora.
She needs to give what she promised, after which she will no longer come to this house.
You can get rid of Mora by catching the animal she turned into and crippling it.
A newborn with teeth was given a piece of wood in his mouth so that the child’s harmfulness would be transferred to it.
Mora comes from double-minded people.
The Polish pestilence is strangling sleeping people.
The Croats baptized Mora with a fig three times, after spitting on it, which was tormenting the child.
Interpretation of dreams from the Dream Book of the ancient SlavsSubscribe to the Dream Interpretation channel!
Severe frosts also reached the Black Sea coast. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, and Odessa, the water turned to ice. On the beaches, crumbs of ice float in the water, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the shore.
Due to the current situation, maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, and ice thickness on the beaches reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.
However, the inhabitants of these countries do not despair: they use frozen water as an ice skating rink and build sculptures from ice and snow. The last time such weather anomalies occurred was in 1977, when the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa completely froze.
(Total 16 photos)
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1. Bad weather hit the Black Sea coast. In the photo: The frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
2. Crushed ice floats near the beaches, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from land. The waves prevent the sea from completely covering with a dense crust. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
3. The surface of the sea in the Evpatoria area began to become covered with ice. The freezing area is approximately two thousand square meters. In the photo: Ice-covered pier in Evpatoria. (Stringer/Reuters)
4. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, Odessa, water turned into ice, which is observed for the first time in 30 years. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
5. Seagulls against the backdrop of ice blocks in Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
6. Because weather conditions Sea traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
7. People walk on the frozen Black Sea next to an ice-covered dam in Constanta, Romania. (Daniel Mihailescu/AFP/Getty Images)
8. The Romanian port of Constanta is also closed; on the beaches the ice thickness reaches 40 centimeters.
9. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.
10. An icy ship off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak/ITAR-TASS)
11. Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
12. The frozen Black Sea off the coast of Evpatoria. (Alexey Pavlishak/ITAR-TASS)15. Ice formed in calm weather conditions blocks ships. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
16. A ship in the ice of the Black Sea off the coast of Constanta. (Vadim Ghirda/AP Photo)
Severe frosts also reached the Black Sea coast. In the areas of Kerch, Evpatoria, and Odessa, the water turned to ice. On the beaches, crumbs of ice float in the water, and small icebergs can be seen 100 meters from the shore.
Due to the current situation, maritime traffic in Ukrainian ports is closed until February 15. The Romanian port of Constanta is closed, and ice thickness on the beaches reaches 40 centimeters. Both Romania and Bulgaria announced a “yellow” and “orange” danger code.
However, the inhabitants of these countries do not despair: they use frozen water as an ice skating rink and build sculptures from ice and snow. The last time such weather anomalies occurred was in 1977, when the Black Sea off the coast of Odessa completely froze.
Photo: Frozen Black Sea near Constanta, Romania
An icy ship off the coast of Evpatoria.
http://bigpicture.ru/?p=254667
01.03.2011
According to the Hydrometeorological Center of the Black and Azov Seas. “This winter has been marked by sharp and prolonged cold, which has led to the freezing of water near the coast. This phenomenon occurs extremely rarely. The last time the sea froze completely off the coast of Odessa was in 1977.”
For the third time since the beginning of winter, the Azov Sea also became icy. The ice thickness in some places reaches 20 cm; ice blocks up to 5-10 m high washed up to the village of Sedovo, Novoazovsky district, and lined up along the entire coastline. Due to strong winds, ferry flights from Crimea to Russia are temporarily limited.
The thickness of the ice in the coastal zone is about 20 cm. It can easily support the weight of an adult, but there are no people willing to walk on the ice in such weather.
Well, if 1977 is still preserved in the memory of old-timers, then archival and literary sources say that over the past two millennia, more than 20 “cruel” winters have been observed in the Black Sea region with an average interval of 78 years (from 60 to 90 years ). The first information about an unusually harsh winter, in particular that the Black Sea was partially frozen, is found in the letters of Ovid, a poet of ancient times, exiled at the beginning of the 1st century. BC e. in the lower Danube. Ovid writes: “...Thrice the Ister (Danube) became cold from the cold, and three times the wave of the sea became hard.”
There are other more recent reports of unusual cold in the Black Sea region. So, for example, in the winter of 400-401. “...the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits froze for 20 days and most Black Sea. In the spring, mountains of ice flowed through the streets of Constantinople for 30 days.”
In the winter of 557-558. “...The Black Sea was covered with ice over a large area.”
Byzantine, Arab and Western European chronicles indicate that in 763-764. “...winter is brutal. From the beginning of October there was a great, cruel cold not only in our land (Byzantium), but also in the east, north, west, so that the northern part of the Pontic (Black) Sea, 100 miles from the coast, turned into stone... And the same thing happened from Zikkhia (Taman Peninsula) to the Danube, from the Kufis River (Kuban) to the Dniester and Dnieper, from all other banks to Media. When the snow fell on such thick ice, its thickness increased further, and the sea took on the appearance of dry land. And they walked along it as if on dry land from the Crimea to Thrace and from Constantinople to Scutari.”
The winter of 1233-1234 was extremely severe throughout the Mediterranean. According to Arago, “... loaded carts moved on ice across the Adriatic Sea near Venice.” A number of other authors confirm that many lagoons of the Mediterranean and the northern part of the Black Sea have frozen.
Two hundred years earlier in 1010 - 1011. frost has shackled the current Turkish coast Black Sea. Terrible cold reached Africa (!), the lower reaches of the Nile were frozen in ice.
Winter 1543-1544 was also exceptionally cold for many European countries - Germany, France, countries Northern Black Sea region. The north of the Black Sea is covered with ice. In France it was so cold that it was necessary to “chop” wine frozen in large barrels.
In the chronicles of 1708-1709 we read: “...An unusually harsh, snowy and prolonged winter throughout Europe,” the bays of the Adriatic Sea froze completely, in Venice the air temperature dropped to -20C, “many thousands of people died from the cold, orange trees cracked.” " In the same year, the winter in France and Switzerland was unusually cold; strong ice cover was observed on the Thames, Seine, and Rhone. In the Baltic Sea, the ice thickness reached 80 cm.
At the end of the 18th century. in Rus' “there was great snow and a severe winter with frosts, from which many Swedes died,” the northern part of the Black Sea froze. Chroniclers call the winter of 1788-1789 “Great”. There was severe cold throughout Europe: in France (-21C), in Italy (-15C), “severe frosts and snowfalls” in Switzerland, cold weather in Germany, the Vistula froze a month earlier and opened up a month later than usual. In Crimea, frosts reached -25C - in the Northern Black Sea region, “the winter was cruel, full of frost, people crawled out of their huts through the roofs because of the great snow,” and the northern part of the Black Sea froze.
The winter of 1875-1876 was exceptionally harsh, long and heavy with snow in Central and Eastern Europe. The number of snow avalanches has sharply increased in the mountains of Switzerland. Almost all southern rivers were covered with ice much earlier than usual, catastrophic drifts were observed on Caucasian roads, and the Black Sea froze again.
The harshest winter of the twentieth century. the winter of 1953-1954 is considered. Severe, unprecedented cold from November to April occurred over a vast territory from Spain and France to the Ural Range. On South Coast In Crimea, the frosts lasted for three months in a row, average monthly temperature February was 10-12C below normal, in Yalta the snow depth exceeded 30 cm, in the Caspian Sea floating ice reached the Absheron Peninsula. The Azov Sea froze completely, stable road traffic was opened through the Kerch Strait, and the northern part of the Black Sea froze.
By the way, the winter of 1962-1963 is remembered for its bitter frosts and fierce snowstorms. Ice bound the usually unfrozen Danish Strait, and the canals of Venice and the rivers of France froze again. The season of 1968-1969 was also named “Winter of Furious Frosts”.
In 2002, due to frost in Germany, ship traffic along the Main-Danube Canal, an important European waterway, was completely stopped. The thickness of the ice in which more than 20 ships were frozen reached 70 cm in some places.
At the same time, due to severe cold, the Venice lagoon froze and the gondolas were frozen into ice. The same frosts occurred in Venice in 1985.
At the end of 2005, most countries in Central and Western Europe were also hit by heavy snowfalls. In Germany and the Netherlands, unusually cold temperatures for this time of year led to icing and downed power lines. In Paris, the Eiffel Tower, France's main attraction, was closed for several hours due to icing.
As for the current situation, according to forecasters, ice in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea will last until the second ten days of March. In the Odessa region, the sea will clear in the coming days.
