Where and when did tourism originate? Stages of tourism development

§ 5. Characteristics of stages in the history of tourism development

Tourism as a mass social phenomenon began to emerge only after the Second World War, although the roots of tourism go back to the deep past. There are four stages in the history of tourism development.

The first stage is from antiquity to the beginning of the 19th century.
The second stage is from the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.
The third stage is from the beginning of the 20th century to the Second World War.
The fourth stage is after the Second World War to the present day.

This periodization is based on technical, economic and social prerequisites, as well as the target functions of tourism at different stages of development.

The first stage of tourism development is called the prehistory of tourism. The beginning of this stage dates back to the ancient period (Ancient Greece and Rome), when the main motives for travel were trade, pilgrimage, treatment, and education. Sports travel was born during this period. For example, participants and spectators of the Olympic Games traveled to the competition site from the most remote corners of Greece.

Later, in the Middle Ages, a religious factor became an incentive to travel - worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. The Renaissance weakens religious motives and enhances the individual nature of travel.

During the Enlightenment, travel was educational. For example, young nobles went on a kind of “grand tour” of Europe in order to receive a prestigious education, which would give them the right to engage in political or social activities. In Great Britain, such a route began in, then students went to Paris, after which they continued their education in, and, the return route ran through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.

Until the mid-19th century, travel had a number of distinctive features: Firstly, the means of transportation were primitive; Secondly, travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition and means of achieving some other goal (for example, trade, treatment, education, etc.). The development of manufacturing production and industrial revolutions of the 18th-19th centuries in leading European countries brought changes to the economic life of society. As a result of the development of the productive forces of society, a differentiation occurs between the working time and the free time of the employee. This created the preconditions for the second stage of tourism development.

The second stage of tourism development is called elite tourism. It is at this stage that the first specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services begin to be created. The most important role at this stage of tourism development was played by revolutionary changes in transport. Change-12

Fox delivery and transportation means. In 1807, the inventor Fulton designed and built the first steamboat. The first steam locomotive was created by Stephenson in 1814. The means of delivering mail were improved and the road network expanded. All this led to much greater reliability and speed of movement. At the same time, travel costs were reduced due to more economical means of transportation.

In the middle of the 19th century, the first shipping companies emerged that transported settlers from the Old World to the shores of North and South America.

Scientific and technological progress and the social struggle of workers for their rights, as well as the growing prosperity of society, have created the opportunity to travel for the majority of ordinary people. Improved quality and reliability of transport services, along with their reduction in cost, have led to a significant increase in the flow of travelers. The first enterprises appeared that specialized in serving temporary visitors. The first hotels are replacing modest boarding houses.

In 1801, the Badische Hof hotel opened in Germany (Baden-Baden). In 1812, the Rigi-Klesterli hotel came into operation in Switzerland; in 1832, a hotel was built in the city of Faulhorn. In the city of Interlaken (Switzerland), the Grand Hotel Schweitzerhof was built in 1859. In Germany at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. The first mineral water resorts appeared in Heiligendam, Norderney and Travemünde.

During this period of the formation of tourism, luxury hotels were built primarily to serve representatives of aristocratic circles. But in the second half of the 19th century, the leisure industry expanded its scope of production. The first travel agencies were added to the hotel industry, whose task was to organize tourist trips and sell them to consumers.

An example of the first package tour (a set of travel services sold at a single price) is a group holiday tour organized by Thomas Cook in 1841. The package of services included a twenty-mile railway journey, tea, biscuits and a brass band. The entire trip cost each passenger just one shilling. Naturally, T. Cook did not pursue commercial, but rather social goals. With such an action, he sought to draw attention to the possibilities for the appropriate use of working time.

After this, over the course of 20 years, many new travel agencies emerged in England. Beginning in 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, which reflected the expansion of tourist demand. In Germany, the first travel agency was founded in 1863 in Breslau. It had close contacts with shipping companies and at the beginning of the 20th century actively advertised and sold sea cruise pleasure trips. However, at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. Few could afford long-distance tourist trips.

The third stage marked the beginning of the development of social tourism. The First World War, the economic depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. At the same time, it was during this period that elements of mass tourism appeared, which reached its peak in the post-war decades.

For example, the Hotelplan company appears in Switzerland, which is currently one of the largest producers of travel services in this country. The formation of the company in 1935 was based on the ideas of its founder G. Duttweiler that the involvement of the “little man” in tourism would provide invaluable assistance to the hotel industry. Massive cheap tours are becoming the company's main product. Already in the first financial year, the company sold more than 50 thousand tourist vouchers.

The fourth stage is called the mass tourism stage. It was during this period that tourism became widespread. From a luxury item, it becomes a necessity for the majority of the population of industrialized countries. The leisure and entertainment industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

In Western European countries during this period, tourism companies, hotels, and enterprises for attractions and entertainment were actively created. European tourism in the 50s was focused primarily on American tourists and was a source of dollar revenue. In the 60s and until the mid-70s, there was a rapid growth in both outbound and inbound tourism, as well as an increase in the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of their production.

The most important indicator of the completion of the process of formation of mass tourism is the intensity of tourism in a particular country. Tourism intensity shows what part of the country's population annually makes at least one tourist trip and is calculated as a percentage of the entire population of the country or that part of it that is over 14 years old. When the intensity of tourism exceeds 50%, then we can talk about established mass tourism.

After the Second World War, fundamental changes occurred in supply and demand in the tourism market, which give reason to say that mass conveyor tourism has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism. In both the first and second cases, we are talking about mass tourism, in which not only the elite, but also the middle class, and, since the 80s, also the population with low incomes, take part.

Conveyor tourism presupposes relative primitivism and homogeneity of the needs and motivations of tourists and, accordingly, the impersonal conveyor nature of the services produced.

Differentiated tourism is distinguished by a variety of needs and motivations of tourists, a multiplicity of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, a variety of services offered and a pronounced specialization of the tourist offer. Differentiated tourism is characterized by a wide range of services. A travel agency, as a rule, offers a certain number of types of tourism products, each of which has many options to choose from. The transition from conveyor to differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the producer market to the consumer market.

The determining motive for the behavior of the consumer of tourism services during this period was the recreational aspect of tourism. Rest was seen as a means of restoring physical strength in order to continue working. The expansion of demand in the tourism market was accompanied by the active growth of tourism enterprises. Tourist services are standardized and offered in the form of combined “package tours”.

At the turn of the 60s - 70s. a society of consumption of material goods is being formed, i.e. consumption for the sake of consumption. The producer market is being replaced by the consumer market. The motivation of tourist demand is becoming more complicated. Along with recreational tourism, educational, communication and investment aspects of tourism are becoming increasingly important.

Due to the expansion of tourism demand and supply, capital flows into the tourism industry from other areas of the national economy. Transport enterprises and trading firms are particularly active. Thus, from the second half of the 70s of the XX century. we can talk about the flourishing of conveyor tourism, which is currently gradually transforming into differentiated tourism.

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………3
1. HISTORY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.................................................... .................5
1.1 International tourism……………………………………………………………………. 5
1.2 Cultural tourism……………………………………………………...12
2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL OR EDUCATIONAL TOURISM……………………………………………………………... 16
2.1 Objects of cultural heritage………………………………………... 20
2.2 Assessment of cultural complexes…………………………………….. 22
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………... 24
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………... 26

INTRODUCTION

International tourism is a complex and complex sphere of the world economy, significantly influencing both the entire world economy and the economy of individual countries and regions. In some countries, international tourism is practically the only source of foreign exchange earnings, thanks to which a high level of economic development and well-being of citizens is maintained.
Tourism is not only the largest, but also one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. Due to its rapid growth rate, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century. During the second half of the twentieth century, the number of international tourists increased almost 28 times, and revenues from this type of service increased 237 times.
With the development of scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systematic object of study. Working definitions, limited to a narrow industry framework, do not reveal the full variety of internal and external connections of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual or essential definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.
In the scientific literature on tourism there is no unambiguous definition. Despite the difference in formulations, all authors include in the concept of “tourism” tourist needs and motivations, the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macroenvironments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism has become widespread among specialists. According to him, tourism is “a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work”
Relevance of the topic. In Russian-language periodicals, research and educational literature, the term “cultural-educational” or “educational” tourism has increasingly begun to be replaced by the term “cultural” tourism. It should be noted that some authors give this concept new definitions, believing that a new type of tourism has arisen, while dividing “cultural” and “educational” as independent types of tourism, other researchers consider “educational tourism as a type of “cultural”, and others, saying about cultural and educational tourism, they adhere to other terms, for example, “excursion”, “excursion-educational”, “historical-local history” or “intellectual”. The work examines the phenomenon of cultural tourism as a type of international tourist travel.
Goal of the work is to analyze the impact of cultural tourism on the development of international tourism as a whole.
Tasksworks:
- studying the history of the emergence of international and cultural tourism;
- identifying the foundations of cultural or educational tourism;
-study of heritage sites and assessment of cultural complexes.
Practical significance. The work can be used for in-depth study of cultural tourism by students majoring in Tourism.

1. HISTORY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

1.1 International tourism
The desire to travel, the desire to change places is considered an innate human characteristic. The purposes of travel can be very diverse - business, educational, to seek adventure, to gain strong sensations, to relax, to escape from the monotony of everyday life.
There is no uniform periodization of the tourist movement in science, since its history is unique for each country or cultural community. However, systematization of the history of tourism is necessary in order to better understand the whole complex of economic, environmental and social phenomena associated with it, and attempts in this area continue.
The taxonomy that most accurately corresponds to the trends in global development of the tourism sector can be considered, according to which the following periods are distinguished in the tourist movement:
-early historical - until the middle of the nineteenth century;
- initial - from the middle of the 19th century to 1914;
-development period - from 1914 to 1945;
-the period of mass tourism - from 1945 to the present.
The beginnings of tourism activities appeared in ancient times. The motives for moving people most often were factors such as trade, thirst for knowledge, discovery, learning, religion and simply recreation. Special literature cites Egyptian texts dating back to 2000-1000 BC, which indicate that traveling for pleasure and recreation was commonplace in the life of the ancient Egyptians. 1

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1 Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to Tourism (3rd ed.). – Moscow – St. Petersburg: “Gerda Publishing House”, 2002, 320 p.

The real dawn of tourism occurred during the Roman Empire, facilitated by its vast territories. Judging by historical sources, the Romans created a road network on an unprecedented scale, the length of the main roads exceeded 90 thousand kilometers, and the secondary ones - 200 thousand. Of course, roads served primarily military, administrative and commercial purposes, but were also used for travel, information services, vehicles with designated places for sleeping and cooking, as well as descriptions of roadside guest houses offering safe overnight stay and food.
The geographical culture of ancient China was also at a high level. The Chinese left many geographical descriptions of rivers, seas, and mountains. The travels of the Chinese ambassador Zhang Caa (2nd century BC) had important practical consequences - the Great Silk Road passed along his routes.
The most risky and technically equipped were the sea voyages of the ancient Phoenicians along the coasts of Europe and Africa. Historical sources also report that already in the 6th century BC, the ancient Greeks and Romans made trips to Egypt; they were attracted not by the ordinary nature, the magnificent architectural structures, Moreover, Egypt was considered a healing resort. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus visited not only Egypt, but also many other countries of the East - from

Libya to Babylon and Assyria, as well as in Asia Minor and even the Northern Black Sea region. He described his travels in nine books of History.
The vast majority of the population in those days was content with stories of distant travels; Only much later - with the invention of printing - did it become possible to read about travel in books, newspapers and illustrated magazines.
In the 9th century, Princess Olga visited Byzantium. According to historian S.M. Solovyov, there was “curiosity to see the wonders of the educated world” and prestige, since “the one who was in Constantinople was returning.” Sports travel also originated in ancient Greece, as participants and spectators from different countries arrived at the Olympic Games.
In the Russian state, the first travels were dictated by educational, trade, political and religious purposes.

Along with Christianity, the tradition of pilgrimage came to Rus'. The main places of “foreign” pilgrimage were Palestine, Jerusalem, Mount Athos, and throughout the Russian lands - Sergiev Posad, Optina Pustyn, Korennaya Pustyn and other monasteries.
In 1438-1474, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin made the famous “walk across the three seas” - a journey undertaken to expand sales markets. He visited Persia, India, and on the way back he visited Somalia, Muscat, and Turkey.
The Renaissance had an even greater impact on tourism, when the economy began to develop rapidly, new crafts appeared, and trade between countries expanded. At the same time, travel required significant financial resources, legal privileges and a significant amount of free time, so only a few representatives of the richest social groups could travel. In the 17th century, traveling around Europe became popular due to the desire to get an education. They were carried out as part of the “program for educating young aristocrats.” In England, the route of such a trip began in London, led to France with a long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The return route ran through Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. Travel contributed to the establishment of economic and political contacts between aristocratic youth and noble foreign families. The pioneers of winter sports were the British, much later they were joined by the French and Americans.
It is believed that the noble and aristocratic youth of the 17th and 18th centuries, who traveled not only for education, but also for entertainment and pleasure, can be given the status of tourists.
Traveling abroad for the purpose of acquiring knowledge and broadening one's horizons has been practiced in Russia since the end of the 17th century, starting with the reign of Peter I. An example was set by Peter himself, having traveled as part of the Great Moscow Embassy to the countries of Western Europe in 1697 - 1699. Such travels, during which they became acquainted with different aspects of European life, significantly influenced the development of Russian culture. One of the results of this influence was the compulsory study of foreign languages ​​by nobles. Catherine II, accompanied by her retinue and foreign ambassadors, crossed the entire western part of the Russian Empire, sailed along the Dnieper, and examined the cities of Kherson and Sevastopol. Emperor Paul I, together with his wife, under the name of Count of the North, traveled around Europe for more than a year. He visited many German cities, visited Austria, the Netherlands, France, Italy.
The early historical phase of tourism development was characterized by the complexity and duration of travel. The speed of movement was approximately 6 kilometers per hour, and the distance covered per day did not exceed 60 kilometers. The privilege or a kind of necessity to travel belonged to merchants, wealthy burghers, nobles and aristocrats. The Englishman Thomas Cook is considered the first specialist in the tourism industry. In 1841, he organized a massive tour of the country, after which tourism entered the initial period of the modern phase of development.

1 Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E. History of tourism. – Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2003, 94 p.

The description of this first tourist trip of 570 members of the temperance society from the city of Leicester to the city of Loughborough has survived to this day.

The cost of the trip was small - only one shilling, and its goals were not commercial. Since 1847, the company created by Thomas Cook began to organize foreign trips - first to France, and later to other European countries. In 1951, Cook founded the first commercial travel agency, Thomas Cook and Son, and in 1865 took the first group of wealthy tourists on holiday to Switzerland. Thus, it was he who laid the foundation for the modern tourism industry. In the second half of the 19th century, travel companies arose in many countries (in Russia - in 1885). Reserving seats on transport and hotel rooms, hotel classifications, traveler's checks, schedules and high-quality guidebooks with comprehensive information are becoming commonplace. In Russia, much attention has been paid to tourism since the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the “Society of Natural History Lovers”, “Crimean Mountain Club”, and “Caucasian Mountain Society” became widely known. In 1885, the first Russian travel company of L. Lipson began its activities in St. Petersburg. Since 1899, a commission has been working in Moscow at the Pedagogical Society to organize general educational excursions for students. In 1895, the Yalta Bureau of the Crimean-Caucasian Mining Club was created.
In the 19th century, excursions, hikes, and travel began to be used as a way of learning in school, special and higher education, as well as for collecting scientific, geographical and local history information about various regions of Russia. The development of science, inventions in the field of technology, the emergence of railways, steamships - all this contributed to the rapid spread of both internal and external travel for various purposes.
The creation of a car with an internal combustion engine in the second half of the twentieth century gave humanity a fast and comfortable way of transportation. Already in the first half of the twentieth century, cars and buses in Europe and the USA became a common form of transport. In 1903, in America, the Wright brothers flew an airplane they built with an internal combustion engine, and at the same time the first airplanes appeared in Europe. Maritime transport is being improved, giant liners for that time are being built, capable of crossing the ocean in a week - Sirius, Lusitania, Mauritania with a displacement of 30 thousand tons and a speed of 26 knots per hour, Imperator, Vaterland - 50 thousand tone and "Titanic" - 52 thousand tons. The Queen Mary liner with a displacement of 80 thousand tons and a speed of 30 knots began to make regular flights. The development of maritime and air transport has contributed to an increase in international travel.
In Russia, the origins of organized tourism date back to the early 1890s. Short educational trips began to be offered in resort areas of the Crimea and the Caucasus. With the advent of steamships, travel by water has become increasingly popular. In 1914, the two largest motor ships of that time were built - “Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna” and “Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna”. Recreational types of tourism are concentrated in Crimea and the Caucasus. The Caucasian Riviera complex was opened in Sochi, which included four hotels with 360 rooms and a concert hall with 600 seats, a medical building, courts, and an equipped beach. First-class hotels began to be built in large cities: in Moscow - “National” and “Metropol”, in St. Petersburg - “Astoria” and “European”.
The Russian Society of Tourists, created in 1901 on the basis of the Society of Cyclist Tourists (OVT), carried out extensive activities in the development of tourism. Members of the society organized various excursions - walking, cycling, skiing, horseback riding, and participated in kayaking and sailing races. Society member Anisim Pankratov made the first trip around the world by bicycle, which lasted more than a year and a half. 1.
The First World War interrupted international tourist ties. However, after its end, international tourism entered a new period of development. In the 1920s, the geographical area of ​​foreign tourism expanded significantly. So, if before the war most tourists went to Italy and Switzerland, then after its end almost all European countries were involved in the tourism sector.
In Soviet Russia, the main goal of tourism was to educate the broad masses of the population through excursions and travel. Along with this, a base for elite recreation and recreation, as well as a market for elite outbound tourism, is being formed. The development of tourism in Russia was favorably influenced by the new economic policy (EP), introduced in 1992.
The Second World War sharply reduced the volume of international tourism. After the war, many European cities lay in ruins, and there was a sharp shortage of funds, fuel and energy resources, food, and qualified personnel. The worsening political situation in the world in the second half of the 1940s, when a rampant arms race began, also played a negative role. For millions of people, the outside world began to seem like a source of threat and danger. Only a few years after graduation. After World War II, international tourism in Europe, the United States and Canada began to revive. By 1950, the total number of foreign tourists recorded worldwide exceeded pre-war levels and amounted to more than 25 million. 2

Ancient Greek, Persian and Arab travelers left many ethnographic references from the 7th-10th centuries about Christian and sun-worshipping tribes and peoples who inhabited the territories that now belong to independent Ukraine. Mentions of the first German traveler were recorded by chroniclers at the court of Vladimir the Great (the prince received the German personally). In subsequent times, tourism remains the personal choice of certain deviant individuals, holy fools or obscenely wealthy.

It became something exceptional and more or less organized with the advent of steamships, at which time long sea voyages, as well as river voyages, began to gain popularity. In the Russian Empire, the first tourism organization was the Russian Society of Tourists. Over time, the “Soviet Tourist” society (in our country, “Ukrtur”) under the People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR became its successor. It was replaced by the All-Union Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (abbreviated as OPT) in 1929, and it was a success, albeit a relative one.

In the first year of the society’s functioning, more than 50 thousand people became members of the OPT. The leadership of the OPT established ties with communist organizations in Czechoslovakia, Germany and other European countries, and international tourism began to take shape as something promising. At the end of the twentieth century. European seaside resorts even began to open so-called “Russian boarding houses”, houses for Russian-speaking vacationers. But all this quickly fell into disrepair in 1936, when the entire leadership of the organization was repressed. Nevertheless, the structures of the OPT were transferred to the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports.

For Ukrainians, this period was very difficult; out of 153 tourist houses throughout the territory of the united state, only a few were on the territory of Ukraine, and of course, did not satisfy the demands of even such an unassuming and small market. Thus, until 1914 there were very few tourists in our territories. However, the first attempts at organized travel were initiated in creative and cultural circles for sports, ethnographic and health purposes. A student excursion to Crimea in 1876, trips of local history clubs and nature lovers, mountain sports clubs, a huge contribution to the development of tourist practice was made by Ivan Franko, who organized student excursions during his work at Lviv University in the 1880s.

The First World War is over. In 1924, the tourist and local history societies “Plai” and “Chornohora” began operating in Lviv. The influence of the Polish tourist movement is felt. But the repressions of 1939 again killed everything in the bud. And soon the Second World War breaks out. However, the war allowed the Russians to honestly take away from the Germans a couple of large ships, which were later renamed “Victory” and “Georgia” and were used by the tourist organization “Intourist” as cruise ships. Thus, today’s most luxurious type of tourism began to develop in an organized manner almost earlier than all the others. Cruises from Leningrad and Odessa around Europe were very popular. The 1950s saw another boom in the tourism industry.

In Ukraine, the highest demand was still for travel to the Carpathians, Crimea, Bukovina and Transcarpathia, as well as river cruises along the banks of the Dnieper, cruises on the Black and Azov Seas, auto tours to the main cultural centers - Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkov, Odessa - and weekend trips. Trains were sometimes used as land cruise ships. During the day, passengers explored the city, and in the evening they returned to their compartments and went to bed, only to wake up in the morning at their next destination.

In 1962, the Central Council of Tourism was established, and in the 70s and 80s, Soviet tourism flourished again. The Soviets wanted to dispel the terrible myths about their totalitarian regime on the other side of the Iron Curtain, and foreign tourists became frequent guests in the Soviet Union. However, the government of that time, which did not disdain to resort to primitive censorship measures, was not friendly to all countries in terms of tourism, and had great difficulty in releasing its residents to certain countries.

With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Union, many previously forbidden tourist destinations opened up for Ukrainians. At first, the number of tourists wishing to visit Ukraine decreased sharply, but over time the situation stabilized, and tourism organizations began to confidently increase in number. Now the main priority in the tourism business is timeliness - both in the provision of services and in following the latest global trends. Modern tourism has become more active, dynamic, flexible and intelligent, and with Internet integration its capabilities have increased significantly. The next item on the to-do list of Ukrainian tourism is space travel, and don’t grin so much, not so long ago the color display of a push-button telephone was an exceptional technological innovation.

Some people associate the concept of “tourism” with sand and sea, others immediately think about sightseeing... But there is a special subtype of tourism - industrial. Fans of this type of recreation are interested in exploring various industrial and military facilities, as well as abandoned buildings. They find a special aesthetic in this. If you also decide to become interested in this type of vacation, find out everything about industrial tourism in Russia - the best places to travel in 2019 will attract you.

History of development

This type of recreation began to develop relatively recently - in the 60s of the last century. In general, back in the 19th century, some factories allowed tourists on excursions a couple of times, but at that time people were not yet interested in them. But half a century ago, a special committee was created in Great Britain, whose members sought to preserve industrial sites as cultural heritage.

At the end of the millennium, in the 80s, Europeans were drawn to old plants, mines and factories, seeing them as “monuments of the industrial era.” Well, after 2000 this type of recreation became very popular. The Internet has spread, and it contains information about objects, which attracted many people tired of the usual beaches.

In Russia, industrial tourism began to emerge in the 18th century. Schoolchildren were taken to mines and factories on excursions. This practice continued in the USSR. In addition, after the release of the film "Stalker", young people and adults became interested in visiting abandoned buildings and forbidden areas, and later the name of the film became a synonym for such lovers. Well, with the beginning of the new millennium everything has only increased in a similar way to the Western direction. In 2007, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. was released, and young people became even more interested in industrial tourism sites.

Now industrial tourism, although less popular than traditional tourism, still interests millions of people around the world.

Kinds

This type of rest can be divided into several types:

1. Stalking. This is precisely the visit to abandoned, old, unused objects that was formed after the release of the film of the same name. Stalkers are attracted to residential buildings, entire cities (), and factories. They not only enjoy exploring them, but also take photographs - just as traditional tourists take pictures of attractions.
2. Digging. Diggers are those who are passionate about the "underworld". No, we are not talking about some esotericism here - just about various bunkers or ghost subway stations.
3. Roofing. From the English word “roof”, translated as “roof”. Roofers love to visit the rooftops of city buildings and look at the views. There are those who prefer to simply contemplate, those who enjoy the extreme process of “climbing” some ladders or pipes, and finally, someone even holds or attends all sorts of cultural events on the roofs.
4. Passive tourism. Not everyone likes to enter forbidden places; such tourists are akin to the first among industrial tourists - they prefer to go on excursions to various operating industries.
5. Urbanism. Tourists-urbanists get aesthetic pleasure from exploring the city's beauties. Some people “collect” buildings in a certain architectural style, others like abandoned areas.
6. Post-pilgrimage. It is a type of stalking and means visiting abandoned places of worship.

What is the price?

It must be said that in Russia there are not very many similar offers from tour operators yet. The West is still more interested in this type of recreation. However, there are special travel agencies that specialize in this. Vacationers are offered excursions to plants, factories, film studios and even nuclear power plants.

In the last five-year period, the direction has become more promising; many experts argue that in Russia it can be developed quite well, since a large number of abandoned objects have been preserved in the country since the Soviet era.

The cost of the offer depends on the payment to the owners of the object, guides, and travel expenses. For example, in Sevastopol, a five-hour jeep tour of abandoned sites will cost around 6 thousand rubles for a group of 4 people. A visit to the factory where Belevskaya marshmallow is made will cost around 2 thousand rubles - this amount already includes round-trip travel from, guide services, and tea. But, for example, you can get to the Moscow Brewing Company and see the process of making a foamy drink for free - the production itself organizes such visits on weekends.

If a person wants to organize a trip on his own, then its cost will directly depend on the costs of transport, accommodation and the cost of a ticket to the site. It is clear that visiting some places will be completely free, because abandoned objects are abandoned for that reason.

Safety

By the way, about abandoned objects - there is a lot to understand here so that your pleasant vacation is not overshadowed by anything. If an industrial tourist visits an operating facility or books a tour, then, of course, this will include certain permits and guarantees, as well as safety instructions.

But as for other options, here you have to act yourself. The fact is that some old buildings can be places where people without a fixed abode, as well as marginalized people, live. Therefore, before becoming a stalker, it is best to meet experienced fans of this trend, learn everything about interesting objects, and perhaps visit them together with experts. In addition, when walking through abandoned buildings or areas, you should wear certain, closed clothing - after all, there may be fragments, construction debris and other things that are unsafe for direct contact.

There are objects that are even guarded and are not intended for outsiders to enter. This is the most extreme direction of industrial tourism, since it may even involve breaking the law. Some people are attracted by precisely this unattainability, but here everyone acts at their own peril and risk.

As for digging and roofing, you need to do this only with full confidence in your physical fitness, as well as if you have the equipment. After all, getting onto the roof is quite difficult - if we are talking about entering through fire escapes, and not about going to the “open roof”. As for underground objects, for example, ghost subway stations, there may be dangers in the form of collapse of structures. It is better for beginners to join this type of tourism in an experienced company. In addition, digging as such is also often associated with breaking the law, since official areas are prohibited for outsiders.

Be that as it may, as a rule, an industrial tourist is quite a risky person. We can only urge you to carefully plan all the details of visiting the site.

Places and objects in Russia

It would take a long time to list all the objects of attention of industrial tourists, but some popular spots are worth talking about.

Stalking

The websites of fans of this type of tourism contain articles about many interesting places. Among them are such different ones as:

1. An abandoned naval training base on Russky Island. Previously, this place was the largest for training Soviet sailors, and is currently popular among stalkers. In addition to the base itself, you can examine the remains of the military’s “interiors” and equipment.
2. Olgovo estate in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region. Built at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, it was a holiday home and pioneer camp in the USSR. Currently, you can view the main house and outbuildings, the school building, utility rooms, and the garden.
3. Kola superdeep well in the Murmansk region. Drilling the deepest hole in the earth made by human hands began in the 70s. However, in the 90s the project was abandoned. By that time, the hole had reached 12 thousand meters.
4. Hotel "Northern Crown" in . Construction was frozen in 1995; they had been trying to build the hotel for 7 years by that time. Currently, it is a protected object, however, especially daring stalkers get inside.
5. Konigsberg Castle in the Kaliningrad region. It was built back in the 13th century and survived glorious times as the residence of the head of the Teutonic Order. Unfortunately, during the Second World War the building was damaged. The Soviet authorities tried to build the House of Soviets here. Discussions are currently underway regarding the restoration of the building, but for now the place is a ruin that attracts stalkers.

Digging

Abandoned or under construction metro stations are popular among representatives of this trend. This direction is most developed, of course, in and. However, due to the fact that entry into such objects is illegal, extreme sportsmen carefully hide the details of their “tourist” forays.

Other places that diggers like to visit are abandoned bunkers. For example, one of these was found in Chelyabinsk, “tourists” found in it everything they needed in the event of a nuclear war. Such places are also found right in the center - this is how the KGB bunker was discovered.

Roofing

The favorite city of roofers in Russia is . Again, this hobby is by no means welcomed by the authorities, however, sometimes the residents of the house themselves are not against entering the roof for the completely calm purpose of inspecting the panorama. There are even special communities that organize excursions to open roofs for those interested. As their managers say, they have an agreement with the residents and ensure the safety of tourists.

Video about the roofs and courtyards of the Northern capital:

In , according to roofers, it is more difficult to get onto the roofs - due to the fact that it is not easy to get into the entrance itself. However, sometimes they find such options: a house on Entuziastov Highway, the roof of the Tea House on Myasnitskaya, the Oruzheiny business center - these are just a few popular places.

Passive tourism

This is the simplest type of industrial tourism, since everything is completely legal, safe and easy. So, the following are open to tourists:

• Brewery "Baltika" in the Tula region;
• Lipetsk Machine Tool Enterprise;
• “Khokhloma painting” in the Nizhny Novgorod region;
• Hydroelectric power station KamHPP in the Perm region;
• "Art glass studio" in Sochi and other objects.

A very popular company offering excursions is Promtour. An operating nuclear power plant, Star City, the Babaevsky Confectionery Concern, Moscow City Federation Tower, Mosfilm - this is not a complete list of exciting objects.

The Petrotour company offers excursions to the Imperial Porcelain Factory, the Baltika Brewery, the Uzor tapestry factory, the dam, the stained glass workshop and other places.

Urbanism

As for this direction, everything is simple. If you are a fan of a certain style of architecture, you should just look for where there are many objects or entire areas of such development. In Russia there are many buildings in the Stalinist Empire style, Constructivism, as well as industrial buildings from the 19th century.

Post-pilgrimage

Among the interesting objects in Russia are such as:

1. Abandoned temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the Moscow region. Built at the end of the 18th century opposite the Chernyshev estate. During Soviet times, a museum was not organized here, and therefore both the estate and the temple fell into disrepair. Nowadays it is quite easy to penetrate there.
2. Tikhvin Church in Glukhovo. It was built in the 18th century and restored in the 19th century. The Soviet government destroyed the bell tower and installed a mill in the church; the temple was soon abandoned.
3. Church of the Nativity of Christ in Ilkodino. Built in the 19th century in the Empire and Classicism styles. During the years of Soviet power, the temple was closed.
4. Annenkirche (St. Petersburg). The Lutheran Church, unlike many objects of attention of industrial tourists, is very accessible to visit; in addition, it hosts cultural events - fundraising is underway for restoration.
5. Novotorzhsky Boris and Gleb Monastery. It was founded in the 18th century. The monumental temple, as well as adjacent buildings, constitute a fairly well-preserved complex.

It would take quite a long time to list interesting places in Russia within the framework of industrial tourism. Of course, in certain branches of it, “points” are not advertised due to contradictions with the law, but other objects can be accessed legally and easily - if only you had the money for an excursion. If you are interested in trying to visit such places, find communities of people who are passionate about this in your latitudes or major cities - and you will definitely find something that will attract you.

People have been engaged in tourism since ancient times: traveling for the purposes of trade, conquest, spreading religious teachings, etc. In 3 thousand BC. e. the ancient Egyptians swam the Nile, the Phoenicians - the Mediterranean Sea to the shores

modern Syria and Lebanon to develop trade. One of the UNWTO experts, Jafar Jafari, in his work “Phenomenology of Tourism,” argues that people have always traveled.

Depending on the motivation, the method of travel and the development of transport, the number of travelers and the coverage of different segments of society by tourism, the historical path of development of tourism as an industry can be divided into four stages:

Before 1841 - the initial stage;

From 1841 to 1914 - the stage of formation of tourism as an industry;

From 1914 to 1945 - the stage of formation of the tourism industry;

From 1945 to the present day - monopolization of the tourism industry.

The emergence of prerequisites for organized campaigns and travel is associated with the early periods of human history, when tribes or entire clans were forced to look for optimal conditions for existence, as well as make long journeys. Subsequently, a struggle was waged over the most suitable territory for existence. The acquired skills and abilities of people during long marches to highly accessible places also had important military significance.

Long trips, there are expeditions, were carried out and carried out for various purposes: to study the flora and fauna of remote areas of the globe, the cultural values ​​of individual nationalities, to search for minerals, the discovery of new lands and new trade routes.

Almost all major ancient Greek thinkers traveled frequently. In the VI century. BC e. the ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to Egypt, where they were interested in history, culture, nature, and peculiar Egyptian buildings. It is known that the first Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for more than 20 years. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, the Athenian politician and poet Solon visited the Nile Valley in order to gain knowledge. Plato, returning from a long trip, founded a philosophical school. The “father of history” Herodotus and the ancient scientist Strabo traveled a lot. Herodotus was the first to describe his numerous travels. The Roman philosopher and writer Seneca in his “Letters to Lucilius” expressed the most important principle of travel, which has not lost its relevance today. He wrote that when traveling one must “choose places that are healthy not only for the body, but also for nature.”

Travel in Ancient Greece was educational and entertaining: the country hosted the Olympic Games, festivals, etc. Starting from 776 BC. That is, sports and art lovers came to Greece for the Olympic Games. The construction of special large houses in which athletes and spectators lived and rested dates back to this period.

The Roman Empire established an extensive network of inns to accommodate the growing number of travelers. They were located in Roman provincial towns, centers of public life and religious festivals, along main roads, and in rural settlements.

The crusades of the 11th-13th centuries can be considered a kind of “tourism”. Tens of thousands of Europeans became acquainted with the East and its culture. Returning home, they talked about foreign countries and regions. This contributed to the rise of trade and hotel business.

During the Middle Ages, religious travel dominated. By the middle of the 15th century. The main type of travel was the pilgrimage of Europeans to holy places: Muslims to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem and Rome. Most travelers stopped at monasteries, leaving donations there. We can say that the first hotel system was created by the church.

Tourism and local history activities acquired significant development during the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries) and Enlightenment (XVII centuries). During the Renaissance, not only various branches of industry, agriculture, culture and education, but also various areas of tourism developed rapidly. During this period, the number of people who turn to tourism for educational purposes increases noticeably. “Travel to Study” in the 16th century. are becoming more frequent with the emergence of prestigious universities. The targeted development of tourism as a means of physical development began precisely in this era after centuries-old prohibitions by the church. Hiking as a means of improving human health (physical and spiritual) was practiced even in Jesuit seminaries.

A special role in the development of tourism and local history activities belongs to the geographical discovery of the 15th - early. XVI century Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan made it possible to get to know new lands, the peoples who inhabited them, their life, way of life, culture, religion.

During the Enlightenment, J.-J. Rousseau and G. Liebly saw hiking as a means of patriotic education of youth and health promotion. This is reflected in the teaching “On the need to understand nature and the desire to develop norms of natural circulation.” That is why in the XVII - early. XVIII century In some educational institutions of European countries, teachers used walking and trips to surrounding places. Such trips were called excursions. To solve cognitive problems, in order to study remote, hard-to-reach corners of the globe, long expeditions were carried out.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. business people appear who left a noticeable mark on the history of travel. One of them is Theophrastus Renault. His establishment, the Golden Rooster, was widely popular in France, which included a bank, an art gallery and a kind of travel agency, offering assistance in preparing and carrying out trips for various purposes. In the 18th century In Europe, business activities involving organizing group travel accompanied by a guide are becoming widespread. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Giovanni Galignani continued this work. He published a newsletter in which he wrote the column “Diary of Travelers,” and in 1815 he organized a collective trip in Paris mainly for the English public.

The beginning of the second stage of tourism development is considered to be 1841, because then the Englishman Thomas Cook organized the first commercial tourist trip from Leicester to Loughborough, in which 570 members of the temperance society took part. In 1847, he created a tourist society that distributed tickets (vouchers) not only in England, but also abroad. In 1863, a large British trip was organized to Switzerland, and in 1868 to North America.

In the 60-70s of the XIX century. In the countries of Western Europe, the first regional unions (associations) of travel enthusiasts began to be created: tourist clubs, sections. It was from this time that the term “tourism” was used. The first amateur tourism organizations appeared in different countries at approximately the same time - in the second half of the 19th century. These were alpine clubs and societies. The first such club arose in England (1857), then in Austria (1862), and by the end of the 70s of the XIX century. in France, Russia and other countries. Tourist unions and clubs developed tourist routes, determined criteria for their evaluation, that is, a tourist classification was gradually formed. Gradually, uniform rules for passing routes were developed and established.

With the development of international resorts in Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, these countries, along with England, are becoming international tourism centers.

The development of the tourism sector led to the creation in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg. The International Tourism Center was created in Vienna in 1908. In 1919, the International Tourism Alliance was created, which included 118 associations.

The growth of tourist activity was interrupted by the First World War. Only after its completion a new stage in the development of international tourism began - the stage of industrialization. Development of tourism in the 20-30s. contributed to the rapid development of new types of transport - automobile and aviation. However, the further development of tourism was slowed down by the global economic crisis of 1929-1933 and the outbreak of World War II.

After the Second World War, social changes and technological progress, the revival of trade, economic, and cultural cooperation between countries significantly accelerated the development of tourism. The main feature of this stage can be considered the monopolization of the tourism industry, i.e. separating it into an independent component of the service sector. This was facilitated by international integration, the expansion of the international division of labor, the opening of borders and providing easier access to other countries, the development of transport and communications, and an increase in the standard of living of the general population.

Tourism in Ukraine has gone through the same stages of development as in European countries.

Since ancient times, the territory of Ukraine has been constantly visited by foreign travelers, which they wrote about in their works (in particular, “Scythia” by Herodotus). Since the 13th century, local history information about Ukraine appears in the reports and printed works of European travelers. In the XV-XVI centuries. Adventurers who traveled from Western and Southern Europe to the East are increasingly writing about Ukraine. These were predominantly Italians, who mainly crossed the Crimea and the Black Sea lands and only occasionally crossed Central Ukraine. The first detailed description of the geography of our country was the book of the German traveler Sigmund Herberstein (1549). There is a lot of information about the nature of Ukraine and the life of its inhabitants, maps of its territory in the work of the French engineer G. de Beauplan “Description of Ukraine”.

The history of domestic tourism in the modern sense of the word usually begins with the creation in 1878 in Yalta of a circle of lovers of nature, mountain sports and the Crimean mountains. In 1890, this organization was reorganized into the Crimean Mining Club, the board of which was located in Odessa. Club members organized trips around the Crimea, and later they expanded the boundaries of their activities to the Caucasus. The first guidebooks were published, a network of shelters and marked trails was created. In the 19th century The tourism and local history movement is developing in Ukraine. Among the progressive Ukrainian intelligentsia there is a growing interest in the historical, cultural and natural monuments of their homeland. The initiative to organize tourism activities on the territory of Western Ukraine belonged to the leading Ukrainian figures of that time (Ya. Golovatsky, M. Shashkevich, I. Vagilevich, Kripyakevich, etc.). Higher educational institutions and public organizations conducted various excursions. In the second half In the 19th century, the healing potential of Crimea, the Carpathian region and Transcarpathia was explored.

The growth of tourist activity in Ukraine was interrupted by the First and Second World Wars. During the Great Patriotic War, many tourist bases were destroyed. In the post-war period, a network of tourist bases was created and restored, from which tourists went on so-called planned routes. Thousands of tourists go on amateur tourist trips every year. Stations for young tourists were created in almost every regional center and in many other settlements.

Until 1991, the recreational and tourism sector of Ukraine operated within a single recreational and tourism complex of the Soviet Union. With the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the “Law on Tourism” in 1995, a new stage in the development of Ukrainian tourism began. Today it is considered as one of the most promising sectors of the Ukrainian economy. The realities of time force Ukraine to look for its niche in the global tourism industry.