The Neva River is one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia. Most people know it thanks to the beautiful St. Petersburg, located on its banks. As you know from the school course in geography, the Neva is one river, originating in Lake Ladoga, here is its source. In the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, the Neva Bay is located, where the Neva flows into, where its mouth is.
Neva
The river flows through the territory of the Leningrad region and the city of St. Petersburg. Its length is 74 km, the length in a straight line from the source of the Neva to its mouth is 45 km. The depth is on average from 8 to 11 m, the deepest mark is 24 m. The Neva carries its waters along the plain, which is called the Neva Lowland. The banks descend steeply to the water, their height is 4-5 m, at the mouth of the river they are more gentle - 3-4 m. The place where the Neva flows into is the Gulf of Finland, it began, as already mentioned, in Lake Ladoga.
The width of the river is on average 600 m, the widest point reaches one kilometer. Compared to other low-lying bodies of water, it is rather fast-flowing. The current speed is more than 1 m per second. The Neva River bends rather steeply in three places.
- At the Ivanovskiye rapids. About a three-kilometer stretch of the river with a shallow depth, frequent shoals and a high current velocity of up to 4 m per second. It is located near the town of Otradnoye.
- Near Ust-Slavyanka - the historical district of St. Petersburg.
- At the Smolny Institute. This historic building is a monument of the early classicism era, built by the architect D. Quarenghi. It is currently the seat of the Governor.
The Neva, with a length of 75 km, is one of the largest, deepest and deepest rivers in Europe. Due to the uniform flow of water from Lake Ladoga (source), there are practically no spring floods on the river.
Delta of the Neva - St. Petersburg
The city of St. Petersburg was founded and built in a low-lying and swampy place. To drain the swamps, it was necessary to dig one hundred and one canals and a large number of ponds. The soil from the digging of the canals was used to raise the level of the islands. Over time, many of them lost their importance, they were covered with earth. Now the number of islands has decreased to 59.
The Neva Bay, where the Neva flows into, is located in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. At the confluence, the river forms a branched delta with many islands, which are connected by canals. On these islands, in fact, St. Petersburg is located. The most famous islands are Zayachiy and Vasilievsky. On the first there is the Peter and Paul Fortress, on the second there are the famous St. Petersburg Sphinxes and the stock exchange building.
Emperor Peter I had a dream to divide the largest of the islands, Vasilievsky, at the mouth of the Neva with canals, to make it look like a corner of Amsterdam. The ruler's dreams were not destined to come true. A. Menshikov, an associate of Emperor Peter I, squandered the funds available in the treasury. For a long time, people refused to settle on the island, since there were no roads here. Its mass settlement could be carried out only after the construction of bridges across the Neva.
The area of the basin of the waterway of St. Petersburg is about 5 thousand km 2, including the Onega and Ladoga lakes. It is distinguished by a complex structure of the hydrological network. The basin includes about 26.3 thousand lakes, 48.3 thousand rivers. 26 rivers and small rivers flow directly into the Neva. Its main tributaries: on the right side - Izhora, Slavyanka, Mga, Tosna, Murzinka, on the left - Chernaya Rechka and Okhta.
Etymology of the name
There are several versions of the origin of the name of the river. The first, Finnish, from the word "neva", which translates as a treeless swamp. Translated from the Sami, the word "nёvё" means small, fast. The second version is based on the Swedish word "ny (en)" - new. There is also a Slavic hypothesis of the origin of the name Neva. From the chronicles it is known that Lake Ladoga, which is the source of the Neva, in the old days was called Nevo, which meant “new”. Apparently, the tribes that previously inhabited these lands were eyewitnesses to the emergence of water from the banks of the reservoir and the birth of the river.
St. Petersburg floods
The city is located in low-lying and swampy places, on islands connected by canals, rivers and canals. During strong autumn winds blowing from the southwestern side, water surges into the Gulf of Finland, where the Neva flows, and from there it flows along the river and channels to the city. Floods are frequent and sometimes disastrous. Near St. Isaac's Square there is a stele with marks of all known floods. The highest mark is at 4.21 m. This flood occurred in 1824 and was reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman".
In St. Petersburg on the Neva, floods occur from September to December. They cause significant damage to the city. The last very dangerous flood, when the water mark on the Kronstadt footstaff was 220 cm, happened in 2007. In 2011, the construction of a complex of protective structures in the Neva Bay was completed. It was activated during the water surge on December 28, 2011. This helped to avoid a very dangerous flood, according to experts, the water level could rise to 281 cm. If they had not had time to close the dam, the city would have suffered multibillion-dollar damage.
Cities on the Neva
There are four cities on the banks of the Neva. This is primarily St. Petersburg, located on the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, there are Otradnoe, Kirovsk, Shlisselburg on the river, located at the exit of the Neva from Ladoga. Numerous small settlements are located on the shores.
Gratifying
Before the revolution, the village of Otradnoye was a place of out-of-town recreation for residents of the capital. Beautiful places, fresh air and clean river attracted city residents here in the summer. Now Otradnoye with a population of 25.3 thousand people is a fairly large industrial center, which has its own shipyard "Pella", the Confectionery Association "Lyubimy Krai", "Lenrechport", JSC "Nevsky Electroshield Plant" and others. year, its status as a result of the annexation of the villages of Ivanovskoye and Ust-Tosno, has more than five hundred years of history.
It is located 18 km from the Rybatskoye metro station, which is part of the territory of St. Petersburg.
Kirovsk
Kirovsk was founded in 1931 on the high left bank of the Neva as a city of builders of the Kirovskaya TPP. Distance from St. Petersburg - 35 km. Currently, it is an industrial city with a population of 26 thousand people. Here is the Ladoga plant, a house-building plant, a branch of the Okeanpribor concern and many others. The M18 highway passes through Kirovsk, connecting the city of St. Petersburg with Murmansk. The city bears the name of the outstanding figure of the Soviet Union Sergei Mironovich Kirov. It has a pier and railroad station Nevdubstroy.
Shlisselburg
The city of Shlisselburg was founded as a fortress. It was founded in 1323 by the prince of Novgorod Yuri at the exit of the Neva from Ladoga on the Orekhovy Island and was called "Oreshek". The fortress was wooden, 25 years later the Novgorodians laid stone walls. She played an important strategic role and opened the way for Novgorod to the sea.
More than once "Nut" withstood the siege of the Swedes, but in 1613 it was captured by them and received a new name - Noteburg, which in Swedish means the city of nuts. After 89 years locality was conquered by Peter I. He gave it its modern name.
On the left bank of the river, a posad with the same name was formed, which in 1780 was given the status of the city of Shlisselburg. Now its population is 15 thousand people. The road Н135 Shlisselburg - Kirovsk - Petersburg has been laid to St. Petersburg. The distance to the Northern capital is about 50 km.
The main waterway of St. Petersburg connects Ladoga lake with the Gulf of Finland. There are two versions of the origin of the name of the Neva: from the Finnish neva - "swamp" and from the ancient German * newjo, going back to the Indo-European * newa - "new"; ... ... Saint Petersburg (encyclopedia)
The river flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea; Leningrad region. The traditional etymology of the name from Fin. Nevajoki is a swampy river, which is associated with the boggy area in its estuarine part. But in Livvik. neva is not only a swamp, a quagmire, but ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
Neva- The Neva River in St. Petersburg. NEVA, a river in the Leningrad region. Length 74 km. It flows out of Lake Ladoga and flows into the Gulf of Finland. Catastrophic floods are frequent as a result of water surge from the Gulf of Finland. Shipping. On 42 islands ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Neva- The Neva River in St. Petersburg. Neva, a river in the Leningrad region. The length is 74 km, the basin area is 281 thousand km2. It flows out of Lake Ladoga and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Forms a delta, on the islands of which and the Neva lowland ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
NEVA, a river in the northwest of the European part Russian Federation... The length is 74 km, the basin area is 281 thousand sq. Km. It flows out of Lake Ladoga, flows into the Finnish Hall. Baltiyskiy m. The average water consumption is 2530 cubic meters / s, in the lower reaches there are floods, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Neva (disambiguation). Neva River Neva. View of the Peter and Paul Fortress ... Wikipedia
Neva- "Avenue up the Neva River from the Admiralty and the Academy of Sciences to the east." "Avenue up the Neva River from the Admiralty and the Academy of Sciences to the east." Engraving by E. Vinogradov's chisel from the original by M. I. Makhaev. 1753. Neva, a river in the Leningrad ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
Coordinates: 59 ° 48'27 ″ s. NS. 30 ° 36'15 ″ east / 59.8075 ° N NS. 30.604167 ° E etc ... Wikipedia
I Neva river in the Leningrad region of the RSFSR. The length is 74 km, the area of the basin (including the basins of the Ladoga and Onega lakes, and others) is 281 thousand km2, and N. actually is 5000 km2. The Petrokrepost (Shlisselburgskaya) gulf flows out of Lake Ladoga, flows into ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
And, wine. river and river, pl. rivers, dates. rivers and rivers, creature. rivers and rivers, offer. in rivers and rivers, f. 1. Natural significant and continuous water flow fed by surface or underground runoff from the areas of their basins and flowing into ... ... Small academic dictionary
Books
- Traveling around the world on a ship Neva, Lisyansky Yu .. Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837) lived in an era when there were still many "blank spots" on the map of the Earth, and a sea voyage demanded tremendous courage from the ship, the crew, and ...
- How it began: the Neva River, St. Petersburg, Peter and Paul Fortress,. The book tells about the history of the Neva River and the emergence on its banks of one of the most beautiful cities the world of St. Petersburg, starting with ancient history and ending with the death of the founder ...
How was the Neva formed and how old is it? Which river is more ancient - Neva or Tosna?
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the Neva River for St. Petersburg. It was she who determined the birthplace of the city, witnessed many significant pages of its life. But how much do we know about the beautiful Neva?
The history of the formation of the Neva River is complex and has not yet been fully clarified. Here we present the most widespread theory of the origin of the Neva in the scientific literature. On the territory where St. Petersburg and its surroundings are now spread out, after the retreat of the glacier, a periglacial lake was formed. Subsequently, as a result of geological and climatic changes, sea waters have repeatedly invaded this area ... About 10,000-7500 years ago, part of the present Baltic Sea was occupied by the freshwater closed Ancylovo basin, or Lake Ancylovoe. It got its name from the name of the freshwater mollusk ancylus found in its sediments. In the east, the border of Lake Ancylovo was in the region of Kotlin Island, where the fortress city of Kronstadt is now located.
The Neva River did not yet exist at that time. In its place, the Tosna River, which flowed into Lake Ancylovoe behind the Kotlin Island, and the Mga River, which was a tributary of Ladoga, carried their waters. Lake Ladoga had an outlet into the Ancylovo basin in the north of the Karelian Isthmus.
About 7,500 years ago, as a result of new geological changes, the waters of the North Sea poured into the Ancylus Basin and turned it into a sea. It received the name Litorinoe, as the mollusk Litorina inhabited it.
The Litorin Sea jutted into the land in a narrow strait along the Neva lowland. Then, in connection with the rise crust it began to recede and shrink in size. This led about 4000 years ago to the formation of the Ancient Baltic Sea.
The rise in land mass affected Ladoga as well. Once isolated from the sea, the lake began to overflow. Its waters, overflowing the banks and flooding part of the land on south coast and the valley of the Mga river, approached the Tosna river. Here there was a breakthrough of the watershed, as evidenced by the Ivanovskie rapids. Ladoga water rushed along the ready-made channel "of the Tosna River and reached the Gulf of Finland. This happened about 4000-4500 years ago. Consequently, the river on the banks of which our city arose, in geological terms, is relatively young. It is much younger than such rivers as Tosna, Mga, Slavyanka, Izhora ... The Neva with a delta in outlines close to modern ones was formed about 2500 years ago and people witnessed its birth.
How many kilometers in length from source to mouth is the Neva and how long is it within the city?
The length of the Neva is 74 kilometers. It flows from Lake Ladoga in the area of Orekhova Island, on which the Oreshek fortress was built in 1323, later known as the Shlisselburg fortress.
The riverbed of the Neva is a wide semicircle, the outer part of which faces south. Therefore, if you lay a straight line from the source of the Neva to its mouth, then this distance will not exceed 45 kilometers.
The length of the Neva within St. Petersburg increases with the growth of the city. At present, the length of the river within the boundaries of St. Petersburg is 32 kilometers - 2/5 of its entire length.
On what part of the Neva does its bank have the greatest height?
The average height of the Neva banks is 6-9 meters. When approaching the mouth of the river, the banks gradually decrease to a level of 2-2.5 meters. The highest point is located on the section of the left bank near-1 and the source of the river. This place, known as the Preobrazhenskaya Mountain, reaches a height of 40 meters.
Where is the narrowest channel of the Neva and where does it reach its maximum width? Where is the deepest place in the river?
The narrowest part of the Neva is the Ivanovskie rapids. Here its width is 210 meters. It reaches its greatest width at the Nevsky Gate - 1000-1250 meters.
The Neva is deepest (24-25 meters) on the right bank, opposite Arsenalnaya Street. The depth of 8-11 meters prevails, and in the area of the Ivanovskie rapids it is 4-4.5 meters. On this 2-kilometer stretch of the Neva with a vast rocky shoal, the movement of ships was one-way, which created certain difficulties for the increased navigation on the Volga-Baltic waterway. But since the end of 1978, when work was completed to extract hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of moraine soil with boulders from the river bottom, pilotage of large ships began to be carried out simultaneously in two directions.
From now on, there are no more Ivanovskie rapids. They have survived only in the name of this narrowest section of the Neva.
What is the difference in water level between the source and the mouth of the Neva?
The water level at the mouth of the Neva is lower than the level at the source by an average of 4.7 meters. This difference is not stable. It all depends on the level of water standing in Lake Ladoga and in the Gulf of Finland. It is known that in June 1924 the difference between the lake and the mouth of the Neva reached 6.5 meters, but in November 1940 it dropped to 3.4 meters.
What is the speed of the Neva and how much water does it carry every second? What place is the Neva among the largest rivers in Europe in terms of fullness?
The speed of the flow of the Neva in different parts of it is not the same. On average, it is 0.9-1.2 meters per second, that is, 3.2-4.3 kilometers per hour (and on the Ivanovskie rapids, at Cape Svyatki, before the deepening of the river bottom, the current speed reached 12-14 kilometers per hour. hour). The Neva every second throws into the sea an average of 2,540 cubic meters of water, per hour - 9 million cubic meters, per year - 80 billion cubic meters, or 80 cubic kilometers of water. During the year, the water content of the river fluctuates, since it is directly dependent on the level of Lake Ladoga.
The Neva carries water as much as the Dnieper and Don rivers taken together. If the Neva is compared with the rivers of Europe in terms of fullness, then it ranks sixth (after the Volga, Danube, Pechora, Kama and Northern Dvina).
How long is the Neva frozen in ice? How many days does the ice drift last? How long does it take for the ice to travel from the source of the Neva to the Peter and Paul Fortress?
The period when the Neva is frozen in ice ranges from 45 to 150-180 days.
Usually, after opening, the Neva is freed from river ice... Then it remains clean for five days. Then the ice of Lake Ladoga begins to flow and goes along the river for 8-12 days, making the way from Ladoga to the city center, that is, to the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 16-18 hours. Thus, the spring ice period usually lasts * about three weeks. Of course, there are exceptions. Sometimes, about once every 10 years, Ladoga ice either does not enter the Neva at all, or does not reach the river mouth. Sometimes it goes on for 30 days or more, as was the last time in 1954. It should also be borne in mind that of the huge mass Ladoga ice no more than 1-2 percent is taken out to the Neva, and as a rare exception - 4-5 percent. All the rest of the ice does not leave the lake and melts in place.
Why, when there is Ladoga ice, there is a cold snap?
Residents of the city usually say: “Ladoga ice will go - it will get cold”, meaning that the invasion of the Neva by huge masses of ice causes air cooling. Such reasoning is wrong. There is indeed a connection between these two phenomena, but the connection is inverse. It is known that ice from Ladoga is driven into the Neva by strong northeastern and easterly winds, and, as a rule, these winds are cold. It is they who lower the air temperature in the city.
What kind of fish is found in the Neva?
The Neva is not very rich in its own fish food. There is almost no aquatic vegetation in it, which can be seen only in some places in a narrow strip near the coast. An exception is the Neva Bay, where reeds, reeds, wild rice and other moisture-loving greens grow on the shallows. Food is carried into the river by the current from Lake Ladoga. Fish that appear in the Neva most often come to spawn or travel from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland and back. These are smelt, herring, lamprey, eel, vendace, pike, perch, roach, ide, ruff, burbot, bream, pike perch, whitefish. The most valuable species is salmon. Its spawning grounds are located in the upper part of the river, where the current is fast and there are many places with large pebble bottom.
What was the name of the Gulf of Finland before? What is it and what are its dimensions?
In the old days, the Gulf of Finland had a different name - Lake Kotlinskoe. This is a relatively narrow body of water, which in the east ends with the Neva Bay, deeply protruding into the land. Its area is 29,500 square kilometers.
The length of the bay from its top (extreme eastern part) to the mouth (extreme western part), where it merges with the Baltic Sea, is 410 kilometers. When entering the Baltic, the width of the bay is 70-75 kilometers, and in the Neva Bay - 12-15 kilometers. West of the island Kotlin Bay width is 18-22 kilometers. The widest part of the Gulf of Finland, exceeding 130 kilometers, is located on the meridian of Powerful Island. The average depth of the bay is 38 meters, and in some depressions it is 100-120 meters. But the Neva Bay, the border of which runs along the line Lisiy Nos - Kronstadt - Oranienbaum, is a shallow body of water with an insignificant current. The prevailing depth here is 3-5 meters, and in the shallows - no more than 1.5-2 meters.
Several rivers flow into the Gulf of Finland. 2/3 of the water they bring comes from the Neva.
How many rivers flow into the Neva? Which ones are the largest?
26 rivers and streams flow into the Neva, among them 7 of the most significant: Chernaya, 30 kilometers long (flows into the Neva near Petrokrepost), Moika 27 kilometers long (flows into the Neva above the Ivanovsky village), Mga 77 kilometers long, Tosna 118 kilometers long, Izhora is 65 kilometers long, Slavyanka is 39 kilometers long and Bolshaya Okhta is 93 kilometers long. Among the small rivers flowing into the Neva within the city, we should mention the Murzinka, Utka, Spartak, Volkovka and the Black River, which flows into the Bolshaya Neva.
All tributaries of the Neva are relatively small and have almost no effect on its regime.
How was the Neva delta formed? What are its main natural ducts?
The deltas of most rivers are formed as a result of the deposition of the smallest particles of silt and sand in the places where water flows into the sea, where the river flow rate decreases sharply. The Neva, however, carries with it an insignificant amount of silty particles. And its delta has a different origin. Initially, the Neva flowed into the Gulf of Finland with one sleeve. But as a result of the uplift of the land, the Ancient Baltic Sea retreated to the west. The shallows under the water now began to rise and turn into islands. The water surge from the Gulf of Finland during floods also played a significant role in their formation. Because of the strong waves, silt rises from the bottom of the sea, which then settles on the shallows near the islands. This phenomenon led (and is leading now) not only to an increase in the area of existing islands, but also to the birth of new ones. This, in turn, was the reason that the channel of the Neva began to diverge into branches, and a river delta was formed.
Nowadays, the main natural channels of the delta are; Bolshaya Neva, Malaya Neva, Bolshaya Nevka, Sredny Nevka, Malaya Nevka, Fontanka, Moika, Yekateringofka, Krestovka, Karpovka, Zhdanovka, Smolenka, Pryazhka and Kronverksky Strait.
How many islands is St. Petersburg spread over?
For more than a century it was believed that there are 101 islands in the Neva delta.
This figure can be found in encyclopedic dictionaries, travel guides, in many literary and reference sources.
But in recent years it has been increasingly questioned. Indeed, over the past century, many changes have occurred, in some cases under the influence of natural factors, in others - as a result of human activity. When the canals and natural channels were filled up, individual islets merged with larger ones.This is how, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, for example, the islands of Zha Dimirovsky, Kashevarov and Honoropulo joined the island of Golodai (now the islands of the Decembrists). For the same reasons, the islands of Vatny, Penkovy Buyan, Vinny Buyan and many others disappeared. In 1969-1970, the Vvedensky Canal was filled up, Volny Island, now connected by an artificial bridge with the Decembrists Island, ceased to exist.
Currently, there are 42 islands in the Neva delta.
Which of the islands of the Neva delta have names?
It must be assumed that not all of the islands located in the Neva delta had names, and some have probably lost them over the years. Listed below are only those islands that have retained their names to this day.
On the right bank of the Neva: Petrogradsky (Berezovy), Zayachy, Kronverksky, Aliy, Krestovsky, Kamenny, Elagin, Petrovsky "." And, Severny, Dekabristov (former Golodai).
On the left bank of the Neva: Admiralteisky, Novo-Admiralteisky, New Holland, Minison, Kolomensky, Kazansky, Spassky, Piarovsky, Kanonersky, Gutuevsky, Bely, Monastyrsky, Damba Grebenka, Yekateringofsky.
What happened before on the site of the Griboyedov Canal? When did the canal take on its modern form?
Where the Griboyedov Canal now runs, the Deaf river once twisted, dirty, with stagnant water, with banks overgrown with tall grass and bushes. This river did not a few zigzags on its way, therefore, the people called it Krivusha. It originated from the bog bog between the present Konushennaya Square and the Arts Square. In 1764-1790, Krivusha was deepened, expanded, dressed in grainite. She became the channel that received the name of Yekaterininsky. In 1923 it was renamed the Griboyedov Canal. Its length is 5 kilometers.
When and for what purpose was the Lithuanian Canal dug? When was it filled up and where else can you see its remains that have survived to this day?
During the creation of the Summer Garden, numerous fountains were arranged on its territory. So that their jets also beat under natural pressure, as in Peterhof, it was decided to dig a canal from the Ligovka river flowing from the Duderhof lakes. Built in 1718-1721 according to the project and under the leadership of GG Skornyakov-Misarev, the canal stretched from the village of Gorelovo, where the Ligovka river flowed, to the site at the corner of modern Nekrasov Street and Grechesky Prospekt, where a public garden is now laid out. A reservoir-reservoir was built here, from where water was supplied through pipes to the Summer Garden. The canal was also supposed to supply water to the inhabitants of the settlements located along its route.
In 1777, the fountains were destroyed by a flood. The channel gradually fell into disrepair. In the middle of the 19th century, it became a dumping site for various sewage and industrial wastewater discharge.
In 1891, on the section from the basin (now not existing) to the Obvodny Canal, it was enclosed in a pipe and filled up. On the section between Obvodny Canal and Moskovsky Prospekt, these works were completed by 1926. Outside the territory of the Skorokhod factory and further south-west to Krasnoputilovskaya Street, the canal was filled up in 1965-1969. The waters of the preserved section of the canal are diverted to the Krasnenkaya River. On the site of the Lithuanian Canal, Ligovsky Prospect now runs.
Which of the existing boulevards is located on the site of the former canal? Why was this canal dug and when did it disappear?
From the canal, which surrounded the Admiralty, the so-called Admiralty Canal was dug in the direction of New Holland and the Galley Shipyard. It was intended for storing timber brought to St. Petersburg. At the disposal of Peter I of June 8, 1720, it was stated: "To lay ship pine forests along the canal, which is made from the Admiralty to Holland." The canal was crossed by the Kryukov Canal, which still exists today, dug in 1717-1719. The Admiralty Canal was gradually polluted with sewage; he began to grow chalky and spread a stench around. In 1842, its section up to the Kryukov Canal was blocked with a brick vault and covered with earth from above. And in 1845, a young boulevard appeared on the site of the canal, which was named the Horse Guards Regiment from the nearby barracks of the Horse Guards Regiment.
If you want to make sure that there was once a water channel in the place of the boulevard, then go to the Kryukov Canal. From its eastern side, the vaulted pipe is clearly visible, into which the Admiralty Canal was enclosed.
Which of the canals located within the boundaries of St. Petersburg is the longest? When and according to the design of which engineers was it dug?
The longest canal in St. Petersburg is Obvodny, its length is 8 kilometers.
It was dug in 1805-1834. Initially, the work on the construction of the canal was supervised by engineer I.K. Gerard, and then by the famous scientist and engineer P.P. Bazin.
In past Bypass channel was of great importance. The shortest route from the seaport to the river one, located at that time on the banks of the Neva, near the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, was continuously used by ships and barges with various cargoes. Wood was often floated along the canal. Its appearance in the southern part of the city made it possible to build industrial enterprises here, in the vicinity of which new residential quarters have grown.
What channels are currently available in St. Petersburg?
Today there are 19 channels in St. Petersburg: Obvodny, Griboyedova, Lebyazhy, Zimnyaya Kanavka, Kryukov Canal, Novo-Admiralteisky, Krusteina Canal, Bumazhny, Novy, Seltsyanoy, Morskoy, Shkipersky, Ligovsky (partially preserved), Volkovsky, Grebnoy, Salnobuyansky, Matisov, Bolshoi and Small canals on Kamenny Island.
The arrival of which ship marked the opening of the Petersburg port? What year did this happen?
There are many legends about the arrival of the first foreign ship at the mouth of the Neva. Of these, the following is the most popular.
On one of the November days in 1703, a Dutch ship appeared near the island of Kotlin, which is located in the Gulf of Finland, 30 kilometers from the mouth of the Neva. As soon as it became known to Peter I, he immediately went on a boat to meet the overseas guest. The king himself was dressed in pilot's clothes, and the people accompanying him were ordered to dress up as sailors. The foreign ship was discovered while it was struggling to make its way through the shallows of the bay.
Climbing on the deck of the ship, Peter greeted the skipper in Dutch and reported that he had arrived on the orders of the governor himself to help the ship reach the pier. Then Peter preferred the skipper to follow the boat. Enter the Neva, the Russian "pilot" showed the place where you should anchor. It was not far from the coast, opposite the House of Peter I.
When the arrivals descended to the ground, they were met by the Governor of St. Petersburg Alexander Menshikov. He invited the guests to the dining table, and on the deck of the ship, on his order, a military guard was posted. Soon the overseas guests, to their great surprise, learned that a skilled pilot was the king himself.
Peter was extremely pleased with the first ship that came to Petersburg. In honor of such a significant event, the delivered goods - Spanish salt and wines - were allowed to be sold duty free. Peter gave the skipper of the ship 500 ducats, and each sailor - 30 efimks and immediately announced that he would give 300 to the second ship, and 150 ducats to the third.
The second ship came under the English flag, and the third - again under the Dutch one. But the first ship received special privileges, and for more than 50 years, each time with the onset of navigation, it could be seen in the Petersburg port.
What place in St. Petersburg has become the busiest and noisiest over the course of 150 years with the onset of spring?
In the life of anyone sea city the port is one of the most important places. For a century and a half, the Strelka of Vasilievsky Island has been such a lively corner of St. Petersburg.
A port appeared on Berezovy Island, where the first center of the city began to form. In 1733 he moved to the Spit of Vasilievsky Island, where it was much more convenient for ships to dock. The Exchange, Customs, warehouses, Gostiny Dvor and other por-yu structures were erected here.
Since the end of the 18th century, more than 1000 foreign ships have come to Strelka, where the port is located, since the end of the 18th century.
In the 18th century, imports were dominated by goods that were mainly consumed by the nobility and merchants, of which more than 60 percent were luxury goods. On this occasion, the outstanding Russian educator and writer N. I. Novikov wrote in his satirical journal "Truten" not without irony:
“Recently ships from Rouen and Marseilles have arrived at the local port. They brought the following goods we needed: various sorts of French swords, tortoiseshell snuff boxes, paper, wax, lace, blondes, fringes, cuffs, ribbons, stockings, buckles, hats, cufflinks and all sorts of so-called haberdashery things ... and from the St. Petersburg port on those ships will be loaded with our various domestic trifles, such as: hemp, iron, leather, lard, candles, canvases, etc., .. "
At that time and up to the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was the world supplier of metal. British ships annually carried millions of poods of Ural iron from the port of St. Petersburg.
The port of St. Petersburg was the first port in Russia, and the Exchange Square on Vasilievsky Island became one of the busiest places in the city. Here one could see foreign and Russian merchants making trade deals. Many inhabitants of the capital also came here to watch the arriving overseas ships. And among this motley and richly dressed crowd, people stood out sharply, dressed in sweat-soaked sermyags and long canvas shirts. These were the so-called "seasoners" who unloaded and loaded ships.
Only with the onset of dusk did the Arrow sink into silence.
The port's berthing lines were located on the Malaya Neva side. But the more ships entered the Petersburg port, the closer it became on the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island, the more difficult it was to carry out unloading and loading operations on a relatively small site. Later, with the appearance of steamers with a deeper draft, as well as after the construction of bridges in the lower reaches of the Neva
At first pontoon, and later permanent, the movement of ships to the Strelka became completely difficult.
A transshipment base was set up in Kronstadt. Vessels with deep draft approached the Kronstadt berths and were loaded onto boats, which delivered overseas goods to St. Petersburg. And only after the Sea Canal was dug in 1885, the port, which was both commercial and passenger, was transferred to Gutuevsky Island. There is a commercial port on the island.
The arrival of which ships opened the navigation of the Petrograd seaport for the first time after 1917? Which steamer of the commercial port of our city was the first to sail abroad?
On April 20, 1918, the first navigation was opened with the arrival from Helsingfors of the Russian transports "Ilsa" and "Eros", which delivered passengers returning to their homeland. This is how the first Soviet navigation was opened. In July, the first foreign steamship Gute under the Swedish flag moored in the port, and another 51 ships came for it. They delivered electrical equipment, mowers, reapers, plows, sickles, scythes, separators, as well as seeds, matches, paints, paper, food.
On November 10, 1918, the Petrograd port was especially busy. Here the first Soviet merchant steamer "Federation" was solemnly escorted to the foreign voyage, which was supposed to deliver copper and brass shavings, flax and lumber to Copenhagen. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the mooring lines were given, and to the sounds of the orchestra and good parting words, the steamer entered the Sea Canal.
During the navigation of 1918, over 160 foreign and Soviet ships were handled in the port. The civil war and intervention interrupted merchant shipping, which resumed only two years later. With each new navigation, the power of the city port increased, more and more foreign guests visited it.
Now the seaport of St. Petersburg is not only the leading in the Baltic Shipping Company, but also the largest and first-class port in our country. Occupying Gutuevsky and a number of neighboring islands, it spreads over 500 hectares and is a huge and complex enterprise equipped with modern technology. With the advent of new types of merchant vessels, such as container ships and lateral loading vessels, which take only a few hours to process, it became necessary to build new and reconstruct existing berths. They now handle international standard containers and are highly productive.
When did the regular flights of passenger steamers begin on the Neva and other waterways of the city?
In 1848 the "Light Neva Shipping Company" was organized in St. Petersburg. Steamships with a capacity of up to 100 people, according to the announced schedule, departed from the pier at the Summer Garden. In the summer of 1882, steamship traffic was opened along the Catherine Canal (now the Griboyedov Canal) - from the Field of Mars to the Nikolsky Market. In 1892, residents of the capital could already take a boat trip along the Fontanka from the Summer Garden to the Kalinkin Bridge, as well as along the Neva from the 11th line of Vasilievsky Island to the Finland Station.
Nowadays, despite the wide network of surface urban transport, water transport has not lost its significance. With the onset of summer navigation, the blue roads of St. Petersburg come to life. They are filled with the movement of comfortable boats, high-speed cruise missiles and Meteors. Motor ships serve the lines connecting the city with Petrodvorets, Kronstadt, Petrokrepost. On special excursion boats, those who wish can take walks along many rivers and canals of the Neva delta
When was the water system first created that connected the Neva with the Volga, and what was it called? When was it replaced by the Volga-Baltic Canal?
The idea of creating a waterway, which made it possible to connect the Neva with the Volga, arose soon after the foundation of the city. It is known that the exploration work was started by Peter I back in 1710. But only a hundred years later, in 1810, the through traffic was opened for ships. The entire waterway from Lake Onega at the outlet from the banks of the Svir River to the confluence of the Sheksna River into the Volga at Rybinsk was named the Mariinsky Water System (named after Empress Maria Feodorovna).
Over the years, this waterway has been reconstructed several times. In total, the water system had 39 wooden locks, capable of passing ships with a displacement of 800 tons less than Poloye. Until the 1890s, the court was guided through the canals by means of human and horse traction.
The crude Mariinsky system, which was important for the economic development of Russia, lasted 150 years. Now a new one has been created on this track. water complex, which was based on a 361-kilometer canal. It is the largest hydraulic structure. Each of the seven canal locks is equipped with the latest automation and telemechanics.
The new canal is the most important part of the Volga-Baltic waterway, the thousand-kilometer blue route of which begins in St. Petersburg and runs along the Neva, Ladoga Lake, Svir River, Lake Onega, Volga-Baltic Canal, Rybinsk Reservoir. The carrying capacity of this waterway in comparison with the Mariinsky system has increased by 7 times, and the time of passage of water transport along it has decreased by 2.5 times.
On June 28, 1964, the Krasnogvardeets motor ship was the first of the passenger ships to sail along the Volgo-Balt. From the Ozernaya pier in Leningrad, he went on a flight to Yaroslavl, thereby opening a co-tourist line for the passenger.
The Volgo-Balt is of great importance for the transportation of national economic goods. Now hundreds of river-sea vessels with a carrying capacity of up to 5 thousand tons make voyages between European sea and our inland river and lake ports. They also carry out transit traffic from the North of Europe to the Caspian and Black Sea, Mediterranean basin.
Every day, below the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge and above the Volodarsky Bridge, large-tonnage vessels gather. They are waiting for the onset of the deep night, when the city will fall asleep and open the bridges to continue the journey ... And so every night our beautiful Neva continues to carry out her labor watch.
St. Petersburg is famous for its history museums and cultural monuments, but its main attraction is the Neva - a river that amazes with its beauty, power and strength. This is a real waterway of the great Russian city, bringing to it a unique energy and a kind of mystery.
General characteristics
It has a very long length of 74 kilometers from the source to the Gulf of Finland in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. The river in St. Petersburg itself flows for only 30 kilometers.
It is quite wide, especially near its source (more than 1000 m), and its narrowest point, 200 meters wide, is located near Cape Svyatki at the Ivanovskie rapids. On average, the distance from one bank to the other varies from 500 to 700 m. It is also believed that the Neva is a deep-water river. Its minimum depth is 4 meters, and the maximum in some places reaches 24 meters.
In winter, the Neva freezes completely. She is shackled with ice from December to April. The general direction of its flow is from east to west. The river has steep, in places steep banks, the average height of which is within 10 meters.
Centuries-old history
Several thousand years ago, in the place where the Neva is located - a river that has witnessed many historical moments in the fate of Russia, the Tosna River used to flow. After the Ladoga reservoir was transformed into a closed lake, its waters rose, thereby exceeding the permissible level, and flooded the entire valley of the Mga River. On this very territory, the Ivanovskie rapids were formed. Thus, a valley arose, where the Neva now flows. The Tosna River was later transformed into its tributaries.
The development of the lands of this waterway and the settlement of them by people began in ancient times of the melting of glaciers.
In the ninth century, the Neva was called the Vodskaya Pyatina and belonged to Veliky Novgorod. She divided those lands into two banks, which had different names, the right one was the Karelian territory, and the left one was the Izhora one.
It is believed that the river received the name "Neva" from the Swedes in the thirteenth century, when battles between the militia took place in these places. Nizhny Novgorod and Swedish troops. The first mention of the river as the "Neva" was found in a book describing the life of Alexander Nevsky.
In the eighteenth century, when the Neva returned back to the Russian Empire, the ceremonial construction of St. Petersburg began, which later became the capital. But bridges were not built at that time, since Peter I considered them a direct obstacle to navigation. They began to appear in the city only after the death of the king.
Opening bridges
It is known that many different structures were erected both near the river and above it. But the most important are undoubtedly the bridges. A large number of them have been built, and they are all different: some are needed for pedestrians, others are intended for cars, and others are railways. The oldest of them are: Annunciation, built in 1850, and Liteiny, erected in 1879.
Many of the bridges are movable, and in 2004 a new non-movable (cable-stayed) Bolshoi Obukhovsky bridge was opened. In 2007, the northern capital celebrated the opening of another cable-stayed bridge, twin brother of Bolshoi Obukhovsky.
Variety of attractions
Everyone knows the fact that the Neva is a river in St. Petersburg. The description of this waterway of the city acquaints with the wonderful places along its bed, with the extraordinary beauty of the valleys located at its shores.
In addition to the beauties of nature, the Neva is famous for the splendor of architectural masterpieces scattered along its banks. One of these ancient attractions is the fortress with the interesting name "Nut", located not far from Shlisselburg. Along the entire length of the Neva, on its banks there are many temples and historical monuments, as well as churches and various monuments dedicated to different memorable dates.
In St. Petersburg itself, on the banks of the Neva, there are many cultural monuments that have become real symbols of the northern capital of the Russian Federation. For example, the famous "Hermitage" is located there, which is one of the favorite places for visiting both residents and guests of St. Petersburg.
In 2006, a magnificent fountain was opened opposite Vasilievsky Island. There are also many interesting historical sights there: "Aurora" - the famous cruiser, Summer Garden, Smolny and many others.
Various islands and tributaries
26 small compared to it tributaries flow into the Neva, the main of them are Mga, Tosna, Izhora, Slavyanka, Okhta and Chernaya Rechka.
In its delta, it has about forty islands, the most significant and largest of which are: Decembrists, Vasilievsky, Petrogradsky and Krestovsky. The territory of the Zayachiy, Kamenny and Elaginsky Islands is slightly smaller, but at the same time they are no less famous.
The Neva is a river in St. Petersburg, which has no braids or any wide shoals, so ships can safely approach its banks.
The only river flows out of it - the Neva.
The total length of its granite embankments is 100 km!
Due to the fact that waters from the Gulf of Finland are catching up in the lower reaches of the river, disastrous floods often occur there. The most catastrophic was in November 1824, which was even mentioned by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his poem entitled "The Bronze Horseman".
The Neva - a river in St. Petersburg - is loved by fishermen. This type of fishing is very developed here, since an interesting fish is found in its waters - smelt, which comes here from the Gulf of Finland and has become a kind of brand of the northern capital. If you're lucky, you can even catch salmon, but you need to know certain places. There are pike, pike perch, ruff, roach, perch.
Anyone who has never seen this waterway with his own eyes will not fully understand what the Neva (a river in St. Petersburg) can be. Photos can only partially convey all of its beauty, power and splendor. This river amazes everyone with its grandeur.
The Neva River is one of the most beautiful rivers in Russia. Most people know it thanks to the beautiful St. Petersburg, located on its banks. As you know from the school course in geography, the Neva is one river, originating in Lake Ladoga, here is its source. In the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, the Neva Bay is located, where the Neva flows into, where its mouth is.
Neva
The river flows through the territory of the Leningrad region and the city of St. Petersburg. Its length is 74 km, the length in a straight line from the source of the Neva to its mouth is 45 km. The depth is on average from 8 to 11 m, the deepest mark is 24 m. The Neva carries its waters along the plain, which is called the Neva Lowland. The banks descend steeply to the water, their height is 4-5 m, at the mouth of the river they are more gentle - 3-4 m. The place where the Neva flows into is the Gulf of Finland, it began, as already mentioned, in Lake Ladoga.
The width of the river is on average 600 m, the widest point reaches one kilometer. Compared to other low-lying bodies of water, it is rather fast-flowing. The current speed is more than 1 m per second. The Neva River bends rather steeply in three places.
- At the Ivanovskiye rapids. About a three-kilometer stretch of the river with a shallow depth, frequent shoals and a high current velocity of up to 4 m per second. It is located near the town of Otradnoye.
- Near Ust-Slavyanka - the historical district of St. Petersburg.
- At the Smolny Institute. This historic building is a monument of the early classicism era, built by the architect D. Quarenghi. It is currently the seat of the Governor.
The Neva, with a length of 75 km, is one of the largest, deepest and deepest rivers in Europe. Due to the uniform flow of water from Lake Ladoga (source), there are practically no spring floods on the river.
Delta of the Neva - St. Petersburg
The city of St. Petersburg was founded and built in a low-lying and swampy place. To drain the swamps, it was necessary to dig one hundred and one canals and a large number of ponds. The soil from the digging of the canals was used to raise the level of the islands. Over time, many of them lost their importance, they were covered with earth. Now the number of islands has decreased to 59.
The Neva Bay, where the Neva flows into, is located in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. At the confluence, the river forms a branched delta with many islands, which are connected by canals. On these islands, in fact, St. Petersburg is located. The most famous islands are Zayachiy and Vasilievsky. On the first there is the Peter and Paul Fortress, on the second there are the famous St. Petersburg Sphinxes and the stock exchange building.
Emperor Peter I had a dream to divide the largest of the islands, Vasilievsky, at the mouth of the Neva with canals, to make it look like a corner of Amsterdam. The ruler's dreams were not destined to come true. A. Menshikov, an associate of Emperor Peter I, squandered the funds available in the treasury. For a long time, people refused to settle on the island, since there were no roads here. Its mass settlement could be carried out only after the construction of bridges across the Neva.
The area of the basin of the waterway of St. Petersburg is about 5 thousand km 2, including the Onega and Ladoga lakes. It is distinguished by a complex structure of the hydrological network. The basin includes about 26.3 thousand lakes, 48.3 thousand rivers. 26 rivers and small rivers flow directly into the Neva. Its main tributaries: on the right side - Izhora, Slavyanka, Mga, Tosna, Murzinka, on the left - Chernaya Rechka and Okhta.
Etymology of the name
There are several versions of the origin of the name of the river. The first, Finnish, from the word "neva", which translates as a treeless swamp. Translated from the Sami, the word "nёvё" means small, fast. The second version is based on the Swedish word "ny (en)" - new. There is also a Slavic hypothesis of the origin of the name Neva. From the chronicles it is known that Lake Ladoga, which is the source of the Neva, in the old days was called Nevo, which meant “new”. Apparently, the tribes that previously inhabited these lands were eyewitnesses to the emergence of water from the banks of the reservoir and the birth of the river.
St. Petersburg floods
The city is located in low-lying and swampy places, on islands connected by canals, rivers and canals. During strong autumn winds blowing from the southwestern side, water surges into the Gulf of Finland, where the Neva flows, and from there it flows along the river and channels to the city. Floods are frequent and sometimes disastrous. Near St. Isaac's Square there is a stele with marks of all known floods. The highest mark is at 4.21 m. This flood occurred in 1824 and was reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman".
In St. Petersburg on the Neva, floods occur from September to December. They cause significant damage to the city. The last very dangerous flood, when the water mark on the Kronstadt footstaff was 220 cm, happened in 2007. In 2011, the construction of a complex of protective structures in the Neva Bay was completed. It was activated during the water surge on December 28, 2011. This helped to avoid a very dangerous flood, according to experts, the water level could rise to 281 cm. If they had not had time to close the dam, the city would have suffered multibillion-dollar damage.
Cities on the Neva
There are four cities on the banks of the Neva. This is primarily St. Petersburg, located on the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, there are Otradnoe, Kirovsk, Shlisselburg on the river, located at the exit of the Neva from Ladoga. Numerous small settlements are located on the shores.
Gratifying
Before the revolution, the village of Otradnoye was a place of out-of-town recreation for residents of the capital. Beautiful places, fresh air and a clean river attracted city residents here in the summer. Now Otradnoye with a population of 25.3 thousand people is a fairly large industrial center, which has its own shipyard "Pella", the Confectionery Association "Lyubimy Krai", "Lenrechport", JSC "Nevsky Electroshield Plant" and others. year, its status as a result of the annexation of the villages of Ivanovskoye and Ust-Tosno, has more than five hundred years of history.
It is located 18 km from the Rybatskoye metro station, which is part of the territory of St. Petersburg.
Kirovsk
Kirovsk was founded in 1931 on the high left bank of the Neva as a city of builders of the Kirovskaya TPP. Distance from St. Petersburg - 35 km. Currently, it is an industrial city with a population of 26 thousand people. Here is the Ladoga plant, a house-building plant, a branch of the Okeanpribor concern and many others. The M18 highway passes through Kirovsk, connecting the city of St. Petersburg with Murmansk. The city bears the name of the outstanding figure of the Soviet Union Sergei Mironovich Kirov. It has a pier and a railway station Nevdubstroy.
Shlisselburg
The city of Shlisselburg was founded as a fortress. It was founded in 1323 by the prince of Novgorod Yuri at the exit of the Neva from Ladoga on the Orekhovy Island and was called "Oreshek". The fortress was wooden, 25 years later the Novgorodians laid stone walls. She played an important strategic role and opened the way for Novgorod to the sea.
More than once "Nut" withstood the siege of the Swedes, but in 1613 it was captured by them and received a new name - Noteburg, which in Swedish means the city of nuts. After 89 years, the settlement was conquered by Peter I. He gave it its modern name.
On the left bank of the river, a posad with the same name was formed, which in 1780 was given the status of the city of Shlisselburg. Now its population is 15 thousand people. The road Н135 Shlisselburg - Kirovsk - Petersburg has been laid to St. Petersburg. The distance to the Northern capital is about 50 km.
