- a state on 607 islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The former name is the Caroline Islands.
The name of the country comes from the ancient Greek “micro” and “nesos”, which means “small” and “island”, meaning “micro-island”.
General information about Micronesia
Official name: Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)
Capital - Palikir.
Area - 702 km2.
Population - 130 K people
Administrative division - The state is divided into 4 states: Truk, Kostrae, Ponape, Yap.
Form of government - Republic.
Head of State - The president.
Official language - English (official and interethnic), 8 local languages: Japanese, Voleai, Uliti and Sonsorol, Caroline, Truk, Kosrae, Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi.
Religion - 50% - Catholics, 47% - Protestants, 3% - others ..
Ethnic composition - 41% - Chuukeys, 26% - Popeans, 7 other ethnic groups - 33% ..
Currency - US dollar \u003d 100 cents.
Internet domain : .fm
Mains voltage : ~ 120 V, 60 Hz
Country dialing code: +691
Country Description
Micronesia means "small islands", and this absolutely accurately reflects the essence of this country. Although the islands are firmly tied to the economic and political interests of the United States, Micronesia stubbornly follows its traditional path - a country where people sport loincloths, and stone coins are still in circulation as legal tender. The Micronesians are very proud of their past, especially since they have every right to do so - their ancestors crossed the Pacific Ocean in fragile canoes long before the Europeans entered these waters.
The islands have some of the best diving, snorkelling and surfing conditions in the world and are considered a potential international hub for beach holiday and water sports. The waters around the islands are saturated with many forms of exciting marine life. There are a large number of species of hard and soft corals, anemones, sponges, fish, dolphins and molluscs, including the giant clam tridacnu. Large herds of whales pass through these waters every year. Several species of sea turtle lay their eggs on these shores, and the islanders are allowed to use both turtle meat and eggs for food. The islands are also famous for over 200 species of seabirds.
Climate
The climate of Micronesia is equatorial, more humid in the east of the archipelago, where the cyclone zone passes. Two seasons are conventionally distinguished: dry (January - March) and wet (April - December). From November to December, the northeastern trade winds prevail, the rest of the year the southwestern monsoon winds blow, bringing heavy rainfall. Pohnpei has an average of 300 rainy days a year. Average annual precipitation is 3000–4000 mm. Seasonal fluctuations in air temperature are insignificant, average monthly temperatures are 24-30 ° С. The length of daylight hours is the same throughout the year. The part of the Pacific Ocean, where Micronesia is located, is an area where typhoons originate (on average, there are up to 25 typhoons per year). Typhoon season is from August to December.
Geography
The Federated States of Micronesia is an island country in the western part of Oceania and the Pacific Ocean. It borders on the Palau Islands in the west, the Mariana Islands in the north, and the Marshall Islands in the east. Occupies most of the Caroline Islands (with the exception of Palau). Outside the main island arc are the numerous atolls that make up the country. Micronesia consists of 607 islands, the largest of which are Pohnpei (342 sq. Km), Kosrae (Kusai, 111 sq. Km), Chuuk (126 sq. Km), Yap (118 sq. Km). The total area of \u200b\u200bthe islands is 720.6 sq. km, and the water area - 2.6 million sq. km.
The most mountainous are about. Pohnpei (with the highest point - Mount Ngineni, 779 m), and about. Kosrae (Mount Finkol, 619 m). On about. Yap is dominated by rounded hills; islands Kosrae, Chuuk and Pohnpei - volcanic origin. Most of the islands are low atolls on coral reefs. The most extensive marine lagoon is Chuuk (surrounded by 80 small islands).
Flora and fauna
Volcanic and coral islands differ in the nature of their vegetation. On the coast of volcanic islands - mangroves, coconut trees, bamboo. The coral islands are dominated by coconut palms.
The fauna is represented by bats, rats, crocodiles, snakes, lizards. The world of birds is diverse. Yap, unlike other "high" islands, is of non-volcanic origin, covered with hills and meadows. The waters of the coral reefs and lagoons are rich in fish and sea animals.
Banks and currency
United States dollar (USD) equal to 100 cents. In circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars. And also coins: penny (1 cent), nickel (5 cents), dime (10 cents), quarter (25 cents), half dollar (50 cents) and 1 dollar. The dollar is the country's official currency, so there is no point in importing anything else. American dollar traveler's checks are accepted almost everywhere, and the largest hotels, restaurants and shops accept them as cash. There are no commercial banks in Truk (Chuuk) or Kosrai, so make sure you have enough cash before traveling to these islands. Credit cards are widely accepted in Pohnpei and are increasingly used in Truk and Yap.
Micronesia is inhabited by Micronesians, only on the outskirts of the state - Kapingamarangi atoll - Polynesians prevail. The Micronesians were formed as a result of a mixture of representatives of the Australoid and Mongoloid races. They are of medium height, relatively dark, brownish, skin color, hair can be wavy, straight or curly.
The population density is quite high - 155 people / km2. The age composition of the population indicates the youth of a significant part of the country's inhabitants: 37-60-3. The average life expectancy of the islanders is growing and is now about 70 years.
Micronesia has a high birth rate, reaching 25 people per 1000 inhabitants, and a very low mortality rate - 5 people per 1000 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the country's population is declining somewhat. This is due to the negative migration balance of 21 people per 1000 inhabitants.
The difficult economic situation of Micronesia, rather high unemployment and limited opportunities for higher education are forcing local residents to leave the island. They are changing their exotic calm corner of the Pacific Ocean for the bustle and wide opportunities of developed countries.
The population of Micronesia professes Christianity, 50% of the islanders consider themselves Catholics, 47% of the population consider themselves to be Protestants. About 1% of the population remains adherents of local traditional beliefs.
Micronesian cities are home to 29% of Micronesians. The capital of the Federated States of Micronesia - Palikir - is located on the island of Pohnpei. For a long time, very few residents lived here, but after the US government financed the design and construction of the capital, the city's population has grown and now stands at 7 thousand people. Here the government and the National Congress of the state sit, modern airport and a seaport.
The main part of the city is made up of small two-story houses, the architecture of which is reminiscent of local traditions. It is noteworthy that they were built taking into account the direction of the trade winds and the incidence of sunlight.
Federated States of Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia) is a state in Oceania located in the Caroline Islands, north of the shores of New Guinea.
Formally independent since November 3, 1986, the country remains closely associated with the United States ("free association with the United States" status) and is heavily dependent on American economic aid. Under the Association Agreement, the United States is obliged to provide defense and financially subsidize the FSM.
Geography
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) state in Pacific, is located in the northwestern part of Oceania in the Caroline Islands archipelago. between 0 and 14 ° N and 136 and 166 ° E. about 2,500 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands, lying just above the equator. It is a state consisting of 607 small islands, only 40 of which are significant in size. Of the 607 islands, 65 are inhabited. FSM Consists of four states: Yap, Chuuk (formerly Truk), Pohnpei (formerly Ponape) and Kosrae (formerly Kusae). The capital is the city of Palikir on the island. Pohnpei. Although the country's total land area is only 270.8 square kilometers, it covers over 1 million square kilometers in the Pacific Ocean. Each of the four states consists of one or more high islands, usually of volcanic origin, and all but Kosrae include numerous atolls. Chuuk State - The total area is 49.2 square kilometers and includes seven major island groups. The state of Pohnpei covers an area of \u200b\u200b133.4 square kilometers of which 130 is on Pohnpei Island, the FSM's largest island. Yap State consists of 4 large islands, seven small islands and 134 atolls, with a total land area of \u200b\u200b45.6 square kilometers. Kosrae State is one tall island with an area of \u200b\u200b42.3 square kilometers.
All large islands of volcanic origin, mountainous, covered with forest, surrounded by coral reefs. Others are atolls - ring-shaped coral islands enclosing a shallow lagoon inside. The highest point is Mount Nana-Laud (on Pohnpei Island, 798 m). Main languages: English (official), Japanese, Truk, Pohnpei, Kosrae. The islands are connected by sea and by air... There is a maritime connection with the western coast of the USA, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Guam, and an air connection with Guam, Hawaii, Nauru, and Japan.
Climate
The climate is equatorial and subequatorial, trade wind-monsoon type. Seasonal temperature fluctuations are negligible. Average monthly temperatures are 26-33 °. There are often heavy rains here. The wettest month is April. Precipitation falls from 2250 mm to 3000-6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusap) per year. The part of the Pacific Ocean, where Micronesia is located, is the area where typhoons (terrible seasonal cyclones) originate with an average of 25 typhoons per year. Typhoon season is from August to December. Typhoons are characterized by a destructive hurricane wind, the speed of which reaches 240 kilometers per hour.
Evergreen tropical forests, savannas; the large coral islands are dominated by coconut and pandanus.
Population
The population is 107.2 thousand people (estimate for July 2010).
Annual decline - 0.28% (high level of emigration from the country).
Birth rate - 22.6 people. for 1000 people (fertility - 2.8 births per woman)
Mortality rate - 4.4 people. for 1000 people
Emigration - 21 people for 1000 people
Average life expectancy is 69 years for men and 73 years for women.
Ethnic composition: Chuuk - 48.8%, Ponape - 24.2%, Kosrae - 6.2%, Yap - 5.2%, Yap of the outer islands - 4.5%, Asians - 1.8%, Polynesians - 1 , 5%, others - about 8% (2000 census).
Languages: English (official and inter-ethnic communication), 8 local languages.
Religions: Catholics - 50%, Protestants - 47%, others - 3%.
The literacy of the population is 89%.
History
In all likelihood, the Micronesians began arriving on these islands from Asia in the second millennium BC. e. A monument to the pre-colonial period of history is the Nan Madol complex, located on the island of Ponape.
By the time the European colonization of the islands began, the local population was at the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system. Society was subdivided into a number of social groups that were unequal in their position. Large territorial associations have emerged on some of the island groups, although states have not yet been created.
The Caroline Islands were discovered by the Spaniards in 1527. In the 17th century, Spain declared the Carolines its possession, but actual control over the archipelago was not established. In 1885, Germany announced its claims to the Caroline Islands, and a German flag was hoisted on one of the islands. Spain turned to international arbitration, and Pope Leo XIII, elected arbiter, awarded the islands to Spain.
In 1899, Germany bought the Caroline Islands from Spain.
During the First World War in 1914, the islands were captured by Japan, after the end of the war under the Treaty of Versailles, the islands were given to Japan as a "mandate territory". The Japanese created large sugar plantations there, and the policy of resettling the Japanese to the Carolina was actively pursued. Locals were subjected to forced assimilation by the Japanese.
During World War II, the Carolines were occupied by the United States, which, since 1947, ruled them under a UN mandate as part of the Pacific Islands Trust Territory.
In 1978, the Caroline Islands received the status of "freely associated with the United States territory" (the agreement was signed in 1982).
Since November 3, 1986, the Federated States of Micronesia is a sovereign state in free association with the United States. This status means that the United States is responsible for the defense of the FSM and is committed to financially subsidizing the FSM.
State structure
Micronesia is a federal state consisting of 4 states with their own governments: Chuuk (formerly Truk), Kosrae, Pohnpei (Ponape) and Yap. States have a high degree of independence in almost all spheres of public life.
The 1979 Constitution is in effect, modeled on the US Constitution.
According to the form of government, FShM is a republic of a special type. The political regime is democratic. There are no political parties.
Legislative power belongs to the federal unicameral parliament - the FSM National Congress, which consists of 14 senators (4 senators are elected by one from each state for a term of 4 years, 10 in single-member districts with approximately equal number of voters for a term of 2 years).
The head of state and government is the President, elected by members of the FSM National Congress from among 4 state senators for a term of 4 years. The Vice President is elected at the same time. The state structure of the states is established by their own constitutions and is generally similar to the federal one.
There are no armed forces.
Administrative divisions
FSM consists of 4 states.
Economy
GDP per capita in 2008 was $ 2.2 thousand (183rd place in the world).
Economic activities are mainly agriculture and fishing. The coconut palm, vegetables and fruits, bananas, tapioca, black pepper are cultivated. Pigs, goats, dogs (for meat), chickens are bred.
Industry - processing of agricultural products, soap mills, sawmills, boat manufacturing.
Export goods ($ 14 million) are fish, copra, black pepper, bananas, souvenirs (mainly to Japan and the USA).
Imported ($ 133 million) - food, industrial goods (mainly from the USA and Japan).
The islands have no mineral resources other than phosphates. There is potential for the tourism business, but its development is hampered by the remoteness of the islands, the inadequacy of the appropriate structures and the underdevelopment of air communication with the outside world.
Under the terms of a free association agreement, the US allocated $ 1.3 billion to FSM between 1986 and 2001. Then the amount of annual aid was reduced, but constant multimillion-dollar cash receipts from the United States were promised until 2023.
It is a member of the international organization of the ACP countries.
state located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. It has the status of a "freely associated" state with the United States. A former United Nations Trust Territory under US administration. The agreement on "free association" with the USA was signed in October 1982, entered into force on November 3, 1986. UN member since September 17, 1991. The capital is Colonia (Palikir).
The form of government is a federation. Each state has its own legislature.
Administrative division - 4 states.
The Constitution of May 10, 1979 is in force. The head of state is the president, elected by universal suffrage for a term of 4 years. Legislature - The Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia is composed of 14 deputies, elected for a term of 2 years, with the exception of four deputies elected for a term of 4 years from each of the four states.
Executive power is exercised by the president and government. The government includes the country's vice president, as well as several department secretaries. There is no ministerial post. (A.K.)
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Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia State structure Legal system Judicial system. Control Authorities An island nation in the Pacific Ocean, including the Central and Eastern Caroline Islands and Kapingamargaga Atoll. Territory - 701.4 sq. km. The capital is Palikir. Population - 140 thousand people. (1998), predominantly Micronesians. The official language is English. Religion - Most believers are Christians. In the XVII-XIX centuries. Micronesia belonged to Spain, in 1898-1914. Germany, since 1920 - a mandated territory of Japan, since 1947 a trust territory of the United Nations under the control of the United States. Since 1986 - a state "freely associated" with the United States. This status means that the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has full sovereignty, excluding defense issues, which remain the prerogative of the United States. In 1991 he was admitted to the UN. Government Micronesia is a federal state, consisting of 4 states with their own governments: Chuuk (formerly Truk), Kosrae, Pohnpei (Ponape) and Yap. States have a high degree of independence in almost all spheres of public life. The 1979 Constitution is in effect, modeled on the US Constitution. According to the form of government, FShM is a republic of a special type. The political regime is democratic. There are no political parties. Legislative power belongs to the federal unicameral parliament - the FSM National Congress, which consists of 14 senators (4 senators are elected by one from each state for a period of 4 years, 10 in single-member districts with an approximately equal number of voters for a period of 2 years). The head of state and government is the President, elected by members of the FSM National Congress from among 4 state senators for a period of 4 years. The Vice President is elected at the same time. The state structure of the states is established by their own constitutions and is generally similar to the federal one. Legal system The legal system of Micronesia is based on US law. In certain spheres of relations (land, family, hereditary), the norms of local customary law also operate, the role of which is recognized by the Constitution. Labor law in Micronesia has not received significant development, as the country has a small number of employees. The constitution and legislation do not directly enshrine the right to form trade unions, strike and collective bargaining, and do not limit working hours. By 2000, not a single trade union had been formed in the FSM. The Federation and the states continue to use the Pacific Islands Trust Territory Criminal Code imposed by the US administration. Everyone uses their own version of this act, to which they independently make amendments. Yap State has adopted the US Model Criminal Code. The main difference from the United States in the field of criminal law is the prohibition of the death penalty established by the FSM Constitution (Article IV Section 9). The FSM's Constitutional Bill of Rights includes procedural guarantees of individual rights in criminal proceedings that closely replicate the relevant provisions of the US Constitution. The system of the adversarial process borrowed from the USA contradicts the national traditions of the Micronesians. As a result, a large number of criminal cases do not go to courts, but are resolved through conciliation procedures with the participation of the families of the perpetrator and the victim in accordance with local customs. Judicial system. Control bodies The judicial system is headed by the FSM Supreme Court, composed of 3 judges, sitting in two divisions: first instance and appeal. This is the only federal court. Supreme Court justices are appointed by the President of the FSM for life with the approval of Congress. Each FSM state has its own Supreme Court with a similar structure. Only in the state of Kosrae does not have an appeal department - this function is performed by the Supreme Court. There are also a small number of local (municipal) courts on the islands. The prosecution system is headed by the attorney general, who is both the head of the justice department (a member of the Cabinet) and the chief legal adviser to the government. Since 1991, the vast majority of cases have come under state jurisdiction. All states, except Kosrae, recognize the institution of traditional leaders who play a significant role in resolving disputes of various kinds. The supreme audit institution is the public auditor appointed by the President on the advice and consent of Congress for a period of 4 years.
Geography
Geographic device
Geographically Micronesia is divided into:
Of these, Western Carolina and Mariana islands - volcanic. The largest of the Marianas is the island of Guam, the capital is Agana. The locals divide the archipelago into two parts - Ratak (sunrise islands) and Ralik (sunset islands).
The largest atolls: Bikini (Eshsholtsa), Rongelap (Rimsky-Korsakov), Maloelap (Arakcheeva), Majuro, Eniwetok (Brown), Kusai, Uliti, Tarava, etc., as well as the Senyavin Islands (the largest of them is Ponape) and Truk Islands ... Some of them have two names, including Russian. This is the memory of the Russian expedition led by Otto Kotzebue.
State structure
Micronesia is currently divided into several states.
Micronesia in computer games
Apparently, because of the size of the islands, Micronesia really liked the creators of the Crysis and Far Cry games: the action of these games takes place there.
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Excerpt from Micronesia
- Have you ever thought about marrying your prodigal son Anatole? They say, she said, that the old girls are ont la manie des Marieiages. [have a mania to marry.] I still do not feel this weakness behind me, but I have one petite personne [little person] who is very unhappy with her father, une parente a nous, une princesse [our relative, princess] Bolkonskaya. - Prince Vasily did not answer, although with the speed of thought and memory characteristic of secular people he showed with a movement of his head that he had taken this information into consideration.“No, you know that this Anatole costs me 40,000 a year,” he said, apparently unable to keep the sad train of his thoughts. He paused.
- What will happen in five years if it goes like this? Voila l "avantage d" etre pere. [This is the benefit of being a father.] Is she rich, your princess?
- Father is very rich and stingy. He lives in the village. You know, this famous prince Bolkonsky, dismissed under the late emperor and nicknamed the Prussian king. He is a very intelligent man, but odd and heavy. La pauvre petite est malheureuse, comme les pierres. [The poor thing is unhappy as stones.] She has a brother, that's what he recently married Lise Meinen, Kutuzov's adjutant. He will be with me today.
- Ecoutez, chere Annette, [Listen, dear Annette,] - said the prince, suddenly taking his interlocutor by the hand and bending it down for some reason. - Arrangez moi cette affaire et je suis votre [Arrange this business for me, and I am forever yours] the most faithful slave a tout jamais pan, comme mon headman m "ecrit des [as my headman writes to me] reports: rest er n !. She is good surnames and rich. All that I need.
And he, with those free and familiar, graceful movements that distinguished him, took the maid of honor by the hand, kissed her and, kissing, waved the maid of honor, lounging on the armchairs and looking away.
“Attendez [Wait],” Anna Pavlovna said, thinking. - Today I will speak Lise (la femme du jeune Bolkonsky). [with Liza (the wife of the young Bolkonsky).] And maybe it will be settled. Ce sera dans votre famille, que je ferai mon apprentissage de vieille fille. [I'll start learning the craft of an old girl in your family.]
Anna Pavlovna's living room began to fill up little by little. The highest nobility of St. Petersburg arrived, people of the most heterogeneous age and character, but the same in the society in which they all lived; the daughter of Prince Vasily arrived, the beautiful Helen, who had stopped by for her father to go with him to the messenger's holiday. She was wearing a cipher and a ball gown. Known as la femme la plus seduisante de Petersbourg [the most charming woman in St. Petersburg,], a young, little princess Bolkonskaya, who got married last winter and now did not go out into the big world because of her pregnancy, but still went on small evenings, also arrived. Prince Ippolit, the son of Prince Vasily, arrived with Mortemar, whom he introduced; Abbot Morio and many others also arrived.
- Have you seen it yet? or: - are you not familiar with ma tante [my aunt]? - Anna Pavlovna said to the visiting guests and very seriously led them to a little old woman in high bows, who swam out from another room, as soon as guests began to arrive, she called them by name, slowly moving her eyes from the guest to ma tante [aunt], and then walked away.
All the guests performed the ceremony of greeting the unknown, uninteresting and unnecessary aunt. Anna Pavlovna with sad, solemn participation followed their greetings, silently approving them. Ma tante spoke to everyone in the same terms about his health, about her health and about the health of Her Majesty, which, thank God, was better today. All those who approached, out of decency without showing haste, with a feeling of relief from the heavy duty they had fulfilled, left the old woman so that they would never come to her all evening.
The young princess Bolkonskaya arrived with work in an embroidered gold velvet bag. Her pretty, with a slightly blackened mustache, the upper lip was short across the teeth, but the lovelier it opened and the lovelier it sometimes stretched out and sank onto the lower one. As is always the case with quite attractive women, her lack - the shortness of her lips and a half-open mouth - seemed to be her special, her own beauty. It was fun for everyone to look at this pretty future mother, full of health and liveliness, who so easily endured her position. It seemed to the old people and bored, gloomy young people who looked at her that they themselves were becoming like her, having been and having talked for a while with her. Whoever spoke to her and saw at every word her bright smile and sparkling white teeth, which were seen incessantly, thought that he was especially kind today. And everyone thought that.
The little princess, waddling over, with small quick steps walked around the table with a work bag on her hand and, merrily straightening her dress, sat down on the sofa, near the silver samovar, as if everything she did was part de plaisir [entertainment] for her and for everyone those around her.
"J" ai apporte mon ouvrage [I took over the job], "she said, unrolling her reticule and addressing everyone together.
- Look, Annette, ne me jouez pas un mauvais tour, - she turned to the hostess. - Vous m "avez ecrit, que c" etait une toute petite soiree; voyez, comme je suis attifee. [Don't play a trick on me; you wrote to me that you have a very small evening. See how badly I am dressed.]
And she spread her arms to show her, in lace, gray graceful dress, belted with a wide ribbon a little below the breasts.
“Soyez tranquille, Lise, vous serez toujours la plus jolie [Be calm, you will all be the best],” Anna Pavlovna answered.
"Vous savez, mon mari m" abandonne, "she continued in the same tone, addressing the general," il va se faire tuer. Dites moi, pourquoi cette vilaine guerre, [You know, my husband is leaving me. Going to die. Tell why this nasty war,] - she said to Prince Vasily and, without waiting for an answer, turned to the daughter of Prince Vasily, to the beautiful Helen.
- Quelle delicieuse personne, que cette petite princesse! [What a lovely person this little princess is!] - said Prince Vasily quietly to Anna Pavlovna.
Soon after the little princess entered a massive, fat young man with a bobbed head, glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill and a brown tailcoat. This fat young man was the illegitimate son of the famous Catherine grandee, Count Bezukhoi, who was now dying in Moscow. He has not served anywhere yet, just arrived from abroad, where he was brought up, and was for the first time in society. Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, referring to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. But, in spite of this inferior greeting in its kind, at the sight of Pierre entering, Anna Pavlovna's face depicted anxiety and fear, similar to that which is expressed at the sight of something too huge and unusual for a place. Although, indeed, Pierre was somewhat larger than the other men in the room, this fear could only refer to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguished him from everyone in this drawing room.
