| Sunda Islands indon. Kepulauan Sunda, Sund. Kapuloan Sunda |
|
| File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.jpg | |
| 2°00′ S w. 110°00′ E. d. / 2.000° S. w. 110.000° E. d. / -2.000; 110.000 Coordinates: | |
| Water area | Indian Ocean |
| Number of islands | more than 3000 islands |
| Largest island | Kalimantan |
| Total area | 1,700,000 km² |
| Highest point | 4095 m |
| Countries | Indonesia 22x20px Indonesia Malaysia 22x20px Malaysia Brunei 22x20px Brunei East Timor 22x20px East Timor |
| Population (2010) | 244,900,000 people |
| Population density | 144,059 people/km² |
| Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). | |
Error creating thumbnail: File not found
Geography
Coordinates extreme points: western - o. Broech, 95 gr. E.D., 5.5 gr. northern latitude, eastern - about. Vaigeo, 131 gr. E.D., 0 gr. latitude, northern - about. Bungay, 177.5 gr. E.D., 7 gr. northern latitude, southern - o. Roti, Cape Bois, 123 g. E, 11 degrees S
The total area of the archipelago is more than 1.7 million km².
The Sunda Islands are divided into two groups:
- Greater Sunda Islands: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi.
- Lesser Sunda Islands: Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Barat Daya, Flores, Savu and others.
The Greater Sunda Islands have an area of 1.5 million km², the Lesser Sunda Islands - 128 thousand km², the Maluku Islands - 83.7 thousand km². The largest island is Kalimantan (Borneo) - area 734 thousand km². In total, the archipelago includes more than 3,000 islands.
All of the Greater and most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are surrounded by many very small islands. The Mentawai archipelago (of which the largest is Siberut) occupies a special place near Sumatra. In the east, the Selatan-Timur group includes the Tanimbar Islands, Kai Islands, and Aru Islands. The Moluccas include the islands of Halmahera, Seram, Morotai, Misool, the islands of Obi, Buru, etc. Some experts consider the Moluccas to be a separate archipelago, which is essentially a pure convention. Together with the neighboring Philippine archipelago, Sunda makes up a larger entity - the Malay Archipelago.
The Sunda Islands are predominantly mountainous, but there are two large lowlands in Kalimantan and one in Sumatra. Highest points islands: Kinabalu, 4100 m (Kalimantan), Kerinchi, 3805 m (Sumatra), Semeru, 3676 m (Java), Rantokombola, 3455 m (Sulawesi), Segara-Rinjani on the island. Lombok, 3676 m (Lesser Sunda), on the island. Seram, 3018 m. There are more than 130 volcanoes on the archipelago; this is a zone of increased seismic activity.
From the outside, the archipelago is washed by the South China Sea and the Arafura Sea. There are numerous inland seas within the archipelago (see list below): The rivers are mostly mountainous, short and stormy. Most large rivers- in Kalimantan: Kapuas, Barrito, Kayan, Rajang; in Sumatra - Hari, originates on the Kerinci volcano.
The Sunda Islands share the following interisland seas:
The climate of the Sunda archipelago is equatorial and subequatorial (in the southern part of the archipelago). The forests are humid evergreen, with shrouds found in some places. The temperature in January is 24 °C above zero, in July it reaches 32 °C above zero. There is a lot of precipitation. In Kalimantan and west coast Sumatra - 3000 mm/year. In other areas - 2000 or more. Very rich in plant and fauna.
Story
Population
The archipelago is inhabited by numerous peoples of different cultural levels, related in language, speaking languages of the Indonesian language branch, part of the larger family of Austronesian languages.
Economy
Minerals: petroleum, tin, bauxite, nickel, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium, lead. 60% of the territory is occupied by forests with valuable tropical tree species. In the Lesser Sunda Islands, the land is predominantly occupied by agricultural land, rice, corn and industrial crops. In agricultural and industrial terms, the most developed island is Java.
See also
Write a review about the article "Sunda Islands"
Literature
- Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. V. M. Kotlyakova, M.-2003.
- V. A. Aprodov. Volcanoes, M.-1982.
- Educational atlas of the world, GUGK, M.-1968.
- Reference map "Indonesia", GUGK, M.-1974.
- A. Kondrashov, Directory of necessary knowledge, M.-2001.
Excerpt describing the Sunda Islands
- Hello! – she said, smiling cheerfully. - I'm Stella. How do you like my world?..- Hello Stella! – I answered carefully. – It’s really very beautiful here. Why do you call him yours?
- But because I created it! – the girl chirped even more cheerfully.
I opened my mouth in shock, but I couldn’t say anything... I felt that she was telling the truth, but I couldn’t even imagine how such a thing could be created, especially speaking about it so carelessly and easily...
- Grandma likes it too. – The girl said enough.
And I realized that she was calling “grandmother” the same unusual old woman with whom I had just had such a nice conversation and who, like her no less unusual granddaughter, put me in real shock...
-Are you completely alone here? – I asked.
“When?” the girl became sad.
- Why don’t you call your friends?
“I don’t have them...” the little girl whispered quite sadly.
I didn’t know what to say, afraid to upset this strange, lonely and such a sweet creature even more.
– Do you want to watch something else? – as if waking up from sad thoughts, she asked.
I just nodded in response, deciding to leave the conversation to her, since I didn’t know what else could upset her and didn’t want to try that at all.
“Look, it was yesterday,” Stella said more cheerfully.
And the world turned upside down... The Crystal City disappeared, and in its place some “southern” landscape blazed with bright colors... My throat caught in surprise.
“And this is you too?” I asked carefully.
She nodded her curly red head proudly. It was very funny to watch her, as the girl was truly and seriously proud of what she managed to create. And who wouldn’t be proud?!. She was a perfect baby who, laughing, casually, created new incredible worlds, and immediately replaced the boring ones with others, like gloves... To be honest, there was something to be shocked about. I tried to understand what was going on here?.. Stella was clearly dead, and her essence was communicating with me all this time. But where we were and how she created these “worlds” of hers was still a complete mystery to me.
– Is there something you don’t understand? – the girl was surprised.
– To be honest, yes! – I exclaimed frankly.
– But you can do much more? – the little girl was even more surprised.
“More?..” I asked, dumbfounded.
She nodded, tilting her red head comically to the side.
-Who showed you all this? – I asked carefully, afraid of accidentally offending her.
- Well, of course, grandma. – As if she said something for granted. – At the beginning I was very sad and lonely, and my grandmother felt very sorry for me. So she showed me how it's done.
And then I finally realized that this was truly her world, created only by the power of her thoughts. This girl didn't even realize what a treasure she was! But my grandmother, I think, understood this very well...
As it turned out, Stella died in a car accident several months ago, in which her entire family also died. All that was left was grandma, for whom there was simply no room in the car that time... And who almost went crazy when she learned about her terrible, irreparable misfortune. But, what was most strange, Stella did not end up, as everyone usually did, on the same levels in which her family was. Her body had a high essence, which after death went to the most high levels Earth. And thus the girl was left completely alone, since her mother, father and older brother were apparently the most ordinary, ordinary people who were not distinguished by any special talents.
– Why don’t you find someone here, where you live now? – I asked again carefully.
– I found... But they are all kind of old and serious... not like you and me. – The girl whispered thoughtfully.
Suddenly she suddenly smiled cheerfully and her sweet little face immediately began to shine like a bright sun.
- Do you want me to show you how to do it?
I just nodded in agreement, very afraid that she would change her mind. But the girl was clearly not going to “change her mind”, on the contrary - she was very happy to have found someone who was almost her same age, and now, if I understood something, she was not going to let me go so easily... This “ perspective" completely suited me, and I prepared to listen carefully about its incredible wonders...
“Everything here is much easier than on Earth,” Stella chirped, very pleased with the attention she received, “you just have to forget about the “level” on which you still live (!) and focus on what you want to see . Try to imagine it very accurately and it will come.
I tried to disconnect from all extraneous thoughts, but it didn’t work. For some reason this has always been difficult for me.
Then, finally, everything disappeared somewhere, and I was left hanging in complete emptiness... A feeling of Complete Peace appeared, so rich in its completeness that it was impossible to experience on Earth... Then the emptiness began to be filled with a fog sparkling with all the colors of the rainbow, which became more and more and became more dense, becoming like a brilliant and very dense ball of stars... Smoothly and slowly, this “ball” began to unravel and grow until it looked like a gigantic sparkling spiral, stunning in its beauty, the end of which was “sprayed” by thousands of stars and went wherever - into an invisible distance... I looked dumbfounded at this fabulous unearthly beauty, trying to understand how and where it came from?.. It couldn’t even occur to me that it was really me who created this in my imagination... And also, I I couldn’t get rid of the very strange feeling that THIS was my real home...
The Sunda Islands are an archipelago in Southeast Asia- This is between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is located between New Guinea and the Malay Peninsula. It consists of large and many small islands, most of which belong to Indonesia. Kalimantan is the northern part of the island belonging to Malaysia. Part of the island belongs to the state of East Timor, a small part to the state of Brunei. There are more than 3,000 islands in the archipelago. The area of the archipelago is 1.6 million km². The islands are divided into the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
The Big ones include Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi. The Lesser Sunda Islands are Bali, Barat Daya, Lombok, Sumbawa, Savu, Timor, Flores. The area of the Greater Sunda Islands is 1.5 million km², the area of the Lesser Islands is 128 thousand km².
Basically, the territory of the islands is mountainous, with quite extensive lowlands in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The archipelago has more than 130 volcanoes and belongs to a zone of seismic activity. The South China and Arafura seas wash the archipelago from the outside. Within the archipelago, the interisland seas are the Java Sea, the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi, Savu, Flores, Banda, Seram, Moluccas, Timor. Equatorial and sea tropical air dominates here, the temperature in January is + 24 ° C, in July + 32 ° C, constantly high humidity, and a large amount of precipitation falls from 2000 to 3000 mm per year. Evergreen forests, with occasional shrouds. The flora and fauna are rich and diverse.
Malay archipelago geographical
Greater Sunda Islands
The Greater Sunda Islands (Indian: Kepulauan Sunda Besar, Sund: Kapuloan Sunda Gedе) are a group of islands within Indonesia. Together with the Lesser Sunda Islands they form the Sunda Archipelago.
The Greater Sunda Islands represent the border between Pacific Ocean(more precisely, one of its seas, the South China Sea) and the Indian Ocean. With a total area of 1.5 million km2 and a population of about 180 million inhabitants, the Greater Sunda Islands are the largest island group in the world (only Greenland is slightly larger in area).
The Greater Sunda Islands include Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali and some others. In total, the Malay Archipelago has about 10,000 islands as part of the Sunda group. The Sunda Archipelago closes the tip of the main fire belt of the Eastern Hemisphere. Indonesia accounts for the most active part of this belt. There are 63 volcanoes here, of which 37 are active.
Noteworthy is the dormant volcano in the southeast of the island of Luzon, called Mayon (“beautiful”). Its height is 2462 m. Over the past 2 centuries, Mayon has erupted about 20 times.
The large number of victims is explained by the fact that the disaster occurred on the very day when believers gathered on the volcano for a sacrifice ceremony that takes place once every 100 years.
The eruption of Tambora (2821 m) on the island of Sumbawa occurred in 1815. 3 years before this disaster, the volcano showed concern. Numerous cracks formed on its slopes near the top, from which jets of hot gas hissed out. Gases in the Tambora volcanic channel exploded on April 5, 1815. The volcano had a height of 4 km, but the explosion tore off its top. Almost 100 km of rock turned into debris, and the height of the hill was reduced by 1200 m. In place of the top of the cone was a very wide caldera, the depth of which reached 700 m and a width of 6 x 6.5 km. A monstrous roar was heard within a radius of 1,400 km - on Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi, Timor and other islands.
The largest Sunda Islands are of considerable age. It is part of the landmass of Southeast Asia, largely built up by volcanoes.
Tremors periodically shake the island of Sumbawa, reminiscent of the 1815 eruption of the region's tallest volcano, Tambora. geological structure which is shown. Tambora's eruption killed 92,000 people.
About 5 million years ago, almost all of these islands had land connections, but when the level of the World Ocean rose significantly at the end of the Ice Age, the land areas immediately became isolated.
The Keli Mutu (Kelimutu) volcano has three craters, each containing a lake with colored water: one is blue, the other is scarlet, the third is milky white. The water in the first two acquired color due to copper and iron salts, and in the third - due to the work of sulfur bacteria.
Since then, volcanic processes have proceeded very rapidly, as a result of which many real volcanic islands have arisen in the vicinity of the former mainland. Violent volcanism, characteristic of many islands from the Sunda group to this day, significantly affects the local topography, changing their outlines.
An archipelago on the southernmost border of Southeast Asia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands, it is part of the Malay Archipelago, which belongs to Indonesia. There are only about 570 Lesser Sunda Islands. They are mainly represented by the six largest ones - Timor, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba. The inhabitants of the island speak 68 dialects, follow the commandments of different religions, but are convinced that ultimately everything in the world depends on the will of the spirits.
COMING FROM THE OCEAN
The Lesser Sunda Islands are one of the most geologically complex and seismically active areas of our planet.
The Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara, meaning "southeastern islands" in Indonesian) archipelago consists of almost 570 islands. 320 of them are so small that they remain nameless. 42 islands are inhabited. The archipelago is usually represented by six of them, the largest being Timor, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) they make up the Malay Archipelago, which in turn is part of Indonesia, the largest in the world island state. From the north the island is washed by the Flores Sea and the Banda Sea, from the south by the Timor Sea and other, smaller seas. Indian Ocean. Eastern part himself big island The Lesser Sunda Islands - Timor is occupied by the independent state of East Timor (we wrote about it in No. 104 of the Atlas), which also includes several small islands off the coast.
Scientists date the beginning of the geological history of the Lesser Sunda octpodod to the Paleocene (about 65.5 million years ago), when some of them appeared on the ocean surface as a result of volcanic processes in earth's crust at the junction of the Australian and Pacific plates. The other part of the archipelago islands is of coral origin. Magma flows that “warmed up” the islands created by underwater volcanoes moved them to the close southern tip of the Eurasian plate. From the interaction of three plates, the islands received new geological metamorphoses, decreased or, on the contrary, grew in size, but finally decided on their location. This can be said about most of the islands of the archipelago, but not about all. The island of Flores, according to some geologists, was once part of the Australian Plate, although others believe that it is of volcanic origin, because it has a volcano, although inactive.
This volcano, Kelimutu (1639 m), has three crater lakes that periodically change color, which is extremely beautiful, but this phenomenon has not yet found a clear scientific explanation. The islands of Sumba, Timor and Babar are also considered splinters of Australia. You just need to keep in mind that not a single geological theory of the origin of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of islands with a visible volcanic history, can be called generally accepted in the scientific world. Most of these theories arose quite recently - at the end of the 20th century. - and still need verification. There is also such a theory: part of the islands of the archipelago are fragments of the Eurasian plate. One way or another, today the islands stand at the junction of the Eurasian and Australian plates and are part of the Sunda mountain arc, which has an external and internal contour and is surrounded by deep oceanic depressions. This arc is considered part of the Himalayan fold system. Between the islands of Bali and Lombok runs the Wallace Line (named after the British geographer and biologist A.R. Wallace, who explored the islands of Indonesia in 1854-1862) - a biogeographic division between the natural systems of South Asia on the one hand and Australia and New Guinea on the other .
The Lesser Sunda Islands are part of an area of tectonic activity called the Pacific Belt (Ring) of Fire. In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted on the island of Sumbawa, which is still considered the most powerful eruption in the world. Its consequences were felt even a year later - 1816 remained in the history of Europe and North America as “a year without summer”: clouds of Tambora volcanic dust that reached these continents were still in charge. At the time of the eruption, Tambora reached a height of 4300 m. Now this figure is 2821 m, but the volcano is active. And the most powerful active volcano in the Lesser Sunda Islands is Rinjani on the island of Lombok. Except Lombok and Sumbawa from large islands The archipelago has significant volcanoes and its most famous island, Bali, has two active volcano: Agung (3142 m) and Batur (1717 m).
The border between Southeast Asia and Australia is marked by the Burma-Javan, or Sunda, mountain arc. It also includes the Lesser Sunda Islands. The northern ridge of the arc includes islands of volcanic origin - Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Dembata. South ridge- Sumba, Kabi, Rota, Timor, traces of volcanic activity are also found on these islands, but very ancient. The small islands of the archipelago are of coral origin. The topography of the large islands is defined by wide, hilly plateaus, cut by fast small rivers with deep valleys.
CALL OF THE ISLANDS
The Lesser Sunda Islands are one of those places on Earth where the merging of different cultures occurred in a particularly whimsical, although to some extent predictable way.
It is believed that Homo erectus (Homo erectus) entered Bali about 1 million years ago, through Sandaland (the Malacca Peninsula, the islands of Kalimantan, Java and Sumatra with adjacent islands). Now these parts of land are located on the continental shelf of Asia, but during the Ice Age they were the southern tip of the continent and the sea level between Java and Bali was much lower, if it existed at all. In addition, there is evidence of development of this species ancient man other islands of Indonesia.
And the most reliable ancient evidence of the development of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens, of the Lesser Sunda Islands is silicon tools, which are about 130 thousand years old, found by archaeologists in East Timor, others, from the bones of elephants that died out here, they are at least 100 thousand years old, on the island of Flores. About 40 thousand years ago, migration to the Indonesian islands from Southeast Asia began. Linguists, based on linguistic analysis of 68 languages of the archipelago, believe that the main wave of migration of tribes of the Austronesian group from New Guinea and Australia occurred about 5,000 years ago.
At the same time, domestic animals appeared on the islands - goats, pigs, dogs, and later - buffalos. About 2000 years ago, Timor was first reached by merchant seafarers from China and India. They were primarily interested in white sandalwood, a local endemic, and, of course, spices. They also delivered these goods to the countries of the Middle East and Egypt. Drums made of bronze (Dongzhong culture) from the Indochina Peninsula, 1st century. BC e. - 1st century, were discovered on the islands of Sumbawa and Roti. In Bali, the first state formations (kingdoms) appeared in the 10th century. In the 13th century Islam comes here, most likely with Arab merchants. In the XII-XIV centuries. The Islamic kingdoms of Java and Sumatra made their claims to the islands more than once, but, as a rule, these claims remained unfounded: the rulers did not have enough strength for conquest. The ancient communal way of life on the islands with rituals of worshiping the spirits of the mountains and underground forces has survived to this day, and Islam is not at all an obstacle to this, nor are Catholicism, Protestantism, brought by Europeans in the 16th-17th centuries, and other religions.
In 1522, Magellan's ships landed in Timor (Magellan himself was killed a year earlier on the Philippine island of Mactan), and in 1610 the Dutch (Dutch East India Company) appeared there. They failed to build a real colony, and they acted on the principle of “divide and conquer,” supporting first one or another local king, and their main interests lay in commerce, for primacy in which they competed with each other. In 1816, Indonesia became part of the Dutch colonies under the name of the Netherlands East Indies. During World War II, in 1942, Japan occupied Indonesia. On August 17, 1945, one of the founders of the Indonesian National Party, Sukarno, proclaimed the independence of Indonesia and himself as its president. After this, wars began between Sukarno's army, first with the British and then with the Dutch troops. The Indonesians won. In 1949, the UN recognized Indonesia's independence.
The main product produced on the islands is rice (primarily in Bali and Lombok). By the middle of the 20th century. The soils of rice plantations began to deplete, and coffee came to the fore in agriculture, and plantations of vanilla, cloves, citrus fruits and exotic flowers expanded. The further development of the Lesser Sunda Islands is primarily related to tourism, which has become an economic priority since the 1970s. Bali is the leading tourist destination. But something interesting can be found on all the islands of the archipelago. And no one will miss the Komodo Islands, where you can watch the huge monitor lizard - the “Komodo dragon”. Lizards of this species also live on other islands - Flores, Rincha, Gili Motang.
FUN FACTS
■ In 2003 on the island. Flores discovered the skeletal remains of a miniature hominid species, about 1 m tall and with a brain volume of about 400 cm3, which is three times smaller than the brain modern man. This species was called Homo flores, although wits immediately attached the nickname “Hobbit” to it. It is assumed that this species appeared about 95 thousand years ago, and became extinct about 12 thousand years ago due to a volcanic eruption.
■ There are about 230 holidays in Bali, and on almost every one of them there are ceremonial processions symbolizing respect for the gods of the invisible world: if you forget about them, misfortunes will begin in the visible world. The processions are always very colorful, thanks also to the colored umbrellas that are extremely popular in Bali. Women carry baskets with gifts to the gods on their heads. And since they have been doing this since early youth, they all have excellent posture.
■ According to the legends of the island of Flores, the three colored lakes of the Kalimutu volcano are colored for a reason: one lake, dark red, absorbs the dark souls of sorcerers, the second, also red, but lighter, absorbs the souls of sinners; in the waters of the third, most beautiful color - azure, rest the souls of the innocent - babies and virgins. Souls are constantly worried, which is why lakes change the shades of their colors.
ATTRACTIONS
■ Timor Island: Kupang (colonial architecture), Taman Wisata Kamplong Nature Reserve.
■ O. Bali: temple complex Pura Besakih (Mother Temple) on the slope sacred mountain Agung, Taman Ayun - main temple the kingdom of Mengwi, the Pura Ulun Danu temple on Lake Bratan, the Tanah Loh temple, the Uluwatu temple, where the kecak dance performance takes place, Goa Gadzha - the temple “in the mouth of the demon”, Buddhist monastery Brahma Vshara Ashram, Botanical Garden in the caldera of Batur volcano, Klungkung Royal House, Git-Git waterfall, Kavi volcano, Bali Museum, Arts Center.
■ O. Lombok: Chakranegara - Hindu temple Pura Meru, temple of three religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) Pura Lingsar, Ampenan - Maritime Museum, Mayura Park. Narmada Royal Garden, Rinjani Volcano, Otokokok Falls.
■ O. Sumbawa: Bima - Sultan's Palace (collection of crowns and daggers decorated with precious stones), Subawa-Besar - royal palace on stilts, Tambora volcano, National Park Mauo.
■ O. Flores: three lakes of the cooled Kelimutu volcano, Larantuka - a Portuguese port on the nearby island of Salor.
■ Komodo Island - excursions to the habitats of the Komodo dragon, which grows up to 3 m in length,
■ Sumba Island: megalithic monuments near the villages of Tarung, Pasunga, Sodan and in the vicinity of the city of Waikabubak.
Atlas. The whole world is in your hands No. 155
In front of you detailed map Western Lesser Sunda Islands with names of cities and settlements in Russian. Move the map while holding it with the left mouse button. You can move around the map by clicking on one of the four arrows in the upper left corner. You can change the scale using the scale on the right side of the map or turning the mouse wheel.
What country is the Western Lesser Sunda Islands in?
The Western Lesser Sunda Islands are located in Indonesia. This is wonderful beautiful place, with its own history and traditions. Coordinates of the Western Lesser Sunda Islands: north latitude and east longitude (show on large map).
Virtual walk
The “little man” figurine above the scale will help you make virtual walk on the cities of the Western Lesser Sunda Islands. By clicking and holding the left mouse button, drag it to any place on the map and you will go for a walk, while inscriptions with the approximate address of the area will appear in the upper left corner. Select the direction of movement by clicking on the arrows in the center of the screen. The “Satellite” option at the top left allows you to see a relief image of the surface. In the "Map" mode you will have the opportunity to familiarize yourself in detail with highways Western Lesser Sunda Islands and main attractions.
