The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political, historical and artistic complex of the city, the official residence of the president Russian Federation. The first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin date back to the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). A Finno-Ugric settlement dating back to the early Iron Age (second half of the 1st millennium BC) was found near the modern Archangel Cathedral.
Below you will see a gorgeous reconstruction in the form of excellent photos that show what the Kremlin looked like 300 and 200 years ago. Before that, let’s take a very brief look at history. Well, the most curious ones will also find a dock. film "The Unknown Kremlin".
In ancient times, at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River and the Moscow River on Cape Borovitsky, the first settlement of the future Moscow appeared. In 1147, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky gave his feast here. This chronicle mention went down in history as the year of the founding of our capital. 
Already at that time, the settlement was surrounded by a rampart and wooden walls. In this place, Yuri Dolgoruky built a fortress in 1156, which became the famous Moscow Kremlin.
Fires in Moscow at that time were not uncommon. In 1337, almost the entire city burned down, so by 1340 the Kremlin was surrounded by new oak walls.
Another fire in 1354 again destroys the Kremlin. A repeat event occurs after another 10 years. The city's rulers were in dire need of solving this problem.
Dmitry Ivanovich decides to surround the Kremlin with stone fortifications. Heavy work began on the delivery of limestone, and since 1368 white stone walls have risen in the city. 
Modern look The Kremlin was formed in 1485-1495 on the initiative of Ivan III. A huge number of the best architects of “all Rus'” were involved in the construction. Also, Italian masters in the field of construction of defensive structures were involved in the construction of the walls and towers of the fortress. The Italians at that time were building Moscow everywhere, but still the original Russian plans were not killed, foreign influence came to naught.
The first Taynitskaya Tower in the Kremlin was built in 1485 by Anton Fryazin. Here, secret passages to the river and a well were provided, providing the defenders of the fortress with water. 
In 1487, the southeastern corner was occupied by the Beklemishevskaya round tower by Marco Fryazin. A little later, all the other Kremlin towers were built. 
Clock of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
The people revered the main gate of the Frolov Tower. People did not pass through them on horseback or with their heads covered. Later Frolovskaya tower was renamed Spasskaya because of the icons of the Savior of Smolensk and the Savior Not Made by Hands placed here. According to documents, the main clock of the state in this tower appeared back in 1491.
In 1625 the clock was replaced with a new one. The master was Khristofor Golovey, and Kirill Samoilov cast 30 bells for them.
The next update of the clock took place under Peter I. With the transition to a single daily count of time, a Dutch clock with 12 divisions was installed on the Spasskaya Tower. But after the fire of 1737, they also had to step down from their honorary post.
The clock of our time was installed in 1852 by the Butenop brothers. 
February revolution at the walls of the Kremlin
Ruby stars of the Moscow Kremlin
In 1935, stars made of stainless steel lined with red gilded copper were installed on the tops of the Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Borovitskaya and Troitskaya towers. In the center of the stars is a 2-meter hammer and sickle emblem, decorated with precious stones. To install the stars, we even had to rebuild the towers a little. One way or another, within two years the stones on the stars faded, and in 1937 a decision was made to install ruby stars.
The Moscow Kremlin is a symbol of the Russian Federation, revered by its entire population and attracts foreign tourists who want to plunge into the history of our great country. 
Scheme of the Moscow Kremlin 
Disguise during the Great Patriotic War 
Photo: mos-kreml.ru
And for the most curious, as promised, a video about the Kremlin:
IN historical center The capital is home to the most recognizable architectural structure of Russia - the Moscow Kremlin. Main feature The architectural ensemble is its fortifying complex, consisting of walls in the form of a triangle with twenty towers.
The complex was built between 1485 and 1499 and is well preserved to this day. It served several times as a model for similar fortresses that appeared in other Russian cities - Kazan, Tula, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod etc. Within the walls of the Kremlin there are numerous religious and secular buildings - cathedrals, palaces and administrative buildings from different eras. The Kremlin was included in the list World Heritage UNESCO in 1990. Together with the adjacent Red Square, which is included in this list, the Kremlin is generally considered the main attraction of Moscow. 
Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin
The architectural ensemble is formed by three temples, in the center is located. The history of the cathedral began in 1475. It is the oldest fully preserved building among all the Kremlin buildings. 
Initially, construction took place in 1326-1327 under the leadership of Ivan I. After completion of construction, the cathedral served as the home church of the Metropolitan of Moscow, who settled in the predecessor of the current Patriarchal Palace. 
By 1472, the now ruined cathedral was destroyed, and then a new building was built in its place. However, it collapsed in May 1474, possibly due to an earthquake or due to errors in construction. A new attempt at revival was made by Grand Duke Ivan III. It was in this cathedral that prayer services were held before important campaigns, kings were crowned and patriarchs were elevated to the rank of patriarchs. 
Dedicated to Archangel Michael, the patron saint of Russian rulers, it was built in 1505 on the site of the church of the same name built in 1333. It was built by the Italian architect Aloisio Lamberti da Montignana. Architectural style combines traditional ancient Russian religious architecture and elements of the Italian Renaissance. 
Located on the southwest corner of the square. A wooden church was built here in 1291, but a century later it burned down and was replaced by a stone church. The white stone cathedral has nine onion domes on its facades and is intended for family ceremonies. 
Cathedral opening hours: 10:00 to 17:00 (closed on Thursday). A single ticket for visits will cost 500 rubles for adults and 250 rubles for children.
Palaces and squares of the Moscow Kremlin
- - These are several representative secular buildings created in different centuries and served as a home for Russian grand dukes and tsars, and in our time for presidents.
- - a five-story building, decorated with richly carved decorative frames, as well as a tiled roof.
- - a building of the 17th century, has preserved rare architectural features of civil architecture of that time. The museum displays jewelry, exquisite tableware, paintings, and royal hunting items. The magnificent iconostasis of the Ascension Monastery, destroyed in 1929, has been preserved.
- - a three-story building made in the early neoclassical style. Initially, the palace was supposed to serve as the residence of the Senate, but in our time it exists as the central working representation of the President of Russia.
Among popular places In the Moscow Kremlin, the following squares should be noted:
Towers of the Moscow Kremlin
The length of the walls is 2235 meters, their maximum height is 19 meters, and their thickness reaches 6.5 meters. 
There are 20 similar in architectural style defensive towers. Three corner towers have a cylindrical base, the remaining 17 are quadrangular. 
Trinity Tower is the highest, rising 80 meters high. 
Lowest - Kutafya Tower(13.5 meters), located outside the wall. 
Four towers have travel gates:
The tops of these 4 towers, which are considered especially beautiful, are decorated with symbolic red ruby stars from the Soviet era. 
The clock on the Spasskaya Tower first appeared in the 15th century, but burned down in 1656. On December 9, 1706, the capital first heard the chimes, which announced a new hour. Since then, many events have happened: wars have been fought, cities have been renamed, capitals have changed, but the famous chimes of the Moscow Kremlin remain the main chronometer of Russia. 
The bell tower (height 81 meters) is the most tall building in the Kremlin ensemble. It was built between 1505 and 1508 and still serves its function for three cathedrals that do not have their own bell towers - Arkhangelsk, Assumption and Annunciation.
Nearby is the small church of St. John, hence the name of the bell tower and the square. It existed until the beginning of the 16th century, then it collapsed and has since become significantly dilapidated. 
The Chamber of Facets is the main banquet hall of the Moscow princes; it is the oldest surviving secular building in the city. Currently, this is the official ceremonial hall for the President of Russia, so it is not open to tours. 
Armory Chamber and Diamond Fund
The chamber was built by order of Peter I to store weapons obtained in wars. Construction was delayed, starting in 1702 and ending only in 1736 due to financial difficulties. In 1812, the chamber was blown up in the war against Napoleon and was reconstructed only in 1828. Now the Armory Chamber is a museum, which can be visited any day of the week from 10:00 to 18:00, except Thursday. Ticket price for adults is 700 rubles, for children – free. 
Here are not only exhibits of the weapons industry, but also the Diamond Fund. The permanent exhibition of the State Diamond Fund first opened in the Moscow Kremlin in 1967. Unique jewelry and precious stones are especially valuable here; most of them were confiscated after the October Revolution. Opening hours are from 10:00 to 17:20 on any day except Thursday. For a ticket for adults you will have to pay 500 rubles, for children it costs 100 rubles. 
The two diamonds on display deserve special attention, as they belong to the most famous examples of this gemstone in the world:
- It is not only the largest medieval fortress in Russia, but also the largest active fortress in all of Europe. Of course, there were more such structures, but the Moscow Kremlin is the only one that is still in use.
- The Kremlin walls were white. The walls “acquired” their red brick at the end of the 19th century. To see the White Kremlin, look for works by 18th or 19th century artists such as Pyotr Vereshchagin or Alexey Savrasov.
- Red Square has nothing to do with the color red. The name comes from the Old Russian word "red", meaning beautiful, and is in no way related to the color of the buildings, which we now know were white until the end of the 19th century.
- The stars of the Moscow Kremlin were eagles. During Tsarist Russia, the four Kremlin towers were topped with double-headed eagles, which have been the Russian coat of arms since the 15th century. In 1935, the Soviet government replaced the eagles, which were melted down and replaced with the five-pointed stars we see today. The fifth star on the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was added later.
- The Kremlin towers have names. Of the 20 Kremlin towers, only two do not have their own names.
- The Kremlin is densely built up. Behind the 2235-meter Kremlin walls there are 5 squares and 18 buildings, among which the most popular are the Spasskaya Tower, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Assumption Cathedral, the Trinity Tower and the Terem Palace.
- The Moscow Kremlin was virtually undamaged in World War II. During the war, the Kremlin was carefully camouflaged to look like a residential building block. The church domes and famous green towers were painted gray and brown respectively, fake doors and windows were attached to the Kremlin walls, and Red Square was encumbered with wooden structures.
- The Kremlin is in the Guinness Book of Records. In the Moscow Kremlin you can see the world's largest bell and the world's largest cannon. In 1735, a bell 6.14 meters high was made from metal casting; the Tsar Cannon, weighing 39.312 tons, was lost in 1586 and was never used in war.
- The stars of the Kremlin always shine. Over the 80 years of its existence, the Kremlin's star lighting has only been turned off twice. The first time was during World War II, when the Kremlin was camouflaged to hide it from bombers. The second time they were turned off was for the film. Oscar-winning director Nikita Mikhalkov filmed a scene for The Barber of Siberia.
- Kremlin watches have deep secret. The secret of the accuracy of the Kremlin watches literally lies under our feet. The clock is connected to the control clock at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute via a cable.
Author: The list of desired points was severely cut - they did not allow photography from the roofs of buildings, they did not allow climbing some towers, but most importantly, the Kremlin wall was left. Walking along the Kremlin walls and climbing inaccessible towers was my long-time dream, and now it has come true! In the first part I will post a walk along the walls of the Kremlin.
01. This is the staircase that leads to the Spasskaya Tower. There are two platforms on the tower, one under the clock, the second above. 
02. Dawn. 
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05. Let's zoom in a little... 
06. View of Red Square from the Spasskaya Tower. 
07. Historical Museum and Mausoleum. 
08. There is a path along the perimeter of the Kremlin wall. Along it there are pipes with some kind of communications, as well as lighting elements and security systems. 
09. Wall. View from the Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower. 
10. Behind the wall, everything is not as beautiful as in the tourist areas. For example, behind the Beklemishevskaya tower there is some kind of garbage. On the left you can see the mount for the Kremlin Christmas tree. 
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13. Symbol of Moscow on the Senate building 
14. As I said, there are spotlights on the wall. It's difficult to walk freely there. 
15. Staircase in one of the towers. Most of the towers are empty inside, where electrical equipment and communications are located. 
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18. Platform on the Taynitskaya Tower. 
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20. Despite the large number of sensors and cameras, city crazy people sometimes try to take the wall by storm. 
21. Annunciation Tower 
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24. Near the Kremlin wall between the Komendatskaya and Trinity towers there is an interesting civil structure from the mid-17th century. - the so-called Amusing Palace. 
25. In the 19th century. The commandant of Moscow lived in the Poteshny Palace; in the 20th century, I.V.’s first Kremlin apartment was here. Stalin (until 1932). The Amusing Palace is the only one preserved in the Kremlin architectural monument boyar housing. 
26. Cameras. 
27. Commandant's Tower 
28. Borovitskaya Tower. Interestingly, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1658, the Borovitskaya tower was renamed the Predtechenskaya tower after the nearby Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist near Bor. However, the old name of the tower still survived and has survived to this day. 
29. My shadow. 
30. View from observation deck Borovitskaya Tower to the Armory Chamber and BKD. 
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33. “House on the Embankment” 
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35. Wall, view from the tower. 
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40. Surprisingly, there is a gate on the wall. Here they are needed so that the musicians of the Presidential Orchestra located in the Trinity Tower cannot escape;) 
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42. And this is a greenhouse in which plants are grown that decorate the interiors of the Kremlin premises. 
43. Here comes the musician. 
44. Arsenal. 
45. There are a lot of inscriptions on the pipes; they were left by the soldiers who served here. 
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47. Eternal flame of glory at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 
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50. Grotto “Ruins” in the Alexander Garden 
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57. The doors in the tower are old) 
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62.And this is the royal tower. A small tower was placed directly on the wall in the 80s of the 17th century between the Spasskaya and Nabatnaya towers of the Kremlin. Its octagonal tent on jug-shaped pillars resembles the porch lockers of stone residential mansions that were common at that time. 
63. The name of the tower is associated with a legend according to which it served as a kind of canopy over the royal throne, from where the sovereign of all Rus' could observe the events taking place on Red Square from the walls of the Kremlin. The view from it is bad. 
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66. Staircase in one of the towers. 
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70. And this is the sunset from the Spasskaya Tower. 
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Irina Viktorovna Pasynkova
Dear colleagues. During the thematic week dedicated to Moscow, the children and I listened to songs about our beloved capital, recited poems, read literary works, carefully examined illustrations and albums with image sights of the main city of the country. Moscow Kremlin- one of the main attractions of the capital, greatest monument history of our Motherland, a brilliant creation of Russian national culture, beautiful and complex architectural ensemble. During the lesson on fine arts the guys learned to draw Kremlin. I suggest you Master Class, in my opinion, not difficult Kremlin images.
On a landscape sheet, mark two horizontal lines with a simple pencil. Bottom line is ground, top line is wall Kremlin. It is located below the middle of the sheet (consolidate knowledge of spatial representations)
In the middle we draw the central tower and columns (consolidate knowledge of geometric shapes)
Now we make the composition in color
Here it is the image of the Kremlin turned out
Publications on the topic:
Developed by: Bedristova Alexandra Aleksandrovna Position: Teacher additional education Educational institution: MBOU DOD Center.
Abstract of a creative lesson in fine arts “Friends for Cheburashka” Summary of a creative lesson in fine arts “Friends for Cheburashka.” Goal: Create conditions for the formation of creative initiative.
Summary of the fine arts lesson “Wonderful Summer” Summary of the lesson in fine arts “Wonderful Summer” Prepared by additional education teacher Evgenia Vladimirovna Chumova.
Summary of a lesson in fine arts “Easter still life” using EOR (with presentation) Purpose of the lesson: To organize the activities of students to consolidate knowledge about the technology of step-by-step drawing and working with a sketch, getting to know each other.
Lesson notes in senior group on fine arts “Autumn Trees” Program content: -educational objectives: continue.
Open combined lesson on folk art and fine arts at school of type 8 “Miracles from a box” Topic: Miracles from a box Form: Lesson - travel Equipment: 1. Exhibition of Easter eggs, drawings 2. Tape recorder 3. Musical instruments.
Lesson plan for fine arts: “Ornament in stripes” Lesson outline in fine arts Type of activity: image on a plane. Educational problem: composition. Lesson topic:.
