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The meaning of the word caravel

caravel in the crossword dictionary

caravel

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

caravel

well. Sea sailing ship with high sides, common in the Mediterranean countries in the XIII-XVII centuries.

Caravel

(Italian: caravella), a high-sided sea sailing vessel with one deck, 3-4 masts and high superstructures in the bow and stern, common in the countries of the Mediterranean Sea (Italy, then Spain, Portugal) in the 13-17 centuries. From the 15th century ocean voyages were made on K.; in 1492 a flotilla of K. under the command of Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and in 1498 Vasco da Gama (see Gama) on K. made a voyage from Europe to India.

Wikipedia

Caravel

Caravel- a type of sailing vessel common in Europe, especially in Portugal and Spain, in the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries. One of the first and most famous type of ships from which the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries began.

The image of a caravel is usually represented by a two- or three-masted ship with oblique Latin sailing weapons ( latina caravel). Although direct sailing weapons were often used on caravels ( redonda caravel).

Due to its poetic name, the caravel is associated with all medieval ocean voyages and discoveries of new lands, thereby unfairly replacing the more suitable for sea voyages and more common at that time carracks. Although caravels participated in ocean campaigns, this was at the initial stage of the Age of Discovery, during the first campaigns of the Portuguese along the West African coast. Later, caravels played a secondary role in squadrons consisting of caracques, including in the campaigns of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan.

Caravel (disambiguation)

Caravel- commercial sailing ship of medium size

Caravel (electrophone)

"Caravel"- a series of Soviet electrophones produced in the 1970s - 1980s.

They differ from other brands of Soviet electrophones in that they are made in a desktop-wall design, that is, if the owner wishes, they can be placed not only on the table, but also on the wall, similar to acoustic systems and subscriber loudspeakers. __TOC__ The series includes three models:

Caravel (press center and sailing flotilla)

"Caravel"- a press center and a sailing flotilla in Yekaterinburg, created on July 2, 1961 by the writer V.P. Krapivin and a group of children.

In 1965, the Pioneer magazine took patronage over the Caravella. The main directions of the "Carabela" are maritime affairs, journalism, fencing, and the history of the fleet. Previously, the detachment had the status of a pioneer squad, a press center and a sailing flotilla of the Pioneer magazine. V. P. Krapivin led the detachment for more than thirty years, and at the present time, the wife of the writer's son, Larisa Krapivina, is at the head of the Caravelle. Squad motto: "Tamborileros, adelante!"(in Spanish - "Drummers, go!")

Examples of the use of the word caravel in the literature.

The second assistant of the Demon connected his whole life with the sea, but only a pirate caravel became his second home.

It was possible to change course, but before caravel would have picked up full speed, the islanders walking at full speed would have overtaken them.

Then a small caravel, which did not even enter the battle, seeing the size of the sailboat.

But Pinzón was gone, and the only thing Juan could do was go to bed, mindful that his caravel walks in the dark along an unfamiliar shore.

On the seventh day, as the captain believed, caravel arrived in one of the harbors, but not the Canaries, but.

Islands, islands, islands October 14, all three of our caravels went out to sea, having previously tarred the boats that would be needed for reconnaissance of small places.

From a distance I saw how he took their hands in his own, then, looking back at the admiral's cabin, he said something long and persistently to his fellow tribesmen, putting his hands first to his head, then to his heart, and, finally moving away, stopped at the side, just as like the rest of the Guanahans, following those running from the nose caravels two foam jets.

The Admiral proposes to land all three caravels as they are in dire need of repair.

Our commanders gave the order to take down the sails, and both caravels went to gybe.

Ekhaden, without much hesitation, ordered to make a hole in the bulwark caravels, opposite the unloading hatch of the barque.

There are two big caravels, in whose team there are not guards, but guardsmen.

The brigantine maneuvered sharply, intending to pass in front of caravels to then approach from the backboard.

skeleton caravels broke the stern as if it were made of straw, turned the doomed sailboat along the axis and put it on board, after which it rushed on, leaving behind a foaming white trail.

The very thought that the skeleton of the burnt caravels can return to complete the work begun, plunged into horror.

There were no more kings and queens who sent out caravels all over the world, but there were sponsors distributing millions of dollars.

Caravel (nao)- a vessel widely known in the history of navigation. On such courts Christopher Columbus And Vasco da Gama crossed the ocean. The seaworthiness of the caravel, in comparison with the ships that existed at that time, was much higher. Their speed reached 14-15 knots. According to a 15th century sailor “the caravels maneuvered perfectly, turning to the wind with one side or the other, as if they had oars”. Of particular importance was the lightness and maneuverability of caravels in the conditions of ocean voyages near unknown and poorly explored shores.

It is noteworthy that the contemporaries of Columbus and da Gama did not distinguish between caravels and caracci, calling those others the word "nao", which simply meant "ship", meaning a vessel capable of a long sea voyage.

Initially, caravels were light single-deck ships with a displacement of 50-70 tons, a length of 20-30 meters, with three or four masts and Latin sails. Relatively high masts and the presence of a bowsprit made it possible to double the sail area, which, of course, affected the speed increase. Latin sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply into the wind. Only the foremast carried a square straight sail. The design of the caravel hull was also successfully solved. With a ratio of keel length to maximum width of 3:1, caravels possessed good yuh - a quality extremely important, given that they had to withstand ferocious Atlantic storms. The plating of this ship is not laid flat, like tiles on the roof of a house, as they did before, but smooth: one board close to the other. And although this method of sheathing was known before, nevertheless, the merit of his invention is attributed to a shipbuilder from Brittany named julian who called this method " carvel", or " craveel". The name of the skin later turned into the name of the type of ships - caravel.

In the second half of the 15th century, the original type of caravels changed significantly. There were caravels with direct sails, which were placed on the fore and main masts in two tiers. The Latin sail remained only on the mizzen. In the 16th century, they abandoned the cross-sections of the hull, which were installed on top of the outer skin of the side to help the internal frames. These bars slowed down the course of the vessel and created splashes on the waves. In addition, the hull structure was not strong enough in stormy weather, and sometimes ship crews had to fasten it at sea by tightening the hull with cables. The sailors were constantly busy with repairs - replacing the hull boards, caulking the seams, repairing the rigging and sails, etc.

Do you remember on what ships Columbus sailed to distant India? For the first time, when you hear the name of these sailboats, you involuntarily exclaim: “How romantic! What are caravels? In fact, the name of these medieval ships has a very melodic sound, and they are very beautiful outwardly. Their wooden hulls were often decorated with rich carvings, and the sails fluttering in the wind made them look like winged boats.

Caravel ship: history of origin and etymology

There are many options to explain the origin of this word. According to one of them, the name of these sailboats has Portuguese roots and comes from a diminutive version of the word caravo (sailing ship). But the Italians believe that the caravel ship is named so due to its beauty and elegance, and its name comes from the merger of two Italian words - cara (sweet) and bella (beauty). And there is also a version of the Greek origin, according to which it comes from the word χαραβος (xarabos). From it came the Latin carabus (wicker boat), and the Russian word for “ship”. Of course, the Italian version is the most beautiful and quite close in meaning, because the caravel is actually a very beautiful ship. However, historians tend to believe that the word has precisely Greek roots.

What are caravels?

These ships were common in the 13th-16th centuries. Since in those years Spain and Portugal were considered the largest maritime powers and the main ones belonged to them, they naturally had the most powerful and developed fleets. The main part of the total number of ships of the Spanish flotilla until the 15th century was made up of ships called "caravel" (see photo in the article). Therefore, we associate all the great discoveries of sailors with them, although other sea sailing ships - caracci - participated much more often in the distant voyages of Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, etc. Admit that you almost never heard of caracci, while caravels have always were well-known, and all thanks to their poetic name. Caravel! Beauty, do not say anything. They were two- or three-masted ships with straight or oblique (Latin) sailing weapons. For those who want to know in more detail what caravels are, we can add that they had a special type of hull plating. So, if on other ships the so-called “overlapping” method was adopted, then in these sailboats the boards were laid tightly to each other during sheathing. In addition, a distinctive feature of these ships was a certain ratio of the length of the ship to its width (4:1), the presence of a single deck and a raised stern, thanks to which it was possible to sail with a fair breeze. On caravels, as a rule, there were 3 masts, and triangular sails were attached to inclined yards.

Caravel - the ship of explorers and adventurers

And if the material was interesting,
Our explorer triumphed,
And a pencil ran quickly in the book.
D. S. Merezhkovsky. Vera

We have already learned what advantages the caravel acquired thanks to the Latin sails, low draft, and great maneuverability. But this was not enough for long trips into unknown waters.

The long journey required a large amount of drinking water. And for this it was necessary either to explore in advance the sources of fresh water available on the route on the coast, or to have the required supply of drinking water with you.

A long trip, as we noted above, was accompanied by a large mortality among crew members for a variety of reasons, which required the presence of reserve crew members compared to the usual staff of the team.

Unfavorable external conditions during a long voyage in unknown waters, under unexpected weather conditions, with limited geographical knowledge, made very special demands on the maritime qualities of the caravel crew members. There should not be random people.

caravel model Nina how it looked at the beginning of the first expedition of Columbus

And, finally, the design of the caravel, of course, required taking into account the travel route. If voyages along the western coast of Africa were quite successfully made on Portuguese caravels with only Latin sails - caravela latina, then crossing the Indian Ocean and going to the American shores, and what’s there, going to the Canary Islands, required a change in rigging. On the fore mast, and then on the main mast, they began to put direct sails, retaining the latin ones only on the stern masts. The caravel turned, as we wrote above, into caravela redonda, it was just such a caravel that the Spaniards began to use after the Portuguese. But the use of this or that rigging was not a frozen dogma for sailors. So, two caravels of the expedition of Columbus, Nina And Pinta during the journey, they repeatedly changed the type of sailing rig on the bow masts from Latin to straight and vice versa. At the beginning of the journey during a stopover in the Canary Islands Nina was re-equipped from caravel latina

(see also at the beginning of the post)

to the caravel redonda

We can see that a low foremast was added and, like the mainmast, straight sails were placed on it. All the refitting took, as we know from Columbus's diaries, about one week. Later in the diaries there are no problems with the sails. Nigny Moreover, she went on a second journey.

It is difficult for us now to reconstruct in detail the design of the hull of the first research caravels. In Spain, the system for measuring the hull of a ship and its carrying capacity was developed only under Philip II (reigned 1556-1598). Only from this era do we receive documentary data on the ship timber used, the size and tonnage of ships. By the way, it should be noted that Spanish shipbuilding documents of that time continued to use Portuguese units of measurement: dedos(1.83 cm), palmos(25.67 cm) and rumos(1.54 m).

To deal with the design of the first caravels, let's turn to other possibilities available to maritime historians. In maritime archeology, there is a method of obtaining data on objects of the past, which involves comparing them with modern traditional objects that have retained the main features of their ancient ancestors. So, in relation to ancient caravels with Latin sails, a variety of Arabic dow – sambuco(سنبوك‎) (or sambuca, as this ship is also called).

Photograph of a sambuca taken in 1938 Exhibition in Kuwait 1998

The Naval Museum at Greenwich has a wonderful model of a sambuca used by pearl divers and fishermen in the Persian Gulf.

On each side there were six oarlocks for oars, which indicates that it was a sailing and rowing vessel. Although the oars were used, it seems, only during pearl fishing: cables were attached to their blades, which insured the fishermen during the dive and allowed them to rest between dives.

I was most interested in the design of the sambuco flat transom stern.

In the old descriptions of the first caravels, it is noted that their stern was also flat. However, in the drawings of that era, it is not always possible to see the view of the stern of the vessel, which leads to difficulties in classifying the ships shown in one or another image. However, more questions are raised by works when ships are called caravels, which have quite clearly a round rather than a flat stern. Let us consider as an example the images of caravels from the famous work of Duarte de Armas (an associate of King Manuel I of Portugal) “The Book of Fortresses” ( Livro das fortalezas situadas no extremo de Portugal e Castela por Duarte de Armas, escudeiro da Casa do rei D. Manuel I). Its creation is attributed to the period between 1495 and 1521, sometimes tied to a specific date of 1510. The book depicts fortresses on the borders of Portugal with the kingdom of Castile with great care. Let's see, for example, the view of the fortress of Valensa, located on the Minho River. At that time, the river was quite navigable and on it we see several large sea-going ships.

Let's take a closer look at the group of three ships in the foreground

One of them, larger, belongs to the type nava (nave, caracca) and at the moment we will not be distracted by it. As for the remaining two, they are usually referred to as caravels. Low profile, no bow superstructure, two masts with latin sails - typical Latin caravels. The forward mast is located far from the bow, as if leaving room for the possible installation of another mast in the bow. How it was done on another ship from the same engraving, on the right side of it

Here not only a fore mast with a straight sail was set up, but a straight sail was also installed on the main mast, and an additional mizzen mast was set up in the stern - i.e. we see the transformation Latin caravels in redonda caravel.

However, at the moment we will be interested in the vessel from the first group, located in its center. We clearly see that his stern is not flat, but round, like that of a galley. This makes one doubt the legitimacy of classifying this ship as a caravel, as is done in almost all works that study these images. Or should this ship be singled out as an independent subspecies of caravels, distinguished by its constructive and seaworthy qualities.

Continue later.

"Nina", "Pint", "Santa Maria "- the names of the legendary ships of the first expedition of Christopher Columbus to the shores of the New World have firmly entered history, got into all encyclopedias and school geography textbooks.

After the political and economic issues of organizing an overseas expedition were resolved (April 17, 1492, the highest good was finally given and funds were found), the time came to equip the ships and look for a team.

So, first of all - courts. What kind of ships could withstand ocean navigation? How many are necessary and sufficient? One ship was clearly not enough for such a dangerous and long voyage - the risk was too great. Secondly, it is not possible to bring a large amount of “booty” on one ship - gold, silver, spices, silks, incense and other things (which Columbus and his creditors counted on in the first place) in order to cover expenses and recoup the enterprise. Recall that Columbus was going to "discover" Japan and China, and not America at all. Two ships is already better. Four is unreasonably expensive. But three - just right. And all the good from Chipangu And Chinas, (Japan and China) will have something to bring, and the probabilistic resistance to return is higher than on two ships. Of all the possible types of ships for the campaign, Columbus chose caravels.

What is a caravel

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Origin of the name "caravel"

caravel - lat. /caravela-port. / carabela - hisp ./ caravella - it ./

It can be assumed that the wordcaravelahas a Latin basis and is formed from two roots, wherevelameans sail and cara - expensive. Moreover, both in Latin and in Italian. That is, it turns out expensive sailboat, valuable sailboat(or something like that).

By the way, our word ship was borrowed from the word caravel

See for yourself: / his. / carabela = ship

Typical design of a caravel

Light single-deck vessel. Displacement 50-100 tons, length 15-25 meters, latin sails on slanting yards grotto-masts and mizzen-masts allowed ships to sail steeply into the wind. Only fork The mast usually carried a straight sail. The ship's hull had a keel-to-width ratio of about 3:1, which gave good stability on the high seas. There was no special place for artillery on caravels, so they were not used in military affairs. All weapons are several medium and small guns in the aft superstructure and on the forecastle.

What speed did caravels develop

Caravels allowed a maximum speed of 12-14 knots (1 knot = 1 mile/hour; 1 nautical mile ~ 1800 meters) or approximately 20 km/hour in land measurement. Thus, with a favorable wind, it was possible to overcome 200-300 km per day on a caravel.

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The distance from the Canaries to the Bahamas is just over six thousand kilometers. Passed by Columbus in 36 days. Thus, on average, Columbus' caravels covered a distance of ~ 180 km per day.

Seaworthiness of the caravel

Caravels had 2-3 (sometimes 4) masts, designs fok- And grotto- masts made it possible to change slanting latin sails to straight lines and vice versa. ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> With a steep close-hauled, (that is, almost a headwind) and when exploring the coast they maneuvered with Latin sails. With a fair wind on the high seas, straight sails gave more acceleration. Caravels could come close to the shore, and at the same time feel confident on the high seas. Thanks to all these qualities, it was caravels that became the main ships of sea expeditions at the initial stage of the Age of Discovery. After all, it was on caravels that Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and Fernando Magellan made their famous breakthroughs into the unknown.

caravel

Caravels appeared in the 12th century and lasted until about the middle of the 16th century, when they were supplanted by more advanced types of ships. And the caravel itself, after changing the equipment, replacing triangular sails with trapezoidal ones, and also when changing the shape of the hull, was transformed into schooner.

It is known for sure that not a single drawing or drawing of at least one of the ships of the first expedition of Columbus has been preserved. And no one knows what Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria actually looked like. Researchers have tried to reconstruct their appearance and construction from indirect evidence and verbal descriptions. Therefore, everything you read below is conjectural descriptions of ships, autumn 1492.

"Santa Maria" - the flagship of the expedition of Columbus

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Flagship of the flotilla of Christopher Columbus. Strictly speaking, the Santa Maria was not a caravel. It was a three-masted karakka(or in Spanish nao)- a type of cargo ship, approximately 22-25 meters long, 7-8 meters wide, with a displacement of about 120 tons. This single-deck ship could take on board up to 40 crew members and passengers. The sailing equipment of the Santa Maria consisted of five straight sails and a slanting sail on a mizzen mast. The depth of the hold is about 3 meters. In the aft part there was a two-tiered superstructure with cabins for management and storerooms for everything necessary, on the forecastle there was a triangular platform and possibly another superstructure. The armament of the "Santa Maria" consisted of several different-sized cannons that fired stone cannonballs. ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)">
It is known that the Santa Maria crashed on Christmas Day 1492 off the coast of the island of Haiti. The wreckage of the ship was used to build a fortified settlement founded on this site on January 6, 1493. Columbus named the settlement simply "La Navidad" - "Christmas".

TO ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> as you already know, not a single authentic image of the ships of the first expedition of Columbus has survived. However, in 1892, in preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the voyage of Columbus, a supposed replica of the Santa Maria was built. In the 20th century, a number of life-size models and floating copies of the Santa Maria were made, some of them of the nao type, and some of them made like caravels. Columbus himself in his journal spoke of the "Santa Maria" both as a caracca and as a caravel. Obviously, there was no strict border between the caracca and the caravel.

What did the caravel "Pinta" look like?

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About the "Pinta" - the second largest ship in the flotilla, the least details are known. Most likely, it was a typical caravel of medium size and parameters, with a displacement of 70-90 tons, it could carry one straight sail on the foremast and mainmast, and oblique on the mizzen.

What was it likecaravel "Nina"

The real name of this ship was “Santa Clara”, and “Nina” was just a nickname for the caravel, either from the Spanish word for “baby”, or from the name of the owner, Juan Nino. ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> Some descriptive information has come down to us about this caravel, which roams everywhere on the Internet, and which should be treated like any unconfirmed data. So: according to some sources, the length of the vessel is 17 meters, the width is 5.5 meters, the draft is about 2 meters, the displacement is 100 tons, the crew is 40 people; according to other sources, the Nina had a displacement of 40-60 tons, all 3 masts had slanting sails. During the expedition, Columbus made a stop in the Canary Islands to carry out repairs on the Pinta, and at that time the oblique sails on the Nina were replaced with the same straight ones as on the Pinta.

« Nina"-" Santa Clara "participated in the second expedition of Columbus to and then went there again, in 1499 to the island of Haiti by itself, as a private person. By all accounts, Columbus's favorite ship.

Nautical terms used in the text:

latin sail

The shape is a right triangle. ", BGCOLOR, "#ffffff", FONTCOLOR, "#333333", BORDERCOLOR, "Silver", WIDTH, "100%", FADEIN, 100, FADEOUT, 100)"> The upper luff (hypotenuse) is attached to an inclined rail, the front or lower end of which reaches the deck. In the Middle Ages, the Latin sail became widespread due to the ability of a vessel with such a sail to sail very steeply into the wind. Moreover, the driving force in this case was not the wind itself, but wing lift, like an airplane, only the wing, that is, the sail, was not located horizontally, but vertically.

Karakka = nao- just a big sailing ship, more than a caravel. The front sails are straight, the rear ones are oblique.

foremast- the first mast from the bow of the ship.

Main mast- the second mast from the bow of the ship.

mizzen mast- rear mast on 3-4 masted ships with a slanting sail for maneuvers.

Displacement – the amount of water displaced by a floating vessel.

Tank- part of the upper deck from the bow to the first mast.

beidewind– a heading at which the angle between the direction of the wind and the direction of the vessel's movement is less than 90°. The pull of a sail with a badewind is entirely determined by the "lift force".

Shkatorina- any edge of the sail.

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schooner schooner - a type of sailing ship with at least two masts and slanting sails on all masts. Has many varieties. It was the main pirate ship of the Caribbean and the American coast in the 16th and 17th centuries.