What's interesting about Iceland. Discovering Iceland: Life and Work Prospects for Russian Migrants at the End of the World

\u003e Iceland

Iceland (Icelandic Island) is an island nation located in the North Atlantic Ocean. The territory of the state consists of the island of Iceland and small islets around it. The name of the country literally means ice country... Iceland's northern point reaches the Arctic Circle, and the southern point is 306 km. from it, located at a latitude of 63 degrees 24 minutes N. The length of the island from west to east is 480 km.
Square countries 103 thousand sq. km.
Highest point - Mount Hvannadalskhnukur (2119 m).
Population 317.900 people (20,010). The population density is 2.6 people per 1 sq. km. The share of the urban population is 91%, the rural population is 9%.
Capital - the city of Reykjavik (118,427 people).
Official language- Icelandic.
State religion - Lutheranism.
Administrative division: consists of 8 sisla: Austyurland (administrative center - Iglstadur), Westfjordir (Isafjordur), Vestyurland (Borgarnes), Nordurland Vestra (Stadur), Nordurland Eistra (Akureyri), Sudyurland (Selfoss ), Sydurnes (Keflavik), Hofudborgarsvaedi (Reykjavik).
Currency: Icelandic krone
National holiday: The day of the proclamation of the republic is June 17.
Telephone code +354

Republic of Iceland, a state in the North of Europe. Located on the island of the same name, the second largest in Europe. Iceland's northern point reaches the Arctic Circle, and the southern point is 306 km. from it, located at a latitude of 63 degrees 24 minutes N. The length of the island from the west (13 degrees 28 minutes W) to the east (24 degrees 32 minutes W) 480 km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 103 thousand square meters. km. Population 317.900 (2010). The capital is the city of Reykjavik (118,427 people).

NATURE

Terrain relief. Geologically, Iceland is a young country formed as a result of volcanic eruptions over the past 60 million years (which corresponds to the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods in the history of the Earth). The most ancient parts of the country are located in the west, north and east. It is mainly a plateau composed of ancient basaltic lavas. The plateau-like character of the surface is best preserved in the north-west, while in the east and north of the central part of the island, the relief takes on an alpine appearance. Across the country, from north to southwest, stretches a vast area, mainly filled with palagonite tuffs and breccias, which were formed as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions.

A large number of volcanoes are associated with this zone, as well as the Snйfellsnes region in the west, of which 20 erupted after the settlement of the country. Almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth are represented in Iceland. The most characteristic are chains of craters that have arisen as a result of eruptions along cracks and faults. In 1783, during the eruption of a volcano of this type Laki, located southwest of Vatnajökull, the largest lava flow observed on Earth in historical time was formed. It covered an area of \u200b\u200b570 sq. km. To the southwest of Vatnajökulla is the Hekla volcano, which erupted in 1947 and 1970. As a result of an underwater eruption off the southwestern coast of Iceland in 1963, the small island of Surtsey arose. In 1973, during a volcanic eruption on Heimaey Island, the population of the city of Vestmannaeyjar had to be evacuated.

Hot springs are closely associated with volcanic activity, scattered throughout the country (there are more than 250 of them). Fields of sulfur fumaroles (solfatars) are confined only to areas of young volcanism. The most famous of the gushing springs is the Big Geyser, whose name has become a household name for all such formations. Thermal energy is widely used in Iceland. 85% of the population lives in houses heated by their water. In addition, warm water is supplied to numerous greenhouses and swimming pools.

Iceland's coastline is approx. 5 thousand km In the northwest, north and east, rocky shores are dissected by numerous bays, fjords and islands. Many fjords are filled with hooked pebble spits that protect natural harbors from storms blowing from the Atlantic Ocean. Coastal towns and villages are often located on such spits. Iceland's southwestern and southern shores are sandy, leveled; there are no natural harbors.

Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of \u200b\u200b11,900 square kilometers. km. The largest of the ice caps, Vatnajökull, with an area of \u200b\u200b8,300 sq. km, located in the south-east of Iceland. Here is the highest point of the country, Hvannadalshnukur (2119), which is the uplifted edge of the caldera of the Erayvajökull volcano. Other large ice caps are Hofsjökull and Laungjökull in the interior of the island and Eyjafjallajökull and Mirdalsjökull in the south (covering active volcanoes).

Due to the abundance of rainfall, Iceland has many fairly large rivers, but they are not navigable. To the south of Vatnajökull, the rivers branch into branches, which often change their position. This is a major obstacle to transport. During subglacial volcanic eruptions and during the breakthrough of ice dams on periglacial lakes, huge masses of melt water cause violent floods on rivers. The largest lakes in Iceland are Tingvadlavatn and Tourisvatn.

Climate. Contrary to its name and the presence of glaciers, Iceland is by no means an Arctic country. Its climate is softened by the warm waters of the North Atlantic Current (an extension of the Gulf Stream), a branch of which runs along the southern and western coasts of the island. The average annual temperature on the southwestern coast in Reykjavik is 4 ° C, the average temperature in January is -1 ° C, July is 11 ° C. The corresponding indicators on the northern coast in Akureyri are 3 ° C, –2 ° C and 11 ° C. Coastal waters are free from ice all year round. The exceptions are situations associated with the removal of polar ice in the north and east. Due to the significant improvement in the climate since the early 1920s, the polar ice was transported to Iceland only once in 1965. The weather in this country changes dramatically, sometimes during the day, depending on the passage of cyclones eastward across the Atlantic Ocean. Average annual precipitation is 1300-2000 mm on the southern coast, 500-750 mm on the north and over 3800 mm on the slopes of Vatnajökull and Mirdalsjökull open to the south.

Soils and flora. Iceland's soils are partly mineral, loess type, partly boggy, enriched in mineral material derived from volcanic ash, and partly aeolian silty and sandy. Less than 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with vegetation (versus 2/3 when the country was populated 1100 years ago). The vast inner plateaus are almost entirely devoid of vegetation. The vegetation is dominated by mosses and grasses. Until recently, woody plants occupied only 1% of the area. These are mostly birches, usually with twisted trunks due to strong winds. In recent years, significant plantations of conifers have been created in some places.

Animal world. The species composition of the Icelandic fauna is poor. When the country was settled, there was only one species of land mammals - the Arctic fox. At the end of the 18th century. reindeer were introduced. In addition, mice, rats and mink were accidentally brought to the island. In Iceland approx. 80 species of birds. Many swans, ducks and geese live on mountain lakes and rivers, and gulls, terns, etc. are common on the sea coast. Trout is found in the lakes, and salmon in the rivers. There are two species of seals and some species of whales in coastal waters. There are feeding and spawning grounds for fish (up to 66 species). The most important are cod, sea bass, haddock, halibut and shrimp.

POPULATION

Demography. Iceland was inhabited in the 9th and 10th centuries. and since then it has been inhabited mainly by the descendants of the first settlers; later immigration to the island was limited. Until the middle of the 20th century. most of the population lived on isolated farms. In the history of the country, there have been several sharp reductions in the number of inhabitants due to epidemics, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and famine. In the 20th century. there was a constant increase in population (by 1.5% per year) and migration of rural residents to cities. Currently, 95% of residents live in cities and towns, with 40% concentrated in Reykjavik. In the northern part of the country, settlements are concentrated along the coast and in the river valleys. 20% of the country's territory is uninhabited.

The average age of the population is 34 years. Age composition: under 15 years old - 22.7%; 15–64 years old - 65.4%; over 65 years old - 11.9%. The annual population growth in 2009 was 0.54%. The birth rate is 14.13 per 1000; mortality rate - 6.95 per 1000; child mortality - 3.5 per 1000. Average life expectancy is 79.8 years.

In 2002, more than 87% of the population belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, more than 4% to other Protestant denominations (primarily Seventh-day Adventists), about 2% to the Roman Catholic Church, 7% to other denominations.

The independent population in 2000 was employed in various services (59.5%), fishing and fish processing (11.8%), construction (10.7%), industry (12.9%) and agriculture (5.1%) ...

Ethnogenesis and language. Icelanders are of predominantly Scandinavian descent, being mainly descendants of the Vikings who migrated to the island in the early Middle Ages. Part of the population are descendants of the Celts from Ireland and Scotland. Icelandic, which is essentially a dialect of Old Norse, has changed little in 1000 years, and modern Icelanders can easily read ancient texts. Only 6% of the population are persons of foreign origin.

Cities. The capital of the country is Reykjavik, the seat of parliament and government, the financial, cultural and business center of Iceland. Other large cities are Kopavogur (30,314 inhabitants), Habnarfjörur (25,872 thousand), Akureyri (17,563 thousand).

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

The Constitution of the Republic of Iceland was adopted in 1944. Significant changes were made in 1991. The country is a republic. The head of state and parliament are elected by universal suffrage, and all citizens of the country, men and women over 18, who have lived in Iceland for at least 5 years before the elections, have the right to vote.

President and government. The head of state is the president, elected for a four-year term by universal direct and secret suffrage. When only one candidate is nominated for the presidency, no vote is taken and the candidate automatically becomes president. The Icelandic President is the head of the highest executive branch, but in reality his powers are limited and largely formal. Since August 1, 1996, the President of Iceland is Olafur Ragnar Grimsson. Born in 1943, studied economics and political science in Manchester (UK), in 1973-1991 he worked as a professor of political science in Iceland. In 1978 he was first elected to parliament from the People's Union, in 1987-1995 he was the chairman of this party. In 1988-1991 he served as Minister of Finance; in this position, he managed to achieve a significant reduction in inflation and is considered the "father of economic stabilization". In 1996 he won the presidential election with over 41% of the vote. In 2000, due to the lack of other candidates, the Icelandic parliament declared him the country's president for a new term.

With the consent of parliament, the president instructs the leader of the parliamentary majority to form a government and approves its composition. He presides over the Council of State.

The executive power belongs to the government headed by the prime minister. Ministers are accountable to parliament. Prime Minister of Iceland since 1991 - David Oddson. Born in 1948, studied law, worked as a lawyer. In 1973-1975 he was a member of the Board of the youth organization of the Independence Party (PN), since 1974 - a member of the city council of Reykjavik, in 1982 was elected mayor of the capital. Since 1989, Oddson has been deputy chairman, and since 1991 - chairman of PN, in 1991 he was elected to parliament from it.

Parliament. Legislative power under the constitution belongs to the President and Parliament. Parliament of Iceland - Althingi is considered the oldest in the world. Elected by popular vote for a term of four years. Until 1991, the althing consisted of two chambers: elected deputies elected 1/3 of their membership to the Upper Chamber, the rest formed the Lower Chamber. Since 1991, the althing has been unicameral. It currently consists of 63 deputies who are elected through proportional representation across the national and local constituencies. Althingi approves the state budget, discusses and passes laws, changes and supplements the constitution, gives consent to the president to conclude treaties and agreements with other states, and controls the financial activities of the executive authorities. Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the government, has a great influence on foreign and trade and economic policy.

Political parties. The Independence Party (PN) is the largest political party in the country. Founded in May 1929 as a result of the merger of the Conservative and Liberal parties. GON dominates Icelandic political life and has participated in most Icelandic governments. In the field of economics, GON has always advocated limiting the role of the state in matters of economy and privileges for entrepreneurs. In her opinion, the main function of the state in the economy is not direct intervention, but the creation of favorable conditions for economic activity, the development of research, etc. According to the 2003 election manifesto, GON seeks to reduce taxes and public debt, increase entrepreneurial activity, strengthen competitiveness and diversify the Icelandic economy. She intends to “simplify” the social insurance system and maintain the efficiency of the pension system. Declares its intention to increase child benefits, pensions and assistance to people with disabilities. Calls for increased competition in education and the development of private medicine.

In the area of \u200b\u200bsecurity, the emphasis is on strengthening the police force. In foreign policy, the party advocated NATO membership and the retention of American troops on Icelandic territory. It currently advocates strengthening cooperation with NATO and the United States, which it recognizes as the bloc's "leading power". He considers it necessary to develop relations with the EU, but speaks out against joining it.

In the 2003 parliamentary elections, she collected 33.7% of the vote and won 22 of 63 seats in the althing. Party leader David Oddson has been prime minister since 1991.

The Progressive Party (PP) is a centrist one, founded in 1916 by the leaders of the cooperative movement and enjoys the greatest influence among the country's farmers. She advocated the development of the national economy, controlled attraction of foreign investment and subsidies to farmers. Supports the country's membership in NATO, although there were forces in its ranks that sought greater foreign policy independence.

Until 1995, she most often acted as an opponent of PN in the political arena of the country. However, since 1995 she has been a member of the coalition government as a junior partner of PN. In the 2003 elections, the party collected 17.7% of the vote and won 12 seats in the althing. The leader of the PP is Halldor Asgrimsson.

The Social Democratic Alliance (SDA) was formed in 2001 as a result of the merger of the Social Democratic Party of Iceland (founded in 1916), the People's Union (created in 1968 on the basis of the communist United Socialist Party) and the Women's List. Declares its commitment to the goals and methods of the social democratic movement, the principles of freedom and democracy, women's liberation, equality and social responsibility. According to the 2001 manifesto, the alliance stands for "a society that enables each individual to enjoy the full range of life opportunities and at the same time learn to provide the same opportunities to others." Seeks the expansion of democracy and participation of the population in government. Social Democrats call for "equality through mutual assistance", for ensuring for all members of society the right to health care, education and other social services, to a dignified life, regardless of their financial situation. In the foreign policy area, the SDA - for turning Iceland into a "window open to the world", for the development of international cooperation and assistance to less developed countries.

The Green Left Alliance (LZA) is an alliance of independent leftists, public service union activists, teachers, students, former members of Trotskyist and Maoist groups, members of the environmental movement, various non-governmental organizations and civil initiatives. Created in the late 1990s. Speaks out against neoliberal government policies, against the privatization and commercialization of social services, for the protection of the environment and human rights, for justice, equality and social security. In the 2003 elections he received 8.8% of the vote and won 5 seats in the althing. Is in opposition. Leader - Steingrimur Sigfusson.

The Liberal Party (LP) was formed in 1998 by former minister Sverrir Hermansson. Advocates a free market system and rejects centralization and government intervention in the economy. Calls for the promotion of free competition and entrepreneurship, for the reduction of government spending and taxes, for the elimination of the income tax and the introduction of consumption taxes. At the same time, he condemns the neoliberal policy of the Icelandic government and intends to continue helping the elderly, sick and disabled people, resist the curtailment of medical programs, and invest in the development of education. Supports preserving the role of NATO and strengthening cooperation with Europe. In the 2003 elections, the Liberals received 7.4% of the vote and 4 seats in the althing. They are in opposition. Chairman - Gudion Kristjansson.

Local government. Iceland is divided into 23 districts (suslur) and 14 urban districts (kyoupstadir). Each is governed by a council of parish representatives. The parishes have their own councils. All councils are elected by general vote.

Judicial system. The country has 8 district courts and a Supreme Court, whose members are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice. In addition, there are special courts for maritime, labor and religious affairs.

Military establishment. Iceland does not have its own armed forces, but the US Air Force is located on its territory (Keflavik base). The country has a police force and coast guard.

Foreign policy. Iceland is a member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the European Free Trade Association, the United Nations and its specialized organizations, as well as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Iceland has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established with the USSR in October 1943).

ECONOMY

For most of the country's history, fishing and agriculture have been the backbone of its economy. After World War II, the importance of the fishing and fish processing industry increased. There has been some diversification of the Icelandic economy,

Economic growth in 1996-2001 was 3-5% per year. In 2002, the country was hit by a global economic downturn, with industrial growth of just 0.2% and GDP declining by 0.6%. In 2003, economic growth resumed, inflation fell from 5% to 2%.

GDP in 2002 was over US $ 8.4 billion (US $ 30,200 per capita). The unemployment rate in 2002 is 2.8%.

Agriculture. Cultivated land occupies less than 1% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country. Agriculture employs only 5% of the working population. The country has approx. 6 thousand farms, of which 80% are owned by private individuals. The main branch of animal husbandry is sheep breeding (450 thousand in 1996); lamb is the main meat food in Iceland and is also an export commodity, along with wool and sheep skins. There are also significant livestock of cattle (73 thousand) and poultry (350 thousand), goats, pigs, black-brown foxes, minks and ponies are bred.

The farms produce hay, grow potatoes, turnips, cabbage and other vegetables. On the basis of geothermal springs, a greenhouse economy is being developed (cucumbers, tomatoes, other vegetables, flowers, bananas, etc.). The state pays significant subsidies to farmers.

Fishing and fish processing. This industry employs 12% of the population and 70% of the country's export earnings. The main commercial objects are cod (in the waters off the southwestern coast from January to May), herring (off the northern coast from June to September), etc. With the decline in herring and cod catches and the decline in fish stocks in the North Atlantic, capelin and pollock have grown in importance in recent years. The fish catch in 1996 was 2 thousand tons.

In fishing, motor boats with trawls are widely used. The cod is processed primarily in Reykjavik; herring is salted and processed into fish oil and fishmeal in Siglufjördur and other towns on the northern coast.

In 1989, under pressure from the international community and under the threat of a boycott of Icelandic goods, Iceland agreed to join a moratorium on whale fishing. In the mid-1990s, the government approved the resumption of whaling on a limited scale.

Manufacturing industry. The industry began to develop only after the Second World War. Currently, it employs about a third of the population. The mining industry is practically non-existent (apart from the small development of brown coal, pumice and Icelandic spar). Since the late 1960s, aluminum has been produced from imported raw materials (aluminum dioxide); the resulting metal is exported. The main industrial sector is fish processing, fillets and fresh frozen fish production. There are shipyards and ship repair enterprises serving the fishing fleet. Ready-made dresses, shoes, metal products, electrical equipment, furniture and building materials are produced. There is a mineral fertilizer factory (near Reykjavik) and a cement plant (in Akranes). Since 1979, the production of ferrosilicon (an alloy of iron and silicon) has been established.

International trade. Until recently, foreign trade was characterized by a negative balance, since Iceland did not have significant natural resources and was dependent on the import of petroleum products and foodstuffs. Currently, this trend has been reversed. In 2002, the value of exports reached USD 2.3 billion and imports - USD 2.1 billion.

The main export product is fish and fish products (70%). Agricultural products, aluminum, diatomite, ferrosilicon are also exported. Main partners: Germany (18%), UK (17.5%), Netherlands (11%), USA (11%), Spain (5%), Denmark (5%), Portugal (4%), Norway (4 %).

Machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, textiles, etc. are imported to Iceland. Main partners: USA (11%), Germany (11%), Denmark (8.5%), Norway (85), UK (7.5%), Netherlands (6%), Sweden (6%).

Energy. Iceland has large reserves of hydropower. Potential hydropower generation is estimated at 80 billion kWh per year. Currently, only 6% of hydropower resources are used. In addition, there is a huge potential for geothermal energy, which is widely used in public utilities and greenhouses. Over half of Iceland's energy needs were met by oil imports. Previously, oil came from the USSR, now mainly from the UK and Norway. Of the total reserves of technologically available resources, only 70% is expedient to exploit for financial reasons. Energy production in 1994 amounted to 5 billion kW, of which hydroelectricity accounted for 95%. At the end of the 20th century. energy consumption in Iceland has increased by an average of 7% annually. Roughly half of the energy generated was consumed by energy-intensive industries. A third of energy consumption was met by imported fuel. Even with a higher level of energy development in the country, the fishing fleet will remain the main consumer of imported oil.

Transport.

Motor transport. Iceland has no railways, but there is an extensive road network with a total length of 12,955 km. There is a regular bus service between many cities and towns. Many families have cars. In 1996 there were 125 thousand cars in the country, that is, one for every two inhabitants.

Sea transport. The total displacement of merchant ships is 192 thousand tons. There are three large companies operating in the country - Icelandic Steamship, State Shipping and Cooperative Shipping. Steamships and motorized boats run regularly between coastal towns and villages. Supported by sea links with the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark and Norway.

Air Transport. The rapid development of air traffic is characteristic of modern Iceland. There were two main airlines operating in the country. Flygfelag Icelands served domestic flights and connected Iceland to the UK, the Scandinavian countries and mainland Europe. The Loftleidir company flew to the USA, Scandinavian countries, Great Britain and Luxembourg. In 1979 the two companies merged to form the Flygleidir or Icelandar company. There are two international airports - Reykjavik and Keflavik. The latter is used jointly by Iceland and the United States. There are 86 airfields in the country, in. incl. 13 - paved tracks.

Banking and finance. The monetary unit of Iceland is the krone, which is equal to 100 airirs. After World War II, there was a gradual devaluation of the crown, which was accompanied by a rapid rise in inflation. In 1967, after the devaluation of the British pound sterling, the exchange rate was set at 57 kroons to 1 US dollar. In 1979, the Icelandic krona fell sharply to 352 kroons against the dollar. In the late 1990s, it stabilized at 70 kroons against the dollar.

There are eight large commercial banks in Iceland - National, Central, Fishing, Agricultural, Industrial, Trade, Cooperative and Narodny. Their headquarters are in Reykjavik, but numerous branches are scattered throughout the country. In addition, there are savings banks in all counties.

The state budget. The main sources of government revenue are taxes, customs duties and other payments. The state receives significant revenues from commercial enterprises that it controls, for example from postal, telephone and telegraph communications, coastal shipping, as well as a number of monopolies (sale of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products). In addition to regular government spending, the Icelandic government spends funds to support artists and writers and to subsidize agriculture and various industries. Revenues in 2002 amounted to $ 3.5 billion, expenses - $ 3.3 billion.In 1999, external debt amounted to $ 2.6 billion.

Standard of living. After gaining independence, Iceland's economy has significantly strengthened, the living standard of the population has increased. In this respect, Iceland was ahead of other Scandinavian countries and became one of the richest countries in the world. In 2001 there were 197 thousand telephone lines in the country, the number of mobile phones exceeded 248 thousand. In 2002, more than 220 thousand Icelanders used the Internet.

Housing construction. Modern Icelanders live in robust, spacious houses with well-run heating systems that are considered to be among the best in the world. In ancient times, farm houses and some city houses were built from peat, but they are practically gone. Until recently, wood was the main building material, but now it is usually stone and concrete. With the rapid population growth, especially in the Reykjavik area, it became necessary to introduce government housing programs, and many new homes were built in and around the capital.

Healthcare. In Iceland, a lot of attention is paid to health care. The indicators of the state's concern for the health of the population are the long life expectancy (76 years for men and 81 years for women at the beginning of 1997) and very low infant mortality (about 5.3 per 1000 newborns). The country is divided into 50 medical districts. There are 25 hospitals that provide medical care, including operational, at the highest level. Once the true scourge in Iceland was tuberculosis, now it is practically eradicated. There are two sanatoriums and one superbly equipped rehabilitation center, which were previously intended for patients with tuberculosis, and then were redesigned. There is a psychiatric clinic in Reykjavik.

SOCIETY

The structure of society. There are practically no poor in the country and class stratification is less pronounced than in many other countries. Increased prosperity has been accompanied by increased economic and social security and equity.

Icelanders almost always refer to each other by their first names only. Accordingly, all telephone and other directories contain names in alphabetical order. The reason is that very few people in Iceland have surnames. In children, the patronymic is given by the name of the father with the ending -son (son) for boys and -dóttir (daughter) for girls. Thus, father and son can have the same patronymic if the father and grandfather had the same name.

Icelanders take a great interest in genealogy. Sagas and ancient documents can trace the genealogy of many residents up to the time of the initial settlement of the country, as well as establish complex family ties.

Labor movement. Trade unions play an important role in Iceland's economic life. The first trade union was organized in 1887, and the Association of Trade Unions in 1916. The radical parties received a lot of support from the union members. The Employers' Association was formed in 1934.

Cooperative movement. In Iceland, as well as in other Scandinavian countries, the cooperative movement is highly developed, dating back to 1882. Cooperatives were created in all communities, which covered 1/5 of the population. However, due to economic difficulties, the cooperative movement began to decline and in the 1990s, in essence, disintegrated.

Religion. In Iceland, the dominant Evangelical Lutheran Church is supported by the state. At the same time, freedom of religion is ensured. Iceland constitutes one major diocese with the seat of the bishop in Reykjavik, consisting of approximately 300 parishes.

Social Security. Iceland is a welfare state with widespread social programs. Insurance measures for sickness and disability were adopted at the end of the 19th century, and in 1936 an expanded program of social insurance for sickness and accidents, unemployment benefits, for the maintenance of children, the elderly and the disabled was approved. The program applies to all citizens of Iceland.

CULTURE

Iceland is distinguished by a high level of cultural development due to its long literary traditions, a high standard of education and a great interest of the entire population of the country in books and reading.

Public education. The very first schools in Iceland were organized at the bishops' residences in Skulholt and Hoular. From Skulholt, the school was transferred to Reykjavik in 1784. In the Middle Ages, monasteries were also involved in educational activities, and later, priests during visits to houses and peasant farms. Presumably by 1800 all Icelanders could read and write.

Education in public schools is compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 6 and 15. High school graduates are entitled to continue their four-year college or vocational education. The oldest college was established in Reykjavik in 1846.

After graduating from colleges and some schools, you can enter the Icelandic University, founded in 1911. However, even before that, there were separate faculties in Reykjavik - theological (from 1847), medical (from 1876) and law (from 1908). In addition to these specialties, at the university you can get education in the field of economics and management, in the humanities (linguistics, literary criticism, history and philosophy), polytechnic, in natural and social sciences. The term of study in most cases is from 3 to 5 years. A new university opened in Akureyri; in addition, there are several small colleges providing education at the university level.

In some specialties, Icelandic students have to continue their studies abroad, and the government allocates significant funds for this. The Icelandic University has 5,700 students; another 2.2 thousand are completing their education in other countries.

Vocational schools. In Iceland, there are a number of vocational schools, for example, pedagogical, trade, nautical (trains captains of the merchant fleet), arts and crafts, polytechnic and medical in Reykjavik. In other parts of the country, there is a developed network of technical, agricultural and music schools, as well as schools of home economics. All educational institutions receive subsidies from federal and municipal authorities; training is mostly free.

Libraries. The National Library in Reykjavik, the largest in the country, has a collection of around 340,000, in addition to 13,000 ancient Icelandic manuscripts. The library of the Icelandic University and the Municipal Library in Reykjavik also stand out in terms of funds. All other cities and towns have public libraries, and rural areas have small libraries and reading rooms. All libraries are generally subsidized by the government.

The science. Iceland has developed research in the humanities - history, linguistics and literary criticism. Among the historians of the 19th century. statesman Joun Sigurdsson (1811–1879) should be noted, then Björn M. Olsen (1850–1919) and many others. From literary scholars of the 20th century. Sigurdur Nordahl (1886-1974) and Joun Nelgason (1899-1986) stand out. Natural science observations have been carried out for many centuries, but research has developed widely only in the second half of the 20th century. Björn Gunnløgsson (1788–1876) compiled the first accurate geodetic maps of Iceland. In the second half of the 19th century. Thorvaldur Thoroddsen (1855–1921) studied and mapped the deserted interior regions of the country. Currently, the University of Iceland has several distinguished internationally recognized scientists.

Literature. Icelanders' vibrant literary traditions date back to the first centuries after the settlement of the country in the early Middle Ages. The initial stage was characterized by skald poetry, poetry was composed by Icelandic poets, many of whom were at the courts of the kings of Norway. At this time, the Elder (or Song) Edda (1222–1225), a collection of Old Norse mythological and heroic songs, was written. At the end of the 12th century. and during the 13th century. most of the Icelandic sagas were created. This was the golden age of Icelandic literature. The writings of Samund Sigfusson, nicknamed the Wise (1056-1133), in particular his Book of Icelanders, stimulated the activities of the famous Icelandic historian and poet Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241), the author of the Sagas of the Norwegian kings. He was also the compiler of the Younger (or Prose) Edda, which was a guide to skalds (i.e. a textbook of poetry) and a treatise on the pagan mythology of the Icelanders.

After 1300, ballad became the most popular literary genre, and the writing of narrative poems (rímur) continued to this day. Icelandic literature experienced a prolonged decline and then another upsurge, when hymns writer Hadlgrimur Pietursson (1614-1674) and naturalist poet Eggert Oulafsson (1726-1768) wrote. In the 19th century. she went through romantic and realistic periods. Among the romantics, the poets Bjarni Thorarensen (1786–1841), Jounas Hadlgrimsson (1807–1845) and Matthias Jochumsson (1835–1920) stand out, while among the realists who appeared in the second half of the century, Einar H. Kwaran (1850–1938) is best known.

Since the beginning of the 20th century. the number of recognized poets, playwrights and prose writers increased. Einar Benediktsson (1864–1940), Thorstein Erlingsson (1859–1914), and Hannes Hafstein (1861–1922) were the leading poets of the turn of the century and somewhat earlier. Later, David Stefaunsson (1895-1964) and Toumas Gudmundsson (1901-1983) appeared. Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889-1975), one of the most famous contemporary Icelandic writers, lived for many years in Denmark, and some of his best novels were written and first published in Danish. Similarly, another prominent writer, Christman Gudmundsson (1901–1983), lived for a long time in Norway and published a number of his works in Norwegian. Playwright Johan Sigurijousson (1880–1919) created his works not only in Icelandic, but also in Danish. One of the greatest Icelandic poets, Stefan G. Stefansson (1853–1927) spent most of his life in Canada, but wrote in Icelandic. His poems are considered unsurpassed masterpieces of Icelandic poetry.

From the writers of the 20th century. three deserve special mention. Gudmundur G. Hagalin (1898–1985) is a well-known author of novels and short stories. Tourbergur Tourdarson (1889-1974) was a poet and essayist with a satirical gift. An outstanding place in modern Icelandic literature is occupied by Hadldour Kiljan Laxness (1902–1998), author of novels, short stories, essays and poems, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Art. In medieval Iceland, the most common art forms were wood carving, making silver jewelry, and stone sculptures to decorate churches. Folk art was expressed in wood carvings, decorative fabrics and silver jewelry.

Painting. The first contemporary Icelandic painters were Sigurdur Gudmundsson (1833–1874) and Tourarin Torlauksson (1867–1924). Sigurdur Gudmundsson founded the National Museum in Reykjavik in 1863. The first outstanding and widely recognized Icelandic painter was Ausgrimur Jounsson (1876–1958), who was influenced by Impressionism. The best expressionist painter is Joun Stefaunsson (1881–1962), and Johannes S. Kjarval (1885–1972) also stands out. Other well-known painters include Gunnlaugur Scheving (1904-1972), Thorvaldur Skulason (1906-1984) and Swavar Goodnason (1909-1988).

Sculpture. Einar Jounsson (1874–1954) was the first Icelandic sculptor to gain international recognition. His works adorn the streets and squares of Reykjavik. The Einar Jounsson Museum has been created, with a collection of originals and copies of his works. Among the sculptors of the 20th century. well known are Ausmundur Sveinsson (1893–1982) and Sigurjoun Oulafsson (1908–1982). Ricardur Jounsson (1888–1972) became famous for his carved wood sculptures and portraits.

Architecture Is a relatively new art form in Iceland. Over the last decades of the 20th century. many modern structures were created, mainly from reinforced concrete. Much of the monumental buildings and churches in the capital and elsewhere were designed by the architect Guljoun Samuelsson (1887–1950).

Music. Folk music in Iceland has a long tradition, with tvísöngur song melodies dating back to 1000. Folk art has since been mainly manifested in church choral music. In the 19th century. the leading composer was Sveinbjørn Swainbjørnsson (1847–1927), the author of the national anthem. Sigfus Einarsson (1877–1939) was one of the prominent figures in Icelandic musical culture in the early 20th century. Among the later composers, Paul Isolfsson (1897-1974) and especially Joun Leifs (1899-1968), who tried to create a special Icelandic national music based on old folk melodies, are very famous. In 1925 the Reykjavik Orchestra was organized. Operas appear from time to time in the repertoire of the National Theater, and a number of Icelandic opera singers enjoy great success abroad. The Icelandic Opera was created in 1980.

Theatre.The earliest theatrical performances in Iceland were performed by students of the Latin School in Reykjavik in the 18th century. In the 19th century. interest in theater was stimulated by Ingridi Einarsson (1851–1939), who wrote a number of plays. The Reykjavik Theater Society, founded in 1897, has long been the center of dramatic arts in Iceland. At the beginning of the 20th century. plays for the Icelandic theater were composed by two talented playwrights - Johan Sigurjounsson and Gudmundur Kamban (1888–1945), the latter's works were translated and staged on theater stages in other Scandinavian countries. Icelandic theater entered a new era of development in 1950 with the opening of the National Theater in Reykjavik. New performances are staged on the stages of the National and City theaters every year. There are small theaters in Akureyri and some other cities.

Media. There are many publishing houses in Iceland, which publish approx. 400 books and magazines. The first magazines appeared at the end of the 18th century, and the first newspaper - in 1848. 35 newspapers are published in the country, most of them are published once or twice a week. Of the five daily newspapers, Morgunbladid, the organ of the Independence Party, has the largest circulation.

There is only one radio station in Iceland, in Reykjavik, and three relay stations. Radios are available in every home. Television broadcasting began in 1966. In addition to state television, broadcasts are broadcast by a television station at the American military base in Keflavik.

Sport. The traditional sport is the glíma national wrestling. Each of the two belted wrestlers holds on to the opponent's belt and seeks to lift and knock down the other, while it is allowed to use intricate footpegs and other techniques. Swimming has always been a popular sport; a network of swimming pools has been created in the country, where water is supplied from thermal springs. Horseback riding competitions are often held. Football is very popular, competitions are regularly held from spring to autumn. Handball and basketball are very popular, orienteering and tourism have been developing recently. In winter, almost the entire population of the country is engaged in skiing and speed skating.

Bridge and chess deserve special mention. Icelandic players do well in these games in international competitions.

What is Iceland interesting and famous for? 9 facts about the country that cause confusion, admiration, surprise and sometimes baffle.

Despite the harsh northern climate, remoteness and far from cheap services, Iceland is a popular tourist destination. Even seasoned travelers who have traveled halfway around the world say Iceland is the most exciting experience they've ever had, and rarely seen elsewhere.

So what is Iceland most interesting for?

Reykjavik looks like a provincial town, but it is the capital of the Ice Country

1. Names of cities, streets and major landmarks. Don't try to remember them. All that will remain in your memory is Reykjavik and its main shopping street Leygavegur. Words like "Hallgrimskirkja" (a skyscraper with a view of the entire city from the top) will have to be written down. The names of glaciers, volcanoes and waterfalls are also difficult to pronounce.

2. Wherever you go, there will be waterfalls everywhere. Driving through the fjords, you gradually get used to the fact that this is an ordinary landscape. The highest waterfall is Glymur, but there are also more beautiful waterfalls on the island, for example, Hreinfossar near the town of Borgarnes or the huge cascade of Dynjandi waterfalls. It is difficult to list even the most beautiful waterfalls in Iceland, there are so many of them.

The largest number of tourists in Iceland is concentrated in the south (the route is called the "Golden Circle"). This is partly due to the proximity to the capital and the fact that there are a large number of waterfalls.

Remember that you may need a raincoat to keep you dry. At an air temperature of +13 (even at the height of summer), splashing water is not a very pleasant thing.

3. If you come to Iceland in July, then you have another unforgettable sight: the whole country is covered with purple lupine flowers, among which flocks of sheep and horses roam freely.

4. The northern sun is very insidious and shines constantly in summer. Therefore, despite the cool weather, Iceland needs sunscreen. The main piece of clothing is not a jacket, as one might think, but a swimsuit, because hot baths are everywhere here.

5. What is Iceland famous for in the first place? , which amazes not only with water of amazing color, but also the number of people who want to visit it.

Despite the fact that the lagoon is called a "tourist trap", swimming in it will be remembered for a long time. Although it will be rather not “bathing”, but soaking, since the depth of the lagoon is not more than 1.6 m. The entrance ticket costs from 35 to 165 euros, depending on the chosen procedures. A similar geothermal source in the north of the country in Myvatna is no worse.

What makes Iceland interesting? First of all, waterfalls!

6. In the western part of the island it seems that you are on the lid of a boiling cauldron. Hot springs burst from the groundand steam spreads around. In the north there is a place called "Hverir", where all this turbulence smells of sulfur and there is no vegetation. No wonder the crater of a nearby volcano bears the name "Viti", which means "hell" in Icelandic.

The crater itself looks very peaceful and has long been filled with turquoise water, but the surrounding landscape bears little resemblance to the landscape of planet Earth.

7. Unusual beaches with absolutely black sand and basalt rocks in the form of pillars.

8. Another wonder of Iceland - dark tunnels several kilometers long... If a car is moving towards you, you must blink your headlights and drive into one of the marked safe areas.

Remember that in Iceland you will need a raincoat to stay dry. At an air temperature of +13, splashing water is not a very pleasant thing.

9. It would seem Iceland and diving - incompatible concepts. However, Thingvellir National Park suggests wearing a warm wetsuit and snorkelling to explore the rift between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. The entertainment is not for the faint of heart, as after half an hour in the icy water it seems that the nose is already frozen.

The largest number of tourists in Iceland is concentrated in the south (the route is called the "Golden Circle"). This is partly due to the proximity to the capital and the fact that there are a large number of waterfalls.

For most of us, Iceland is associated with the singer Bjork, who was born in this distant country, as well as with the Vikings and the snow. But Iceland, it turns out, has amazing nature with geysers, volcanoes, glaciers and waterfalls. Iceland's nature is a source of inspiration for many photographers and artists. No matter when you visit Iceland (summer or winter), Icelanders will always welcome you with great hospitality.

Geography of Iceland

Iceland is located northwest of Great Britain in the North Atlantic Ocean, where it meets the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is an island. The total territory of Iceland, together with all the islands, is 103,000 sq. Km.

14.3% of Iceland's territory is occupied by lakes and glaciers. Only 23% of Iceland's territory has vegetation that corresponds to the geographic location of this state. The largest lakes in Iceland are Þingvallavatn, Lagarfljót and Mývatn.

Iceland has several volcanoes, some of which are active. Now the most famous Icelandic volcano is Eyjafjallajokudl, due to the eruption of which in 2010 air traffic was paralyzed throughout Europe.

The highest peak in Iceland is the Hvannadalshnukur peak, which reaches a height of 2109 meters.

Capital

The capital of Iceland is Reykjavik, which is now home to more than 125 thousand people. Historians believe that the settlement of people on the territory of modern Reykjavik existed already in the 9th century.

Official language

In Iceland, the official language is Icelandic, which is a Scandinavian language.

Religion

More than 77% of Icelanders are Lutherans (Protestants) belonging to the Church of Iceland. Another 10% of Iceland's inhabitants are Catholics.

State structure

According to the constitution, Iceland is a parliamentary republic, the head of which is a President elected by direct universal suffrage for 4 years.

Legislative power belongs to the unicameral Parliament - Althingi, consisting of 63 deputies.

The main political parties in Iceland are the Social Democratic Alliance, the Independence Party, the Green Left and the Progressive Party.

Climate and weather

The climate in Iceland is subarctic maritime, the same as, for example, in Alaska. The warm current of the Gulf Stream has a decisive influence on the Icelandic climate. The climate on the south coast of Iceland is noticeably milder than on the north coast. The average annual air temperature in Iceland is + 5C, and the average annual rainfall is 779 mm.

The highest average air temperature in Iceland is observed in July and August - + 14C.

Average air temperature in Reykjavik:

• january - 0С
• february - + 0.5C
• march - + 1.5C
• april - + 4C
• may - + 7C
• june - + 10C
• july - + 11.5C
• august - + 11C
• september - + 8C
• october - + 5C
• november - + 2C
• december - 0С

Sea in Iceland

In the north, Iceland is washed by the Greenland Sea, in the northwest, the Danish Strait separates this country from Greenland, and in the east is the Norwegian Sea.

Rivers and lakes

About 14.3% of Iceland's territory is occupied by glaciers and lakes. The largest lakes are Þingvallavatn, Lagarfljót and Mývatn.

Iceland has many rivers, most of which originate in glaciers. The longest Icelandic rivers include Tjorsau (230 km) in the south of the country and Jökulsau au Fjödlum in the northeast.

There are a lot of salmon in Icelandic rivers, and trout in the lakes.

Story

Iceland was settled by Norse Vikings in the 9th century. The first settlement on the site of modern Reykjavik was founded in 874 by Ingolf Arnason.

In 1262, Iceland fell under the rule of Norway. Around the middle of the 16th century, Lutheranism began to spread in Iceland. Subsequently, this country became completely Lutheran.

In 1814 Spain became part of Denmark. In the middle of the 19th century, a movement developed in Iceland that fought for the independence of this country (by peaceful means). As a result, in 1918 Denmark recognized Iceland's independence. Thus, the Kingdom of Iceland was proclaimed, having an allied union with Denmark. In June 1944, Iceland was recognized as an independent republic.

In 1946, Iceland was admitted to the UN, and in 1949 it became a member of the NATO military bloc.

Icelandic culture

The origins of Icelandic culture go back to Norwegian traditions. This is due to the fact that it was the Norse Vikings who first settled Iceland.

Some Viking traditions are still preserved in Iceland. So, at the end of January, Icelanders celebrate Men's Day (Bóndadagur). On this day, Icelandic men used to jump around their house while singing songs loudly. In this way, they tried to appease the harsh January weather. Nowadays, few Icelanders jump around their houses on Men's Day, but on this day women give them various gifts and flowers.

At the end of February, Iceland celebrates Women's Day (Konudagur). On this day, Icelandic men bring coffee to their women in bed in the morning and give them flowers.

Icelandic cuisine

The main products of Icelandic cuisine are fish, meat, vegetables, dairy products, cheese. We advise tourists in Iceland to try the following traditional local dishes:

• Hangikjöt - smoked lamb
• Harðfiskur - dried fish;
• Saltkjöt - salted lamb;
• Bjúgu - smoked sausage;
• Þorramatur - marinated meat or fish (including shark meat);
• Lax is a salmon dish.

The traditional Icelandic soft drink, Skyr, is made from sour milk and resembles yogurt.

When it comes to alcoholic beverages in Iceland, the people of this country prefer beer and the local potato vodka with caraway Brennivín.

Iceland landmarks

Despite the fact that Iceland is a very small country, there are many interesting places for tourists to visit. In our opinion, the top ten Icelandic attractions include the following:

Cities and resorts

The largest Icelandic cities are Habnarfjordur, Akureyri, Kopavogur, and of course Reykjavik.

There are a lot of geysers and lakes in Iceland that have medicinal properties. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are several geothermal resorts in this country. The most famous of them is located on the Blue Lagoon Lake.

Souvenirs / shopping

Iceland is called the "ice land" or "land of ice". It is located in the North Atlantic Ocean on the island of Iceland and a group of small islands.

Iceland consists of 8 regions: Hövüdborgarsweidid, Vesturland, Sudurnes, Vestfirdir, Nordurland-Eistra, Nordyurland-Vestra, Syudyurland, Eysturland.

Reykjavik - the capital of a country with a population of 180 thousand people - is the cultural, business and financial center of the country. It is also the seat of the government and parliament. In addition to Reykjavik, major cities are Habnarfjordur (19 thousand people), Kopavogur (21 thousand people), Akureyri (17 thousand people), Seydisfjordur, Husavik, Akranes.

The country is headed by a president who is elected for a 4-year term through direct general elections. The Icelandic government includes the Prime Minister and ministers who are members of the Progressive Party and the Independence Party.

Legislature - Parliament (Althing) - consists of one chamber and has existed since 930. Iceland's constitution was adopted in 1920.

Until recently, fishing and fish processing were the main sources of income for Iceland. In 2001, they accounted for 32% of the industry. But in the last decade, there has been an active diversification of industrial production, which has become possible thanks to the use of renewable cheap energy.

At present, aluminum plants are being actively built. Other promising industries for Iceland include banking, tourism, biotechnology, and information technology. Iceland belongs to the industrialized countries.

In 2007, Iceland was recognized by the UN as the best country for life in the world.

	Reykjavik
Population	317 630 people
Population density
	icelandic
Religion	lutheranism
Form of government	parliamentary republic
	icelandic krone
Timezone
International dialing code
Domain zone on the Internet
Electricity

Climate and weather

On the southwestern coast, where Reykjavik is located, the average temperature in winter is -1 ºС, in summer - +11 ºС. The waters around the island of Iceland never freeze.

Thanks to the warm current of the Gulf Stream, the climate of the western and southern coasts of Iceland is quite mild in winter. At the same time, a large amount of precipitation falls in the form of rains. On average, January in Reykjavik has only 3 sunny days, July is even less - 1. The warmest period of the year is from July to August. The east and north of Iceland tend to be sunnier and warmer. Most of the sun is in the central part of the north of the island - in the region Akureiri and lakes Miwati... The warmest, usually in the eastern part, in the area Egilsstdoir... But even in these relatively favorable areas, unpleasant cold winds blow. On the coasts of the island, the weather is often worse than in the central parts. But on the inner part of the island, powerful winds and storms can interfere with rest. They lift large masses of sand into the air and create the so-called "sula".

Nature

The geological age of Iceland is small: the island was formed about 60 million years ago as a result of volcanic eruptions. The most ancient areas are in the north, west and east.

In the west, in the area Snйfellsnes, there are many volcanoes, 20 of which were active when Iceland was already inhabited. In 1783, the volcano Laki, located southwest of Vatnajökull, erupted. The eruption lava covered an area of \u200b\u200b570 sq. km. In 1947 and 1970 the volcano Hekla erupted. In 1963, Surtsey Island was formed as a result of an underwater eruption.

There are many hot springs throughout the island. There are about 250 of them in total. The most famous gushing source is the Big Geyser. 85% of homes in Iceland are heated with energy from hot springs. Also, their warm water is used in swimming pools and greenhouses.

The northern, eastern and northwestern coastlines are indented by many fjords and bays.

Glaciers and ice caps cover an area of \u200b\u200b11,900 km 2. The largest ice cap - Vatnajökull - is located in the southeast of the country and covers 8,300 sq. Km .. In the same area is the highest point of Iceland - Hvannadalshnukurreaching a height of 2,119 meters.

There are many fairly large rivers in the country, but they are all non-navigable. Rivers often fork and change direction, which impedes traffic. The largest Icelandic islands - Turisvatiand Tingwadlavati.

Iceland is home to over 80 bird species. There are some species of whales and two species of seals in coastal waters. Fish species such as sea bass, halibut, cod and haddock are of great importance for Iceland.

sights

In 2000, Reykjavik (translated as "Smoky Bay") was declared the cultural capital of the world. The central part of the city - Old Reykjavik - is a huge space with a large number of lakes and lawns, which are replaced by old traditional buildings. Stables and sheepfolds are still found in this place today. Of course, they no longer contain livestock. Most of them have turned into cafes and shops. The most notable old buildings in Reykjavik are the 18th century government building and the House of Parliament, built in 1881. For museums in Reykjavik, visit the National Museum, the National Gallery of Iceland and the Reykjavik City Art Museum. In Reykjavik, a luxurious botanical garden is open to visitors.

Iceland has a large number of waterfalls. The most famous of them are - Gullfoss, or the Golden Falls, Goudafoss, or the Waterfall of the Gods, Skogarfossand Dechtifoss, or Cascading waterfall.

The northern capital of Iceland is the city Akureyriwhich is on the shore Eyjafjord... There is a lake nearby Miwati, or Mosquito Lake, which never freezes.

Iceland is one of the centers of extreme tourism and sport fishing. Here you can go rock climbing or go hiking. Such popular entertainment as safari is widespread here. You can go on horseback riding, fish for salmon and trout in streams and lakes. Diving enthusiasts can dive into the depths of mineral waters.

Food

Icelandic cuisine is not varied and rich. The reason for this is the monotonous flora and fauna and the harsh climate. Spanish national dishes are always extremely simple, but very tasty. The most popular dishes in Iceland are roast lamb and Icelandic chowder.

Original national Icelandic dishes - hrutspungur, hakarl and svid. Khrutspungur is a pickled lamb testicles that are pressed into cookies. Hakarl - this is rotten shark meat, placed in the ground for six months to bring it to the required stage of decomposition. Testimonial - a whole sheep's head, which is sawn into two halves, brought to a boil and consumed almost raw.

Less exotic dishes - blakey (charred meat) luindi and hardfiskure (haddock). You can also serve fur seal meat, whale steak and whale meat. Traditional dairy product in Iceland - skyr - prepared from bacterial cultures and milk cream.

If meat dishes in Iceland do not differ in sophistication, then fish dishes are surprisingly diverse here. The most famous local dishes are halibut, salmon, cod, scallops, shrimp and shark.

Coffee is very popular among drinks. Wine, beer and other spirits are very expensive here. The classic drink in Iceland - brennivine - made from potatoes and flavored with caraway seeds.

Iceland has a very high level of development of the restaurant culture: there are a huge number of restaurants throughout the country, which are sharply competing with each other and provide excellent service to visitors.

Beer was banned from producing and drinking in Iceland for 75 years, and now, in 1989, the ban was lifted. A large glass of beer will cost you $ 8, a small one - $ 4.7. In coffee shops, you only need to pay for one cup of coffee, all the rest will be brought to you for free.

Residence

It is safest to book your accommodation before arriving in Iceland, but if this option is not possible, you will have to act on the spot. For the first few days, you can always find a hostel, tourist base or hotel. The most affordable prices are at the Salvation Army House in Reykjavik and at the Tourist Base, which is also located in the capital. The minimum cost of a room for one night is 33 €.

Since the real estate market in Iceland is vast and the purchase of apartments and houses accounts for 75-85% of the housing stock, the rental market is quite narrow. Renting in Reykjavik will cost you the most.

When renting a home, you pay a month in advance and a security deposit. It is best to ask the landlord to provide you with a written rental agreement.

Anyone over 18 years of age who rents housing under a contract for more than six months can receive monetary compensation. You can write such a statement at the social services bureau.

The average monthly rent for a room with kitchen and bathroom is ISK 40,000 per month. For a modest apartment you will have to pay 70,000-80,000 kroons per month. In suburban areas, the average cost per square meter is 1200 kroons, in the capital - 1500.

Entertainment and recreation

The most important holiday for Icelanders is Independence Day. This holiday takes place on June 17th. At this time, bright theatrical performances in the open air and costume parades are organized throughout the country.

In the first week of June, you can get to the holiday Syomannadagurinidedicated to sailors. On this day, tug of war, water rescue and swimming tournaments are held. June 24 is the day of the summer solstice, Midsummer. On the third Thursday of April, Sumardagurini Fursti takes place - a carnival holiday, which is dedicated to the first day of summer. In August, you can attend another local holiday called Pyodhatio Vestmannaeyar... On this day, Icelanders sing songs, make big bonfires, hold festivities and dances. Some parts of Iceland have a holiday Verslunarmannahelgi. It is held in August. On this day, it is customary to go camping with an overnight stay with your family, barbecue.

There are many excursions in Iceland. The most entertaining of them take place in the following places:

• East Iceland
• East fjords
• Westman Islands
• Valley of Geysers
• Thingvellir National Park
• Caldidalur
• Glaciers
• Snayfell
• lake Myuwati
• North Iceland
• fjords of West Iceland
• Central Iceland.

Iceland is a great place to organize hiking, often extreme, hikes. The most notable hiking trails are in Latrabyarg, Landmanialaugar and Horistrandir. Well-equipped ski resorts are found in Akureiri, Reykjavik, Hitarfjalla and Blufjoll. On Mount Langyokull you can go sledging, in the Hallmundarhraun caves you can try yourself in sports speleology, plunge into geothermal springs and ride horses. Iceland also hosts the Arctic Open golf tournament (in the city of Akureiri). The competition takes place on one of the nights of the polar summer, which is why it is called the "midnight sun tournament".

Purchases

Icelandic shops are usually open from 10:00 to 18:00 on weekdays and from 10:00 to 14:00 (rarely until 16:00) on Saturdays. Sometimes large shopping centers are open until 22:00 on Friday. All shops are closed on weekends during summer.

The bulk of Iceland's goods are imported, so prices for food, real estate and transportation are very high. Iceland has the second highest cost of living after Japan. If you want not to deny yourself anything, you will have to spend at least $ 500 a day.

Transport

Iceland's largest airline, Air Iceland, is the only airline to provide safe domestic passenger services during the winter. The Icelandic road network is one of the most undeveloped in the European region, with no railways at all.

At the same time, the bus transport company "Bifrightastod Islands" does an excellent job of transporting passengers in very harsh conditions. The largest Icelandic ports are connected by ferries.

There are several government firms in Iceland that provide taxi services 24 hours a day. For 1 kilometer, a fee of about 100 CZK is charged, on holidays and at night the price rises by 10-15%. Taxis can be found at special parking lots, stopped on the street or called for free by phone.

Communication

There are not many places in Iceland where you can find Wi-fi. But everywhere you can use the services of an Internet cafe.

The cellular standards in Iceland are GSM 900/1800.

Telephone communication is very well developed in Iceland. Telephone booths are located at every corner. You can call them using coins in denominations of 10, 50 and 100 kroons, or use a telephone card worth 500 kroons. Calling cards can be bought at a telephone exchange or post office. The cost of a call, both local and international, depends on the day of the week and time of day. You will pay the regular price on weekdays from 8:00 to 19:00. On weekends and weekdays from 19:00 to 8:00 you will be given a 25% discount.

Security

If you are walking in mountainous areas, be very careful and attentive, as volcanic activity is possible in these areas. You risk falling into a mud pit or running into a geyser eruption. When walking, it is best not to deviate from the hiking trail.

With regard to the crime rate, in this sense, Iceland is one of the safest countries in the world. Recently, Reykjavik has become an exception: cases of petty theft have become more frequent here, and information about more serious violations appears in the news every now and then. Going to a nightclub, be prepared to witness a fight. Don't get involved - just call the police.

Business climate

If you come to work temporarily or permanently in Iceland, you need to register with the National Register. You will be assigned an identification number and the State Revenue Department will give you a tax card. You must also have a work permit. You can consult the Employment Committee or the Immigration Office about its provision.

In Iceland, you can open a company of any form of ownership. If you are a self-employed entrepreneur in Iceland, you will need to pay 38.58% of your profits to the treasury every month. The partnership is taxed at 26% of its profits. Companies and their affiliates pay 18% of their profits to the Icelandic treasury. The most common choice when starting a company is the form of a closed limited liability company. This is due to the low tax rate and the ease of maintaining the company. The tax rate for such firms is 5%.

The property

The real estate market in Iceland is very wide. You can buy an apartment in Iceland only if you have a residence permit. If you want to buy an apartment, you need to consult the State Finance Fund on housing issues or a local bank.

Reykjavik is one of the five cities in the world with the most expensive real estate. In the last decade, house prices in Iceland have been rising.

Iceland has enough real estate to buy and sell. Every year the country is visited by a huge number of tourists, which stimulates the expansion of the real estate market. It is important that the influx of tourists to Iceland takes place throughout the year, which is also a prerequisite for the development of the housing market.

In Iceland, driving on the right. In winter, road traffic is hampered by snow drifts and strong winds. Penalties for drunk driving and other traffic violations are very high. But you will never have problems with parking in Reykjavik: there are several multi-storey car parks and a large number of ground ones. Parking is charged on an hourly basis. In a regular parking lot you will pay 80-150 CZK, in a parking lot - 50-100. You need to pay for parking at the machines at the entrance to the parking lot or at the parking attendant.

Iceland is allowed to import no more than three kilograms of food. At the same time, it is forbidden to carry meat, dairy products, raw eggs. If you are over 20 years old, you can take with you up to 1 liter of spirits, 6 liters of beer and 1 liter of wine. Upon reaching the age of 18, passengers can also take with them up to 200 cigarettes and 250 grams of tobacco.

Icelanders have no surnames. The inhabitants of Iceland have only a name and patronymic. The endings of the patronymics "-son" are worn by men, "-dottir" - by women. You can often meet people with the same surnames. Icelanders address each other only by name.

Alcohol can only be bought in state-owned specialty stores. Alcohol is 5-7 times more expensive here than in duty-free at airports.

There are camping areas near the most popular natural monuments. For an overnight stay in such an area, you will have to pay 2-3 dollars. In other places, camping is allowed only with the permission of the local authorities.

Tipping in Iceland is only given to doormen in hotels and restaurants. In other situations, the tip is already included in the bill.

Visa information

Getting a visa to Iceland is not as difficult as it might seem. To do this, you will need to collect a standard package of documents, including: a valid passport, tickets to the country and back, copies of the necessary passport pages, confirmation of hotel booking.

The visa is issued within 8 working days. The consular fee is about 35 €.

The Icelandic Embassy is located at 121069, Moscow, Khlebny lane, 28.
You can get detailed advice by calling the appropriate phone number (+7 495) 956-7604. The embassy is open throughout the working week from 09:00 to 17:00.

Iceland is called "the land of ice". Where there is no ice, there are mountains, volcanoes, bare land or lakes. Tourists come here as to the "end of the world", because such landscapes can not be found in any other corner of the Earth. Most of the attractions are natural objects - waterfalls, ice lagoon, geysers, large national parks. A certain proportion of travelers are those who came purposefully to see the famous Northern Lights.

However, you shouldn't think that Iceland has nothing to show in the cultural aspect. The capital of the country is actively developing and can offer travelers many places to explore - a concert hall where world celebrities often perform, and various museums. The city of Husavik is popular among tourists. Objects include the Whale Museum and the shocking Phallological Museum.

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What to see in Iceland?

The most interesting and beautiful places, photos and a short description.

1. Hallgrimskirkja

2. Sculpture "Sun Voyager" (Reykjavik)

The name translates as "sun wanderer". The sculpture, popular among tourists, is installed on the embankment in the very center of the city. The author of the monument, artist Jon Gunnar Arnason, created the sketch being seriously ill. Simple in appearance, it carries deep symbolism. The ship-like design means the pursuit of dreams and new horizons. The structure is 3 meters high and 4 meters long.

3. Laugavegur Street (Reykjavik)

One of the most popular shopping streets in Reykjavik. The atmosphere of the “old” city is felt in it. In the past, this street led to hot springs where laundries were located. Some of the most popular goods for tourists on this street are items made from volcanic lava. The second most popular souvenir from here is a lamb's wool sweater. In the evening, shops stop working, and bars, nightclubs and restaurants open.

4. Perlan (Reykjavik)

City boiler house building. Its hemispherical dome is like a flower, each petal of which is a reservoir of hot water. The building is multifunctional and is popular not only among tourists, but also among city residents. On the ground floor there is a winter garden with a geyser in the center. Some of the floors are occupied by shops. On the top floor there is an observation deck with telescopes.

5. Concert Hall "Harpa" (Reykjavik)

The concert hall building looks like two giant shards of basalt - the rock that makes up most of Iceland's mountains. The construction of the hall took several years due to funding problems and was completed in 2011. Harp's premises include not only 4 concert halls, but also conference and seminar rooms, shops, cafes and restaurants, as well as an observation deck overlooking the center of Reykjavik.

6. Exhibition "871 +/- 2" (Reykjavik)

The exhibition is located in the city center. It contains ancient and ancient artifacts from the times of the first settlers. Also on display are a variety of interactive exhibits. The museum building was built on the site of 10th century huts, and the exhibition is located in the basement of this building. The exhibits of the exhibition are household and cultural items of the 9th century. The central exhibit is a hut from the time of the first settlers.

7. National Museum of Iceland (Reykjavik)

The exposition of the museum contains the most valuable objects of culture and everyday life of the Icelandic people. Here you can trace the history of the country in different eras. The museum was opened in 1863, and in 1950 he settled in a building specially built for his needs. The permanent exhibition of the National Museum is about 2000 items. The number of photographs, prints and drawings exceeds 4 million. The museum organizes educational events.

8. Arbaeyarsafn

Folklore open-air museum. Founded in 1957 to preserve traditions from generation to generation. The museum complex includes dwelling houses of peasants, a Catholic church, and workers' workshops. Each building houses a thematic exhibition. The place is popular with tourists. They come to get to know the culture and lifestyle of Icelanders, distinctive folklore and interesting architecture.

9. Whale Museums in Reykjavik and Husavik

Whaling in Iceland has been a longstanding subject of controversy. Activists and academics opposed to him have founded whale museums. The exposition of the museum in Reykjavik consists of 23 life-size whale models. It creates the illusion of being underwater - with the help of blue lighting and a sound system. The Husavik Whale Museum is less technologically advanced than the Reykjavik Museum. Its main exhibit is the skeleton of a whale.

10. Phallological Museum (Reykjavik)

The museum has no analogues in the world in terms of the uniqueness of the exposition. Visitors can see canned penises of various mammalian species, including humans. There are about 200 exhibits in the museum. Themed paintings and sculptures are also on display, and some of the artworks are made from the genitals themselves. Museum founder Sigurdur Hyartarson has been collecting this unusual collection since 1974.

11.Aurora Reykjavik (Reykjavik)

An interactive center where, thanks to the latest technologies, they recreate the Northern Lights for visitors. The Northern Lights projection room is the focal point of the museum. Other sections provide photographs, educational materials and the history of the study of this natural phenomenon. Visitors can take colorful photos in a special photo booth. There is a souvenir shop with themed goods.

12. Monument to Leif Eriksson (Reykjavik)

Located at the entrance to Hallgrimskirkja Lutheran Church. Leif Eriksson or Leif the Happy was born in Iceland at the end of the 10th century, became famous as a great navigator and ruler of Greenland. The sculpture of a significant person in Icelandic history was donated to Reykjavik by the United States in 1930 in honor of the millennium of the Icelandic Parliament. The sculptor Stirling Calder symbolically depicted the navigator standing on the bow of the boat.

13. Blue Lagoon

Geothermal natural complex. The resort is known all over the world, some call it the symbol of the country. The peninsula, where the natural pool is located, is formed of porous lava, through which sea water seeps, forming a sky-turquoise color. The water temperature even in winter is not less than + 37 ° С. The mineral water of the complex has a unique composition, it does not contain bacteria. The bottom is covered with healthy white clay.

14. Route "Golden Ring"

The most popular excursion route in Iceland among tourists. The most interesting natural attractions in it are the Gullfoss waterfall, the Thingvellir National Park, the hot river in Hveragerdi, the valley of the Høykadalur geysers with the Strokkur and Geysir geysers. Some tour operators offer day trips along this route, but experienced travelers advise to devote at least 2-3 days to it.

15. Laugavegur

The most famous hiking trail in Iceland. It is considered one of the most beautiful and picturesque in the world. The hike takes 3-4 days on average, the length is 55 km, the highest point is 1050 meters. On the way, there are small bases where you can spend the night. The trail goes through mountains, glaciers, lava fields. On the way, tourists come across many waterfalls, lakes and picturesque rivers.

16. Thingvellir

The national park is included in the list of objects protected by UNESCO. Founded in 1928. The park is located 40 km from the capital, on the border of two lithospheric plates. Earthquakes are not uncommon here. The park includes the largest lake in Iceland, Tingvadlavatn, with a depth of about 100 meters. Part of the park is an active volcanic zone. The most notable volcano in this area is the Hengil volcano.

17. Skaftafell

Founded in 1967. The natural landscape of the national park is formed by the interaction of fire and water, namely the eruptions of the Eraivajökull volcano under the Skeidaraurjökull and Skaftafellsjökull glaciers, as well as the flows of the Morsau and Skeidarau rivers. The park is partially covered with birch forest. The area is popular with tourists, it has specially designated areas for camping and hiking trails.

18. Surtsey

The emergence of the island is due to the eruption of an underwater volcano in 1963. Similar geological events took place on Earth millions of years ago during the formation of continents. The height of the island is 50 meters above sea level, the area is 2.5 km². From the first days of its existence to the present day, the island has been the object of close study of the processes of the origin and spread of life.

19. Valley of Geysers of Høykadalur

The unusual valley is located in the south of Iceland and is part of the Golden Ring route. The abundance of geysers in this place attracts the attention of many tourists. The geyser with the name Geysir is remarkable. The Great Geyser throws out large jets of steam several times a day, but not periodically. The second popular geyser called Strokkoyur is more predictable - it releases jets of hot water every 10 minutes.

20. Gullfoss waterfall

One of the most beautiful waterfalls in Iceland. Consists of two steps 21 meters and 11 meters high. The steps are located at an angle of 90 ° to each other. The volume of water passing through the waterfall is impressive - in summer it reaches 130 m³ / sec. At the top of the waterfall is the Sigriudur Toumasdouttir monument. This is the daughter of the owner of the land, on the territory of which there was a waterfall at the beginning of the 20th century. According to legend, it was she who did not allow the use of the waterfall for the needs of the hydroelectric power station.

21. Dettifoss waterfall

It is known as the most powerful waterfall in Europe. Its name means "seething waterfall". It is located on the territory of the large national park Jokulsaurgluvur. Near it are two other picturesque and popular waterfalls - Selfoss and Hafragilfoss, as well as Lake Müvatn. The Dettifoss waterfall is 100 meters wide. Its waters fall down from a height of 44 meters. Water consumption during a flood reaches 600 m³ / sec.

22. Skogafoss Falls

It is one of the most visited not only in Iceland, but also in the world. Located next to the Eyjafjallajökull glacier near the village of Skougar. In the past, there was a coastline in this place. Especially for tourists, a hiking trail has been laid to the top of the Fimmvurduhalus pass. It offers a beautiful view of the 60-meter waterfall. Its width is 25 meters. You can see a rainbow in the spray of the waterfall on a sunny day.

23. Seljalandsfoss waterfall

It is located on the Seljalandsau River at the site of the former coastline, over which it rises 60 meters. There is a deep indentation behind the waterfall inside the rocky cliffs. It is accessible to people, so the Seljalandsfoss waterfall can be viewed from all sides. It looks especially beautiful at sunset hours. Near the waterfall there is a site for setting up tents and resting tourists.

24. Landmannaloygar

The Landmannaloygar Valley is part of a large nature reserve in Iceland. Lava and water formations create an unusual landscape of the valley. The mountains of this bridge are created by crystallized formations of volcanic rock. The color of these stones changes depending on the lighting. It can be yellow or red with purple or green streaks. Routes of varying difficulty are laid along the valley.

25. Kerid

Crater lake in the south of Iceland. It is included in the volcanic zone together with the Langjökull glacier and the Reykjanes peninsula. The red volcano hollow is typical of volcanic rock. It is 55 meters deep and 170 meters wide. The basin of the lake is quite ancient - it was formed about three thousand years ago. The lake is about 10 meters deep and has an unusual color with a bright aquamarine hue.

26. Fjadrarglufur Canyon

Located next to a small fishing village in the east of Iceland. The scenic views of this canyon attract travelers from all over the world. In terms of its size, it is one of the largest among such canyons. Fjadrarglufur Canyon was formed more than 2 million years ago after a large glacier disappeared. It is distinguished by its vertical walls. Its length is about 2 km; a small river flows along the bottom of the canyon.

27. Mount Kirkufell

With its steep slopes, the mountain resembles the roof of a Lutheran church. The slopes got this shape after the glacier disappeared. The height of the mountain is 463 meters. At the foot there is a small waterfall, photos from this angle are especially successful. Travelers usually take a walk around the mountain - it will take no more than an hour. You can climb to its top only with special equipment.

28. Lake Myvatn

A beautiful lake in the north of Iceland. The diameter of the lake is 10 km. The area around it is considered the most popular tourist area in the country. The lakeside hills contain both indoor geothermal pools and outdoor hot water pools. Fishing in the lake is carried out only under a license. For fans of the "Game of Thrones" series, the lake is interesting because several scenes of the fifth season were filmed on its shores.

29. Jokulsarlon Glacial Lagoon

The ice lagoon is the largest in Iceland. The area of \u200b\u200bthe lagoon is 20 km², the depth reaches 200 meters. From the coast you can see a large ice cap, from which icebergs often break off. Blocks of ice can be up to 30 meters in size. Jeep and snowmobile tours are popular to see the icebergs stuck to the lagoon. The Jokulsarlon Lagoon is a popular filming location for films and commercials.

30. Diamond Beach

The name "Diamond Beach" came from the ice crystals scattered on the black sandy shore. Ice shards of various sizes and incredible shapes are pieces of hundreds of icebergs in the Jokulsarlon Lagoon. Crystals on the shore and icebergs in the water look especially beautiful under the rays of the setting or rising sun. At such moments, shards of ice shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow.

31. Reynisfjara Beach

Popular with tourists due to the black volcanic sandy coast. It was formed over many years of crushing frozen lava with water. Picturesque grottoes made of black shining stone on the shore seem to transport vacationers to another reality. The beach is more than 5 km long and several tens of meters wide. Near the shore there are tall basalt columns called “Troll's Fingers”.

32. Cape Dyrholaey

Locals call this cape "a hole in the door". By their shape, the rocks on the shore really resemble doorways. The landscape is striking in its color scale - the gray color of volcanic rocks smoothly turns into the black color of the sand on the shore and the blue water of the ocean. Cape Dyrholaei is a conservation area. Therefore, during the nesting season of birds from mid-May to mid-June, access to the cape is prohibited.

33. "Column of Peace"

The memorial was erected in memory of the musician John Lennon. The installation was initiated by his widow Yoko Ono. The monument is a white stone pedestal. Rays of light go from it to the sky, forming a tower. In good cloudless weather, the rays can reach four kilometers in height. As conceived by the authors of the project, the tower symbolizes the struggle for world peace, which began by John Lennon and Yoko Ono in the 60s of the XX century.

34. Wreckage of the Douglas DC-3

The skeleton of an aircraft that made an emergency landing in 1973. None of the crew were injured. The military took all valuable equipment from the plane, and left the empty hull at the landing site. A 4 km route leads to the plane from the car park. Tourists who have been there talk about the incredible impressions of the sight of the plane wreckage in the middle of the deserted kilometers of the black beach.

35. Northern Lights

Iceland is one of the few countries where you can see the Northern Lights. The most likely period to see this natural phenomenon firsthand is from September to April. It is also recommended to go to the north of the country or to the Western Fjords - the dark time there lasts longer, which means there are more chances to see the coveted multi-colored flashes in the sky. For those wishing to "catch" the northern lights, there are special organized auto tours.