An excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of rest and a method of learning new information. In connection with such two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for the excursion. The main emphasis in the excursion is made on the show, on the acquaintance of tourists with new objects for them, on brief comments on the show.
When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: receiving the main show, receiving a preliminary examination, receiving a mental reconstruction of an excursion object, receiving a mental reconstruction of the historical background, receiving a comparison, receiving an abstraction, receiving a discussion, receiving a reportage, receiving complicity, receiving personification, receiving a problem situation , reception of a retreat, reception of activation of attention, the use of visual aids from the "guide's portfolio", display and characteristics of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, a brief description of the displayed object, brief information about a unique historical or natural object, a detailed description of the features of the object, explanations and comments during the excursion, inclusion of bright quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering questions from tourists.
When developing an excursion, the guide must take into account that:
o the maximum number of objects that adult excursionists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;
maximum display time for one excursion object - 4 minutes;
for every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.
Methodological techniques for conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of the tour, the content and topics of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of travel
1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (educational excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity of using certain methodological techniques.
On the most common cognitive excursion (previously they were called educational), almost all methods are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.
In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used for conducting an individual excursion), the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, short comments, receiving answers to questions from tourists will be optimal.
In an excursion-game, most often conducted for younger students, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, panoramic display, the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer clips, archaeological finds) will help keep the attention of children.
During the excursion-walk to keep the attention of the children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, excursionists are given the task to collect a small herbarium, independently find a fossil, etc.
2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group.As you know, the most curious groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention.
In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, short comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause frequently and for a long time, which weakens the concentration of attention.
In adult groups, in addition to the main show and a more detailed story, methods of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and reception of comments during the show.
An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on its mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.
3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the location of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is conducted according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the techniques of comparison, reporting, a problem situation, panoramic display.
In museum excursions using expositions, the best will be a combination of methods of display and story, a method of mentally creating a historical background, a method of personification and a method of explanation.
When conducting a thematic excursion in an open-air museum, the methods of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, methods of abstraction, reporting, and the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of a particular exhibit will be optimal.
4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the method of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be strikingly different from the usual walking tour or museum tour.
Regarding the conduct of a bus tour with stops in certain places, clear rules have been developed that regulate boarding the bus, showing and telling in the direction of travel, exits from the bus. The best techniques when moving on the bus: reception of display with comments, reception of comparisons, reception of abstraction, reception of visual aids from the "guide's portfolio", reception of comments and methods of activating attention.
When walking on foot, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. In walking tours, the methods of preliminary examination, detailed display and commentary, the method of comparison, the method of abstraction, the method of complicity, the method of personification are used.
5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its topic. In city sightseeing excursions, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all methods, but the best methods will be the methods of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the method of the main display and the method of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example in a natural park, it is advisable to use the method of the main display, the reception of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, reception of a problem situation, reception of the main show, reception of complicity, reception of a reportage will bring success. The religious excursion will be more efficient using the techniques of the main screening and short commentary on it; it is possible to use the technique of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell the story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the tourists on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.
A production excursion is, first of all, a reception of a reportage, a reception of complicity, a reception of the main screening, a reception of a problem situation, a reception of a discussion. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the method of the main display and comments, the method of personification, the reception of quotations, the reception of the digression. When conducting a theatrical excursion, one cannot do without the reception of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the reception of abstraction, the reception of reportage, the reception of complicity.
Features of displaying objects in the course of the bus without stops and exits from the bus. Such a show is typical for an excursion group traveling from a place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not imply stops, and the story of the guide is conducted directly while driving. Displaying objects in the direction of travel should be prepared in advance. The guide can first give a brief description of the object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly "flows around" it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance on the appearance of the object of interest and its location.
- 1. “Peter I stayed in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right, in the direction of the bus, you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian Tsar during his short stay in our city. "
- 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. In front of the bus, you can see the main channel of the Volga, and the bridge we are crossing is one of 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of the famous St. Petersburg architect.
- 3. “In a few minutes we will arrive at the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are passing along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space ”.
Panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex from a high point is the decoration of the excursion. A panoramic display can serve as a bright start to an excursion, be its culmination or a finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything seen and heard. It is advisable, after the panoramic display, to provide the tourists with the opportunity to ask questions (no more than 5 minutes).
The most beautiful panoramas open up from the observation deck in the mountains to the picturesque foothills; city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. On excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring them to Vorobyovy Gory, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; most of Moscow is perfectly visible from the observation deck of the Ostankino tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.
- 1. Panoramic display before the start of the excursion (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “Before you is the Volga city, surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. The largest temple with a high bell tower is the cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The construction of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard viewed from above. To the right of the cathedral, you can see the old bridge over the Volga. Its length is 3.5 km and it is one of the largest bridges in Europe. New sleeping areas are located in the plains between the mountains, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We go to the bus and continue our journey. "
- 2. Panoramic display as a culminating moment: “We got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. See the temple on the left? This is the cathedral that you visited. To the right of it there is a bridge across the Volga, along which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit an open-air ethnographic museum. "
- 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the excursion: “Before you is the city, the journey through which we have already finished. Now from above you can once again see all the memorable places about which you learned a lot. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them. "
In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of tourists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.
Museum excursion. When conducting a museum tour, most of the basic methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.
The tour guide meets the group that has come to the museum at a specially designated place, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the excursion and leads the group to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the topic of the excursion allows.
In the introductory part of any museum excursion, the group should be told brief (no more than 2-3 minutes) information about the history of the museum, remind the rules of conduct in halls where there are many glass showcases and fragile objects. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the excursion, standing half-turned to the window or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most of the tourists will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the excursion, the results are summed up, information is provided about the remaining halls of the museum, where excursionists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the excursion participants and says goodbye to them.
An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to the time.
Additional methodological techniques. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a high-quality learning process and a pleasant time.
- 1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the excursion with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with experts activates and deepens the interest caused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the tourists.
- 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the excursion. Innovative moments add a special flavor to the excursion, enhance the visual impact on the excursion participants. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
- 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the excursion. Active actions help sightseers to improve the process of learning new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be provided with the opportunity to find any artifacts, research objects on the surface of the earth:
lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);
about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (shells of mollusks, ancient sponges);
o minerals at places of geological monuments (ornamental stones, semi-precious stones);
about herbarium items (leaves, flowers).
The material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to take with you, if it does not harm the monument.
4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the excursion process. Conducting a mini-quiz is well received even in adult groups. For example, a guide can invite group members to recall the length of the Volga, pictures of a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are devoted to events on the Don, etc. Tourists can be invited to determine to which architectural style the building belongs, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.
Questions can be asked along with answer options, for example:
“What do you think, by what principle the name of the Russian city was most often given:
o by the name of its founder;
about the name of the ancient tribes that lived on this place earlier;
about the name of the river on which the city is based? "
Of course, the guide must not only prove the correctness of the answer with arguments, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and examples are cities such as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc.
- 5. Inclusion of conversation elements in the tour. The guide, who has met the group, during the excursion can include elements of the conversation in it, activating the group's attention and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group came to the northern city from the Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or ask the guests what especially surprised them among the objects examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. ... The mutual interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the excursion, will leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
- 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the excursion - participation in a folk festival, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have long been included in tourism and, as it were, turn participants in educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the excursion, and on the formation of the general impression of the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests find themselves on a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The scenario of the excursion includes the "abduction" of one or several participants of the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, observation of a stunt fight, photographing with participants in the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. etc. Such theatrical performances are being successfully performed in the Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to wear simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; at the Museum of Local Lore of Yekaterinburg, guests are certainly greeted by a beauty dressed as the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abridged version) cannot leave sightseers indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic excursion through the ancient history of the region.
Photo: Official portal of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow
How to see the ancient city among skyscrapers and cars? Where is the utopia house located? Who comes up with city tours and who goes on them? How to get the right route and make a person listen carefully? Larisa Skrypnik, the leading guide of the City Tour Bureau of the Museum of Moscow, told the site about the pros and cons of the work of a guide, about the mysteries of Moscow and the best excursionists.
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- It seems that everything has already been told about Moscow, all the city labyrinths and nooks have been passed, and suddenly a new route appears, a new excursion - how is this possible?
- The Museum of Moscow, where I work, is celebrating its 120th anniversary this year. And all these years the museum staff have been studying the city, its history, following all the changes that take place in the metropolis. There are thousands of documents, books, photographs in our collection that are still being researched. This alone already gives many reasons for a new look even at the most trivial excursions.
There is, of course, a mandatory block of excursions. As a rule, this is a sightseeing tour of Moscow, Red Square, the historical center, which are intended specifically for the first acquaintance with the city - for those who want to learn about the city in which they live. There are many of them - as experience shows, Muscovites often know the city poorly. It seems to a person: I am here, I will have time for everything - and he passes by interesting places, not paying attention to them. But when interest is shown, the person usually becomes our regular customer. That is, the one who came once begins to walk constantly. It is very joyful to see how the popularity of walking and bus excursions grows from year to year: more and more citizens want to know the maximum about the capital.
But there is another block of routes - those that we come up with on our own. These are always unusual walks in which we show the city from a new perspective. They can be thematic, timed to specific dates, events. So, we constantly have new routes around unknown Moscow. We really want to show our favorite city from different sides; I would like the participants of the walks to fall in love with Moscow as much as we do. And such excursions, as a rule, are in great demand.
- Can you tell us more about such routes?
- There was an interesting story during the celebration of the anniversary of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. We were asked to come up with a walking tour of Gogol's places. Moreover, they asked to show not only the monuments to the writer, which are at a distance of 400 meters from each other, not only the temple of Simeon the Stylite, of which Gogol was a parishioner, but something else unusual. In a sense, this is a challenge, I love such things very much. I had to do a walking tour and tell a lot about Gogol. As a result, with great interest for myself, I discovered more than 20 places associated with Nikolai Vasilyevich on the Arbat. Not in Moscow as a whole, but only on the Arbat. Exclusive excursions are born, for example, from such an offer - to help someone with a topic.
Or, for example, an excursion dedicated to 1612 in Moscow. She was not particularly in demand, no one ever asked to drive to these places. But when the request did appear, it turned out that it was indeed a very interesting excursion. Of course, excursions are also born because you yourself really like something. I love architecture and of course I came up with a walking tour of Art Nouveau. Routes may appear after you've read an interesting book. Nowadays there are a lot of memoirs, all kinds of works by pre-revolutionary Moscow scholars, which we did not know before. You read - and suddenly you see the area completely different, not the way you imagined it, and you have an idea to make an excursion around this place and show Moscow from some, perhaps, unexpected side.
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- How does it happen? How is the excursion prepared?
- First, the search for material begins: reading special literature, diaries, going to libraries and, of course, studying the area itself, which you are going to talk about. Sometimes, when you walk the streets, walk into alleys, into courtyards, you discover absolutely incredible treasures that people have not seen. For example, Nikitsky Boulevard is such a front street. But once, when I was preparing an excursion there, I saw a metal gate with a door, behind which it was written that there was a shoe repair or some kind of hardware. In general, a completely unpresentable door. But when I entered this gateway, I realized that it was a whole city with labyrinths. Who would have thought that this could be? People are always very interested in this. As if you are immersed in the past, and you can imagine how you would feel if you lived in this house and your windows looked out onto this courtyard….
- You said that you have developed a guided tour of Art Nouveau, but this is not exactly the Moscow style, what are you showing?
- Since this is a walking tour, it passes between Ostozhenka, Prechistenka and in the side streets. This is Isakov's tenement house, Kekushevsky, and the own house of the architect Kekushev. This is also the apartment house of the peasant Loskov. We had such wonderful peasants who could invite the best architects and build houses in the Northern Art Nouveau style. There are really not many of them in Moscow, basically this style is widespread in St. Petersburg.
- It seems to me that the most difficult thing in your work is to make people listen, not all guides and not always succeed.
- You just need to know and understand: people cannot endlessly listen to a set of some facts, even if they are interesting enough, they still need some kind of relaxation. But it is important not just to giggle about something, but that it is tied to the topic. And by the way, on excursions sometimes the participants themselves help to find such relaxing moments. Once on a tour of the Arbat and Arbat lanes I had a wonderful girl of about seven years old. On the Arbat, every building has a history, and I want to tell you about everything. I began to talk about the house with the knights opposite Tetr Vakhtangov and said that, unfortunately, not all the knights survived, and this girl tells me: "But I can tell where this knight has gone." I ask: where? She says: “The fact is that he fell in love with this princess — and the Vakhtangov Theater has a fountain“ Princess Turandot ”—he fell in love, went downstairs, bought her jewelry, but she did not accept the gift. So the knight got upset and left. " This is lovely! Now I always tell this, such a vivid perception by a child of Moscow with its history.
- How long does it take to prepare an excursion?
- It depends on the topic. There are those on which a huge amount of literature has been written, and here you just need to select what you are interested in. There are topics that require serious preparation, maybe even inquiries, meetings with some people who have information on a particular area. The residents themselves tell interesting things. This is always a lot of work.
The selection of material is one of the most exciting moments, and here it is important to control yourself. You search, read, and it is so fascinating that by three o'clock in the morning you can be somewhere in general on the other side of Moscow. Because when you are preparing material, one fact clings to another: but the last name slipped through, but not to clarify ... It is very difficult, but even more difficult to choose something when you have collected a huge amount of material and understand that it is impossible to tell everything , - it is always a pity to remove some information.
Then comes another very important point: you have to link all the objects ... It is clear, if the excursion is thematic, for example, our "Moscow Ambassadorial", then everything is more or less clear. And if this is an excursion along the street and there are absolutely dissimilar buildings, completely different stories, but you have to connect them in some way to each other, the story should turn out.
I had a wonderful excursion, I led her along Volkhonka, and one of the excursionists, as an intelligent person, warned me in advance that she needed to pick up the child from the kindergarten, so she would leave in 50 minutes quietly in English. And I am leading the excursion and I understand that 50 minutes have passed, an hour has passed, and the woman is still with us. And I say to her: "Excuse me, please, but it seems to you that the child should be taken from the kindergarten." She says: “You understand, I just can't leave. You finish telling and you are so engaging with the next that we will now see further that I just cannot leave. " That was the right excursion, since it happened so.
There are also purely technical moments, special ones, which also need to be taken into account: how to stand up correctly so that everyone can hear you, so that you can react to the expression on your face, eyes, so that you can see the tourists and at the same time do not interfere with them to see objects; how to stand to show the object as much as possible; how to stand up so that you can talk about several objects without leaving your place. When preparing an excursion, it takes extra time. For example, I walk down the street and start, to the surprise of passers-by, run from one place to another, cross the street, come back, in order to understand where I should put the group. And here you have to show your imagination.
There are many other nuances. For example, you need to take into account the location of pedestrian crossings: where they are located, is it convenient for you to cross from this side to the opposite, so that later you do not return to this crossing through another crossing, somehow go further along the route, because people are not interested in the same place to walk back and forth. In general, this is a very big job in fact.
- Let's try to name the pluses and minuses of your profession.
- I was asked this question on excursions ... But it turns out that the minuses turn into pluses. Of course, this is a job that requires a lot of physical exertion, because you need to move a lot both in the preparation process and during the excursion. And they sometimes last two or three hours, and sometimes six or seven.
The weather that we do not choose, and our Moscow weather does not please, let's say, most of the year. Further - that you always work, because you have to be in the subject of modern Moscow, to know everything new that appears, new books about Moscow, new information, new objects. There is so much material that you can never master it completely, but you always strive for it. As a result, you constantly train your memory, your mind, you are always on the move and constantly in the fresh air.
And also people are different, and you put in a lot of effort to keep your attention. When this happens, I feel a tremendous moral upsurge, because I give my energy to people, and they in return - theirs. After the excursion, I always feel emotionally charged. Everything is interconnected here, and if you like it, then you enjoy it more.
The city excursion bureau has developed more than 80 topics dedicated to the history and modernity of Moscow and its famous citizens.
Creating a new interesting excursion is not easy. The planned event should be divided into two equal stages - this is the preparation and conduct of the excursion.
To develop a new excursion route, you need to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (in terms of content - overview, thematic; by the way of movement - walking, bus) and objects of display. The text of the excursion, its duration and richness of facts will depend on this. This should be done not by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.
First steps to planning your excursion
When the objects are selected, we proceed to collecting information on each of them and draw up the most convenient route for transitions (crossings, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to compose an excursion text for each of them and an object card. Such a card is an irreplaceable part of a guide's portfolio; it contains brief information about the object and, possibly, its photograph.
After the excursion texts to the objects have been written, it is easier to create an interesting and laconic excursion text, to connect the parts with competent transitions.
After the preparation of the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is done - this is a document with a description of the excursion, its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a route map, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, objectives and time of the course. It also includes a table - an excursion plan:
- route;
- display object;
- stop;
- time in minutes;
- listing of main questions, titles of subtopics;
- organizational instructions;
- methodical instructions (logical transitions).
After that, the manual must be assured by the management, it serves as a confirmation of the quality of the excursion.
Tour guide's portfolio
Before conducting an excursion, you need to collect a “guide's portfolio”. This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to facilitate guided tours. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people related to a given topic, schematic maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographical maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials that help saturate the excursion.
Requirements for materials
The criteria for the selection of visual material are not high: preservation, unusualness, expressiveness, the need for display and cognitive value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have been greatly modified. This will simplify the perception of the material. It should be borne in mind that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18 * 24, preferably 24 * 30 cm.
Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to properly conduct a tour. Usually, each guide has his own excursion technique, based on personal experience and observations. But the method of conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of storytelling and demonstration. All this is necessary to achieve maximum assimilation of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for a guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting the excursion should differ slightly depending on the age of the group and the interest of the tourists.
For children of school age, it is better not to overload the text with facts, it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear an interesting legend or story. It is also worth preparing for questions, a lot of them come from children. It is important to be able to keep the attention of excursion students. To do this, you need to ask the questions: "Do you know?"; “Have you heard about ...?”; "Do you like ...?" and so on. In this case, the guide has a dialogue with the tourists, and so you can hold your attention for quite a long time.
Sightseers of the older generation, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether the story is interesting to them or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion with a large number of dates and numbers. Always allow time for photographing, just five to seven minutes will be enough.
Receptions of guides
There are generally accepted excursion techniques that include storytelling and presentation techniques. Demonstration techniques allow you to draw the attention of tourists to the most important details, to evaluate the general appearance of the object and its combination with the environment. Storytelling techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of tourists. Key words: "Imagine ...", "It was ... a year ..", etc.
Safety regulations
But apart from interesting material and a pleasant guide, the event must be safe.
Safety during excursions, especially walking tours, is very important. The basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be found in the methodological development of the excursion. But the guide is obliged to inform the group about safety precautions immediately before the excursion. Tell about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the bus window and jumping out on the move must be heard. Since the responsibility for the group during the excursion is assumed by the guide, it is his task to tell about the safety rules.
What to warn tourists about
Particular attention should be paid to road crossings and crossings (cable bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is carried out in nature, then you should warn about the fire safety rules. It is also necessary to tell that you should not try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.
It is worth taking care of the household items of the local population and the surrounding nature in the place of the excursion. In addition, the excursions must be allowed to persons who have undergone preliminary instruction and medical examination, as well as people who do not have contraindications related to health.
I drink coffee and stick cloves in oranges - getting ready for the excursion ..
The aromas of citrus and cloves remind others of winter. People passing by my table are smiling. The orange-clove therapy works on me too: I happily run out into the street, and there is snow ... the first this year.
Hello Christmas Tour! No, today is a birthday. Children are wonderful and parents are amazing!
I am often offered to conduct excursions with children, considering it something rather difficult. In my opinion, a children's excursion is an amazing business, simple and complex at the same time, but it is important that you immediately feel the return, gratitude and love from the children.
What is the most important thing in a children's excursion?
A few tips for mums, dads, grandparents who walk around St. Petersburg with their children and want children to listen and hear your historical stories:
1. Think in vivid images that are understandable to children.
First, you yourself must see the image of what you are talking about. The picture should be in color, detailed and evoke feelings for you personally.
For example, the gardener Eliseev grew strawberries in the greenhouse for Count Sheremetyev at Christmas. The guests are in amazement, the count in excitement exclaims: "Ask what you want!"
I can imagine everything very vividly: the count's camisole, and a wicker basket, and snow outside the window, frost down to -40 and the aroma of strawberries. Therefore, it is easy to tell. And by themselves questions are born to children: "What happened next, what do you think?" If the picture is bright, then the guys easily invent and immerse themselves in history. Where did the Eliseevs go when they became free? What did they do? Was it easy for them in Petersburg? And what would you do in their place if you had 100 rubles? And then it would be good to go from words to deeds.
2. Find a thing, a detail that characterizes your character, a story.
It's easier, of course, to use an illustration, a picture, a photograph. But the best thing is to find a thing that you can touch, smell, guess the riddle associated with it. For example, with the merchants Eliseevs, I give the guys an orange, on it the letters of the surname are lined with carnations. The letters are scattered and one must make a word from them (Eliseev began to trade in oranges on Nevsky Prospect).
Talking about Peter I, I like to give children a map of the area of \u200b\u200bSt. Petersburg in the 18th century and propose to lay out an approximate plan of the city (this is for older children, of course). When we go to the Photo Salon, I give a photo and offer to find the point from which it was taken. In the Summer Garden, I invite the children to sculpt some of the sculptures on their own. Everything that the children touched, made an effort to solve - they will remember them for a long time.
It is not easy to find what falls into the top ten, as they say, but the process itself is worth it! For me personally, this is the most interesting thing about the excursion: the process of finding that very historical detail.
3. Less is better, but better.
Children do not remember the date, especially when they are standing, listening to even the most interesting stories from the force of 5-7 minutes. Therefore, the entire historical story must be packed in 15-20 minutes, and the entire excursion in 1.5 hours maximum.
And after such a dive, leave the children with the desire to learn more, but on their own. Not "that I told you everything, but I also remembered, listen to me carefully." Not! Fill your communication with dialogue, searching, jogging, photographing and discovering places.
4. Promotion, prize, tasty treat at the end of the historic walk.
After the tour, we go to lunch, dinner or afternoon tea. It's great if the food you offer the guys is relevant to today's walk. Let not all, but again the detail will be remembered for a long time and will make the meal "historical" and exciting. And even if you feel that the children are tired of historical information, you can simply say that our hero loved just that.
If you have boys and you have visited the Suvorov Museum, then eating buckwheat porridge and cabbage soup in bread is a must. And if emperors are your heroes, take a lace napkin and a couple of porcelain plates with you. Even in military campaigns, the emperors ate simply, but always with silver and porcelain. And this day will be special.
5. And the last, my favorite: it's easy to forget everything that is told to you and everything that is shown, but we will never forget the atmosphere when we feel good.
Be surprised, play, discover the story with the children! Love for the city is inside us, and the child feels and understands everything, just talk about this love in a creative way. I have about the same approach to adult excursions. And even if colleagues in the shop do not always understand this, it is very exciting to wake up the inner child in a serious adult!
On the splash screen is a fragment of a photo jasoncedit / Flickr / CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Introduction ………………………………………………… ..3
1. Subject and ides of excursion methods.
1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods ... ... 5
1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions ……………… ... 8
2. Classification of methodological techniques.
2.1 Classification of methodological techniques ………… .14
2.2 Methodological techniques of displaying ……………….… ... 17
2.3 Methodological techniques of the story ………………… .25
3. Special methodological techniques.
3.1. Reception of demonstration of visual aids ..................... 35
3.2 Assimilation of methodological techniques by a guide ………………………………………………… ..39
4. Technique of guiding excursions.
4.1 Technique of guiding excursions ……………………… 42
Conclusion ………………………………………………… ..51
Bibliography …………… .. ……………….… 52
Introduction.
A technique in the broadest sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out a particular work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense it is a set of specific methodological techniques for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.
The technique is divided into general and specific.
An excursion is a methodically thought-out show of sights, monuments of history and culture, a show based on an analysis of the objects in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.
The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he will understand and perceive what he has seen and heard.
The guide, with his explanations, brings the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.
From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of cognition of the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects located in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.
The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of spreading knowledge based on one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for an excursion, as well as the sum of methodological techniques for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.
The method of excursion work answers the following questions:
1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (purpose, objectives)?
2. What issues are covered during the excursion (what is its content)?
3. How to conduct an excursion (methodological techniques)?
The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:
Methodology for developing a topic that is new for this bureau;
Methods for the development of a new topic for a guide, but already developed in this bureau;
Methods of preparing a guide for the next excursion;
Excursion methods;
Techniques after excursion work.
1. Subject and types of excursion techniques.
1.1 Subject and types of excursion techniques.
The method of conducting an excursion is a combination of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more common and, together with the fact that, as everyone knows, an effective merit of the purpose of the excursion, to help excursionists easier and more firmly finally master the content of the excursion.
Methodological methods of conducting an excursion are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general techniques are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. I must say that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain people used to express themselves, excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's no secret that personal techniques, focusing on the main requirements of excursion techniques, develop and concretize more effective techniques for conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many say, the 1st object or a story about it, for example, showing a building on the shore of a reservoir, which, on a fine summer day, finally reflects on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and are not finally used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, one-off methods also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, to a certain time of year or day.
The excursion methodology is considered in several aspects: as the basis for the professional skill of the guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that covers the same topic. This is because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methodology for developing a topic that is new for this bureau; - methods for the development of a new topic for a guide, but already developed in this bureau; - methods for preparing a guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting an excursion; - methods of post-excursion work.
Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skill of the guide, the mechanism for submitting the material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.
The excursion methodology is associated with concepts such as storytelling and showing. To the question about the ratio of the show and the story in the excursion, the methodology gives an unambiguous answer: from the show to the story. One should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce the story. The technique takes into account the object's ability to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.
Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological techniques for conducting an excursion. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on sightseers.
The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, explanation and application in practice of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and proposes such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and provide the highest efficiency of disclosure and perception of the topic.
1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.
The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants is working on one of the sections or one of subtopics excursions. The head of the creative group combines and edits the prepared material.
The preparation is divided into two stages:
Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e. the process of the initial accumulation of knowledge on a given topic), carried out by a creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;
Immediate - drawing up an excursion route, processing factual material.
In addition, work is underway on the structure of the methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is drawn up, the methodological guidance of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological techniques for showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide's portfolio" is formed, an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct a given excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology is advisable to use for an effective excursion. Here the guide must find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell the story, what materials are from the “guide's portfolio” and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.
Methodological development is an obligatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.
An individual text is also a mandatory document, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. A correctly drawn up methodological development helps the guide to reveal the topic more fully.
