The ship's premises for the crew and passengers are divided into residential, public, domestic, household and medical.
Living spaces. On cargo ships, they usually use the middle superstructure and the deckhouses located in it. On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and deckhouses, but also in the spaces between decks.
Cabins are the main type of accommodation on ships. The command staff is accommodated in single cabins, and the private - in single or double cabins.
Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure, and four-bed cabins of class III - on the lower decks. 
Vessels making short voyages or voyages with frequent port calls may carry passengers in common areas with seating.
Living quarters are equipped with furniture and equipment. In the cabins of the command staff, as well as in the passenger cabins of classes I and II, sofas and washbasins are installed. The berths can be one or two-tiered; a table, chairs and wardrobes are also installed.
On ships, the corridor system is most often used. Doors leading to the corridor open inward
cabins so as not to hamper the movement of people along the corridors. Only the doors of public spaces should open outward, which speeds up exit from these spaces in the event of an accident.
Public spaces. On cargo ships, these include a dining room for the crew and a wardroom for officers. Usually next to the dining room is the salon, which is separated from it by a sliding bulkhead. This allows you to use both rooms for mass events.
Modern cargo ships have swimming pools, gyms, lounges
and other premises that significantly improve the living conditions of the crew.
There are much more public spaces on passenger ships. There are canteens, restaurants, smoking and music salons, cafes, bars, a cinema hall, reading rooms, sports halls, swimming pools, children's play areas, etc. Sufficient
the area of open decks or verandas intended for passengers to walk.
Domestic premises. These include latrines (latrines), washrooms, bathrooms, baths, showers, etc. They use rooms that, as a rule, do not have natural light. Not far from the bathhouse there is a room for overalls, equipped with personal wardrobes. Sometimes there are drying cabinets.
Business premises. On cargo ships, the galley (kitchen) is a small room equipped with a stove, a table, a cube for boiling water, shelves and cupboards for dishes. The galley of a passenger ship is large and may sometimes consist of a number of separate rooms. Close to the galley there are pantries for food storage. They are equipped with racks, cabinets, refrigerated chambers.
Medical premises . These include an outpatient clinic, a hospital, an isolation ward, etc. The size of these rooms and the number of beds depend on the number of crew and the category of the vessel. Medical rooms are usually located in isolation from other rooms with separate independent exits to the open deck. The hospital and the isolation ward have their own separate sanitary block (latrine, bath, shower).
Today there will be a story about one unusual and little-known way of traveling. If you are not a marine specialist, not a sailor’s wife, and in general you don’t have relatives plowing the open spaces, but there is an idea to plunge into the atmosphere of the life of a merchant ship, then I will tell you the following - to make a wish come true, there is a great way to feel the romance of the sea and if you have enough patience and then travel around the world.
Yes, yes, tickets for container ships and other merchant ships in the modern world, greedy for money, are also sold to everyone. Traveling on a merchant ship is called container trip or freight trip. Here we will talk about such an original form of recreation.
Traveling on a merchant ship is a relatively young way to experience the world. The first "cruise" ships appeared in 1959 on the Great Lakes. Over time, this type of travel in countries with decaying capitalism has become a fairly popular way to spend a lot of money and break away from annoying reality. According to statistics in 2010, about 10 million people chose to travel on a merchant ship as their main form of recreation. The indicator, of course, is not so hot, compared with the pilgrimage of compatriots to Turkey. But you can get a hundred times more impressions from traveling on a merchant ship than just warming your beer belly on the beach a la all inclusive.
How everything happens.
Special companies are engaged in organizing this type of recreation and selling tickets for merchant ships. Naturally, you should not contact the captain of the ship you like directly. The captain has many other concerns and does not organize a cruise for passengers. German container operator Hamburg Sud,NSB, Italian Grimaldi Lines or freighter-cruises.com- this is where you need to go if you have a lot of free time, you are an avid extreme traveler and the owner of a few extra thousand euros. Unfortunately, I do not know a single Russian, let alone Ukrainian company that organizes sea tours of such kind. Therefore, I will build on the information on these English-language resources.
The aforementioned offices will provide all the comprehensive information: necessary documents, routes, ships, types of cabins and how much such a trip can cost. Just visit the company's website and ask a question about the time and route you are interested in. The company will select the best solution for you. If you have decided on the time of the cruise on a merchant ship, then take care of booking places in advance. The optimal period is two months. It is worth noting that some companies do not include port charges. And that's a couple of hundred dollars. So please clarify.
Price such a cruise on a merchant ship ranges from 65 to 140 euros per day. At early booking some companies give discounts up to 35%, plus seasonal discounts - winter flights through North Atlantic cheaper than in summer. Why is quite obvious :)
A pleasant surprise for students. As always, they are given fabulous opportunities. Some companies provide tours on the inland rivers of Europe on small bulk carriers. By the way, they are allowed to earn extra money.
Routes.
The most diverse: Mediterranean, Europe, America, South Africa, round trip or circumnavigation. Flights are carried out all over the world to countries with a developed container turnover. Therefore, it is practically impossible to get to Chukotka, for example. It all depends on the thickness of the purse of a lover of sea adventures. In truth, if you look at the proposed routes and prices, it becomes quite obvious that travel will not come cheap. But nevertheless, if there is a supply, then there is a demand, and the average ten million tourists cannot be wrong.
When booking, you must specify the type of vessel and its parking in intermediate ports. Container ships are quite nimble ships and are unloaded and loaded in less than a day. Each shipping company has its own agent in the ports of call, who will be happy to meet you and help you plunge into the local culture: organize transport and excursions. Ask in advance. Many companies offer a stopover, which is very convenient - after resting for a few days, for example, in Cape Town, you can continue your unforgettable voyage on the next ship.
Here are some typical routes on merchant ships. For example, Grimaldi flights to mediterranean sea: 10 countries in 28 days at a price of 1700 euros. The route - Antwerp, Gebze, Istanbul, Gemlik, Felixstowe, Antwerp for 21 days on board a huge container ship will cost around 1900 euros.
But a round-the-world trip is much more expensive. Antwerp - Hamburg - Genoa - Suez Canal - Jakarta - Singapore - Vietnam - Shanghai, Dalian, Hong Kong, Qingdao - Masan - Yokohama - Panama - USA (Houston, New Orleans, Philadelphia) - Antwerp. Duration 3 months for a modest $ 10,000.
If you have a great desire to see polar bears not only in the zoo, but also with your own eyes, then you can buy a ticket for an icebreaker and go to the North Pole to freeze your ass. But the prices for such a cruise are simply exorbitant. Although who is not afraid financial expenses visit northpolevoyages.com.
Documentation.
A compatriot who decides to go on this kind of trip needs to worry about visas in advance. If boarding a ship in Hamburg, then you need a Schengen visa and so on along the chosen route. No visa - you will sit on the ship and, out of boredom, communicate with the watchman at the gangway. The company provides insurance in case of emergency evacuation of a passenger, for health reasons, injury and similar troubles.
There are age restrictions. Travel is possible for passengers from 8 to 79 years old. If the ship plans to cross hot countries, then a yellow fever vaccination will be required. Due to the total reduction in crews on modern ships, there are unfortunately no doctors and pretty young nurses in white coats over their naked bodies. The duties of the ship's first-aid kit, nurse, therapist, dentist, surgeon and, in especially advanced cases, the pathologist are assigned to a couple of strong shoulders of one of the ship's officers. Therefore, it is necessary to be friends with him and be sure to provide a freshly passed medical examination upon arrival on the ship, and also to clarify what are the contraindications for nutrition, allergies, do you write at night, do you hear from time to time "voices" insistently demanding to plunge into the endless depths of the sea and other hemorrhoids. On the ship they should know what surprises the passenger brethren will bring with them.
In addition, upon arrival on the ship, you will receive a comprehensive briefing on where the life jacket is located, where to run and what to do in case of a pirate attack, fire or a sudden interruption of the cruise in the form of a hole below the waterline.
Meals for passengers according to the schedule, as for the crew. Baggage is not limited, but not more sizes your cabin. You can bring a car with you, but it is registered as cargo. If you book a cruise in advance - you will travel on the same ship, if late - the guarantee is very large that on different ones.
Any cats, dogs, trained cockroaches, prodigy hamsters and other birds are categorically not welcome on the ship.
Many long distance flights cross several climate zones, so cloth- from bikinis to warm jackets. Feel the beauty of transatlantic travel - the ship's clocks change every day for a week. When you get home, you will tell those who moan twice a year because of the change of clocks, how you staunchly fought the space-time continuum while crossing the date line.
What to do.
On the ship, everything is rather boring and monotonous. There are no casinos, no girls on the ship, and sex with the crew is prohibited for humanitarian reasons. All agencies recommend taking maps, books in your native language and a bunch of DVDs with films or tutorials. A consoling plus is that modern merchant ships, for the most part, have a sauna, a swimming pool, a gym, and if you're very lucky, even wireless Internet. All these nuances are indicated in the route description on the company's website. In addition, communication with an international crew and other retired fellow travelers will help expand the horizons of the worldview to a truly universal scale.
A tangible plus in the ship's pastime is the opportunity to buy products from the captain of the alcoholic beverage industry at duty-free prices in order to brighten up the tiring evenings of the transition between ports.
Living conditions. You are provided with a cabin. It can be single or double. In many companies, their cost is almost the same. Some companies sell space, some sell cabins. That is, a double will cost you half if someone else settles in it. All cabins have shower, bathroom, TV, refrigerator, office and bedroom - as good hotel room. Don't forget a good travel companion. Cabin options:
When booking, specify whether the windows of your cabin will be blocked by containers, otherwise, instead of the sea-ocean, you will have an industrial landscape that can greatly spoil your mood. Roughly like this:
Cabins are cleaned by a steward. If you give him a couple of money, then he will approach his duties more carefully and quickly, and also bring beer on demand.
To me, as a person closely connected with the sea, travels of this kind seem a little dull, because I have seen enough of such beauties to the very cloth. It is another matter for a simple layman far from marine life to spend several unforgettable weeks plowing the seas-oceans, cross the equator, feel the elements of the sea, see countries and continents will be very informative. This trip will be for connoisseurs active rest in its own way, a unique opportunity to plunge into ship life, as well as get a total recovery of the whole organism, enjoying the sea air.
Stems, sternposts
The bow and stern ends are limited by the stem and stern, respectively. The stem takes on blows, is divided in height into several parts, which are connected by welding. Decks and side stringers, reaching the stem, are welded to the horizontal ribs of the stem - brackets (triangular, trapezoidal sheets). The vertical keel is welded to the longitudinal stiffener of the stem.
Sternpost - the aft end serves as one of the supports of the stern tube, which passes through a hole in the sternpost apple, located in its front post, called the star post. The sternpost also serves as a support for the rudder, which rotates on pins connected to its vertical strut - the rudder post. Starnpost and ruderpost are connected in the upper part with an arch, and in the lower part with a sole, thus closing the sternpost window.
Stern tubes, mortars
The stern tube serves to support the propeller shaft and provides water tightness where it exits the hull. At one end, the pipe is connected to the bulkhead of the sternpost, and at the other end, to the sternpost. An oil seal is installed at the junctions with the afterpeak bulkhead.
Mortars provide impermeability at the points of exit from the hull of side propeller shafts of multi-shaft vessels. The tightness is provided by a stuffing box of the same type as that of the stern tube, which is installed at the forward end of the mortar.
Classification of ship spaces
The ship's premises are divided into control posts - the crew keeps watch or performs work (navigation and wheelhouse, central control room of the power plant, fire extinguishing station, etc.); living quarters (cabins, dining rooms, wardrooms, sanitary and hygienic); service premises (galley, pantries, etc.); cargo spaces (holds, tweendecks); machine rooms (MKO, RO, RMU); Storage of fuel, oil, water (tanks, cisterns); industrial premises (fish shop, canning shop).
The premises are located in the main building, superstructures, wheelhouses. In the main hull, the rooms are formed by decks, platforms, partitions, transverse watertight bulkheads. The rooms are called compartments.
1. Forepeak - extreme bow compartment. Located: chain box, fresh water tank, pantries.
2. Afterpeak - extreme aft compartment. Located: fresh water tanks, tiller compartment, stern tube room, supply storerooms.
3. Double-bottom space - the space of a double bottom, divided into compartments for receiving liquid cargo.
4. Holds - cargo spaces between the double bottom plating and the nearest deck.
5. Tween decks - cargo spaces between adjacent decks.
6. Deep tanks - deep tanks located above the double bottom, from side to side, serve to store fuel, ballast, boiler water.
7. Cofferdams - narrow dry compartments located between fuel tanks and
adjacent compartments.
8. MKO - the room where the power plant is located.
9. Propeller shaft tunnel - a room where the shafting passes.
10. RO, RMU, living quarters, ship storerooms.
Arrangement and equipment of ship premises
Cargo hold without refrigeration. On the flooring of the second bottom, bars are laid and fixed - logs, and on them the flooring is eaten (fixed and removable). There are sewer wells. The refrigerated hold is equipped with insulation.
Propeller shaft tunnel. The expansion of the tunnel is called a recession. Entrance to the tunnel through the clinket door.
The helmsman's, navigator's, and trade cabins are the ship's control posts. In the wheelhouse there is a rudder control post (autopilot), a main engine control panel, navigation and fish-searching equipment, etc. In the chart table for laying the course. The wheelhouse, as a rule, is combined with the commercial cabin, control panels for winches are added.
Fish shop under the fishing deck (processing and freezing equipment).
Cabins: single, double, quadruple (lighting, air conditioning).
Waterproof closures
These include watertight doors, portholes, clinket latches, manhole covers, which ensure the watertightness of the hull, superstructures, deckhouses. Watertight doors are clinket and hinged. Clinker doors are installed in watertight bulkheads below the waterline with a remote drive. It can be closed if water flows through it under pressure. On the open deck, the doors are hinged with rubber seals and wedge gates.
Portholes - round and rectangular for natural light and ventilation. The porthole is a hinged frame with thick glass, closed with wing nuts. There are deaf windows that do not open. The impermeability of the portholes is ensured by rubber seals.
sensible things
Particular things - metal or plastic structures of the hull parts that are not part of the hull set, but are firmly connected with it and make up part of its equipment necessary to ensure the normal operating conditions of the ship: portholes, windows, skylights, covers of similar hatches and necks, doors , ladders.
Portholes are deaf and folding, i.e. with opening glass, equipped with storm covers (in case of glass damage).
Skylights provide light and air access to rooms remote from the ship's side (MCS, etc.). They have a coaming closed with a waterproof cover, in which portholes are mounted. Covers of similar hatches are intended for closing the hatches leading to the rooms located below. Necks are needed to close tanks, bunkers, etc. They are a cover made of steel sheet, pressed with studs through a gasket to a weld bordering the neck.
Doors: 1) Light (permeable) for cabins, public and sanitary facilities 2) Water and gas tight for entry from open decks into the main body of superstructures and deckhouses, as well as into storerooms, workshops and other service spaces. They are equipped with quick-acting battening tools (central-arm driven wedge battens) that can be operated from both sides. Impermeability is achieved by sealing with a rubber band around the perimeter. 3) Clinker doors are placed in watertight bulkheads below the bulkhead deck. Closing and opening of vertical doors occurs due to the rotation of the lead screw in the nut fixed on the door. Management on site or remotely. 4) Fire (fire-resistant) doors are designed to block passages in fire bulkheads that divide the ship's hull and superstructures into vertical fire (zones) compartments. It can be opened in any direction, after which a special spring returns it to the closed state (if it is not blocked). 5) Doors are closing holes in the outer skin of the vessel for horizontal loading of cargo.
Ladders are divided into internal, external and outboard. Internal are ceremonial, inclined and vertical and place them along the vessel. The ladder consists of a bowstring, steps and handrails. The front stairs are wide
Vertical ladders, stationary and portable, are used for local lifting, and they are also installed in deep tanks, cofferdams, etc. A variety of them are staple ladders, consisting of steel pipes welded to the vertical structures of the hull.
Outboard ladders are used to climb onto a vessel at a pier or at an anchorage. They are installed on each side, lowering with the help of special ladder beams. The steps of the ladder in any position of the bowstring remain horizontal.
Rigging and rigging
A spar is a set of ship structures installed on the upper deck of a ship and firmly connected to its hull, superstructures or decks. The spars are metal structures.
Rigging is a set of equipment that serves the spars. Standing rigging is intended only for unfastening the spars in any position. Running rigging is all gear that is in motion.
Signal masts are designed for carrying navigation lights, hoisting signal flags, the national flag while the vessel is moving. The upper end of the mast is the top, the lower end is the spur, the continuation of the mast is the topmast (above the yard). A klotik is installed on the top of the topmast, and on it is a means of light-signal communication.
Ray - the horizontal part of the spars, attached to the mast or topmast.
Gaff - an inclined part of the spars (raise the State flag on the move).
Guysstock - a metal pipe installed on the bow of the vessel, designed to install an anchor light and raise the daytime signal - a black ball.
Flagstaff - a metal pipe installed at the stern, has a klotik, serves to raise the State. flag
Crane - beam - L-shaped design for lifting a load
Ladder - beam - L-shaped structure for lowering and raising the ladder.
Shot - a metal pipe at the stern for fishing operations.
Cargo masts, cargo portals and columns are used for fastening cargo booms. They can serve as signal masts.
The spar on a modern ship does not require additional fastening.
Standing rigging: forestay - tackle going from the bow mast to the bow in the DP; counterstay - tackle going from the stern mast to the stern in the DP; headstay-cornak - tackle wound between the masts; shrouds - tackle that unfastens the masts from the sides; toprik - tackle wound between the legs of sloop-beams.
Running rigging: hordennis, topenants of cargo booms, cargo pendants, hoists, signal halyards, braces of cargo booms with hoists, toprik hoists of twin cargo booms.
Rigging equipment:
Cables (plant, synthetic, steel, combined). Characteristics - thickness, mass, tensile strength, flexibility, elasticity.
Rigging chains consist of links made of bar steel without spacers (buttresses). Chains are long-link and short-link.
Staples are used to fasten the rigging to the hull and connect the rigging elements to each other.
Gaki is used in the cargo device.
Blocks are used to equip gordenya, hoists. Single and multi-pulley blocks, wooden, plastic, steel. Canifas block - a block in which the block binding on one side leans back and can be locked with a rotary stopper. The canifas block allows you to start the cable with the middle part, and not just the end.
The lanyards are designed to tighten the gear of standing rigging, boat lashings.
Thimbles are trough-shaped parts of an oval or round shape to protect the cable from chafing.
Butt - a ring, a half-ring welded to the ship's hull or spars.
Eye - a movable ring in the butt.
Duck - a metal two-horned bar on the bulwark for temporary fastening.
Gorden is the simplest lifting device without gain in strength.
Tali is a lifting device consisting of two blocks equipped with a cable. Talis give a gain in strength. They are distinguished by the number of pulleys (2 x, 3 x, etc.)
Steering gear
The steering device, which includes a rudder and a rudder drive, is designed to steer the vessel. The rudder consists of a feather and a stock. A pen is a flat, often double-layered shield with internal reinforcing ribs. The basis of the rudder pen is ruderpis - a vertical rod to which horizontal ribs are attached. Ruderpis sang on the ruderpost. The baller is the rod with which the rudder blade is turned. The stock enters the aft gap through the helm port tube.
Depending on the location of the rudder relative to the axis of rotation, there are: ordinary (unbalanced) rudders, in which the feather is completely located aft of the axis of rotation; balancing, in which the rudder blade is divided by the axis of rotation into two unequal parts (large in the stern); semi-balanced (the balancing part is not made along the entire height of the pen). Balanced and semi-balanced rudders require less effort to shift, but their attachment to the hull is more difficult. The rudder perceives water pressure, as a result of which the course of the vessel changes. Tiller - a lever used to turn the stock.
Steering machines: manual, electric, electro-hydraulic.
Steering drives: sector gear, hydraulic plunger, hydraulic vane
Steering gears: hydraulic, electric, combined. The steering gear is the connection of the control post with the ballast of the machine. The hydraulic transmission (telemotor) consists of: a manipulator sensor connected to the steering wheel and representing a pressure oil pump and a receiver installed near the steering machine (servomotor).
An axiometer is a device for indicating the position of a rudder blade. The instrument scale is divided into degrees.
Transfer limiters - limit switches that are triggered when the transfer is over 35 o.
The drive of the machine is the main, spare and emergency. The main drive provides rudder shift at maximum forward speed from 35° of one side to 30° of the other side in 28 seconds.
On modern ships, thrusters are used, which are good to use at low ship speeds.
An active rudder is a rudder on which a propeller is mounted, creating an additional emphasis - a force that turns the stern.
Rotary nozzle - is a ring-shaped body mounted on a stock, the axis of which is located in the plane of the propeller disk (instead of the rudder). When the nozzle is turned, the jet of water thrown by the propeller is deflected, which causes the vessel to turn.
Bow and stern thruster - a through tunnel in the bow and stern of the vessel with an internal reversing propeller. The operation of the screw creates a lateral stop due to the reaction force ejected from the water tunnel. The stop direction is changed by reversing.
anchor device
Ya. U. provides reliable anchorage of the vessel at sea, safe mooring, turn in narrowness. The anchor, due to its mass and shape, enters the ground, thereby creating the holding of the vessel in place. An anchor chain is used as an anchor rope (connects the ship and the anchor). Ya.U. located in the bow of the vessel and includes: anchor hawse - for wiring the anchor chain and fastening the anchor along the stowed; stoppers of anchor-chains - for fastening the anchor-chain when the vessel is moored and in the stowed position; chain pipes - serve to guide the anchor into the chain box; chain boxes - serve to store the anchor chain; device for fastening and remote release of the root end of the anchor chain (from the deck).
According to the purpose of the anchor, they are divided into anchors (two in hawse, one spare) and auxiliary (for refloating and to help the anchor). By design, anchors come with fixed paws and with a stock - Admiralty; anchors with movable paws and without a stock - Hall; anchors with movable paws and with a stock - Matrosov, Gruzona. The quality of anchors is characterized by holding force, which is a multiple of the mass of the anchor. The weight of the anchor depends on the size of the vessel. BMRT has a force of 2-3 tons, PB and TR - 7 tons.
The Admiralty anchor consists of a spindle, horns with paws, a stem, a bracket and a wedge pin for attaching the stem. The junction of the horns with the spindle is called the trend. In the working position, the rod is perpendicular to the spindle and secured with a pin, in the stowed position it is on the side of the spindle. Strength (10-12)R. Disadvantages - you can not take it into the hawse, paws sticking out in shallow water are a danger to others.
The Hall anchor consists of a spindle, paws, cast at the same time with the box. The spindle is pivotally connected to the box. The box, together with the paws, can freely turn around 45 degrees relative to the spindle. Strength (3-4)R. Gets into the clews, is used as a deadlift.
Anchor Matrosov. The stem is cast in one piece with the legs close to the spindle. Strength (10-15)R.
The Gruzon anchor resembles the Hall anchor. Paws are as close as possible. It has a stem molded with a box. The strength is significantly greater than that of the Hall anchor.
The anchor chain is used to fasten the anchor to the ship's hull. It consists of links that form links 25-27m long, connected to one another with the help of special detachable links. The bows form a chain 50-300m long. Chain: anchor (to the anchor), intermediate, root (to the hull) and, accordingly, bows. To prevent twisting of the chain, swivel links are included in it. For fastening and emergency return of the root end, there is a device with a folding hook, called a verb-hook. Anchor chains are distinguished by caliber - the diameter of the cross section of the link bar. Chain links with a caliber of more than 15 mm must have spacers - buttresses that increase the strength of the link. The links are interconnected by a Kenter bracket (detachable). To determine the number of etched links, the anchor chains are marked. At the beginning and at the end of each bow, a certain number of links are painted white and a wire mark is applied to their buttresses.
Windlass - a mechanism with a horizontal shaft. It is intended for service of chains of the left and right boards. At the end of the shaft there are mooring drums rigidly connected to it - cranks. Freely rotating chain sprockets on the shaft can be connected to the shaft using cam clutches. Anchor-mooring capstan - a mechanism with a vertical shaft - serves one chain. A mooring drum is mounted on the shaft.
Exploitation. Periodic inspections and checks. The wear of the links is not more than 10% of the original diameter.
Mooring device
Sh. U. is intended for fastening the vessel to the berth, to the board of another vessel. Sh.U. includes mooring cables (mooring lines) with which the ship is fastened. Typically, the length of the mooring line is 10% longer than the length of the vessel. The mooring lines have a 2-3m length.
1. Mooring views - for storing mooring ends.
2. Mooring bollards - for fastening the mooring ends.
3. Bale straps - for wiring mooring lines, changing their direction, protecting them from abrasion.
4. Mooring rollers - for the same purposes as bale slats.
5. Mooring fairleads - for the same purposes as 3 and 4.
6. Mooring mechanisms (windlasses, capstans, winches) for selection of moorings.
7. Conductors - thin cables for sampling moorings.
8. Throwing ends - for feeding conductors and moorings (nylon cord 30-40m with a load at the end (a bag of sand in a braid).
9. Stoppers for mooring lines - a piece of a rigging chain with a caliber attached to a plant cable. The stopper is attached to the butt on the bollard.
10. Fenders - protect the ship's side from deformation during mooring.
Mooring ends: stern longitudinal (right and left); nasal longitudinal (right and left); stern hold-down; nasal pressure; feed spring; nasal spring.
Exploitation. Periodic inspections. Mechanisms are off, everything is in its original places. Mooring lines are covered evenly and have some slack. Mooring lines are not left on the turrets.
Cargo device
G.U. designed to perform loading and unloading operations by ship means. It consists of cargo masts, portals, columns, booms, winches.
Cargo masts, portals and columns are used for attaching arrows. The boom has a tubular design. The top of the arrow is a knock, the bottom is a spur. The spur of the boom is pivotally connected to the spur shoe mounted on the portal, etc. Raising and lowering the boom is carried out by topenant hoists 4, the running end of which is wound on the drum of a topenant view or winch 16. To turn the boom and fasten it to the required position, braces 12 and 13 are used, which consist of a steel cable - a mantle 11 and hoists 10. Additional fastening of the boom is carried out by a counter 12. Lifting and lowering the load is carried out using a load pendant 7, which has a counterweight 8 at the end and hook 9. The pendant 7 is passed through the cargo block 17 on the shoe of the spur 2 and is wound on the drum of the cargo winch 15. Cargo winches are used to ensure cargo, fishing and mooring operations. Winches have a drum on which the pendant is wound. The drum is mounted on a shaft. At the end of the shaft, the turrets are rigidly mounted. Topenantny winches, views are intended for raising and lowering of an arrow. The rotation of the drum of the view is carried out by means of a whistle - a steel cable wound on an additional drum of the view. Reeling from the drum of the view onto the crank of the cargo winch of the whistles, it rotates it. The pendant - the hook has a cargo toe, bent inward, which prevents it from touching the coaming.
Light booms are used on FRP ships and their carrying capacity is up to 10 tf. Heavy arrows over 10 tf are supported by a spur not on the mast, but on a special foundation installed near it.
G.U. should always be in good condition. Each boom must be labeled with a load capacity. The weight of the load must not exceed it. G.U. subject to periodic inspections. Blocks, brackets are lubricated. If the number of broken wires in the cable is more than 10% and their thickness has decreased by 10%, then the cable is replaced. Cargo booms can work singly and in pairs (on the phone).
Lifeboats. Means of launching and lifting boats.
Type of boat - whaleboat. The body is made of lightweight aluminum or plastic and has a hard awning coating. Motor boats. On the outer side there is a lifeline and a keel handrail. There are hooks for launching and raising the boat, threaded plugs for water release. Boat supply: boat (anchor, lights, etc.), navigation (maps, compass), signaling, food, water, medicines.
Davits are used for launching and lifting the boats (swivel, overturning, gravity). The most common gravity davits are one and two-hinged (the outreach of the boat increases). Boat lashings are used to fasten the boats in the stowed position, with the help of which the boat is pressed against the side block on the davit. Knights are given together with the boat fastening stopper in the stowed position. A boat winch is used for launching and lifting.
The international convention regulates, depending on the number of people and the size of the ship, the navigation area, the number and design of boats. Boats from 10 to 150 people. On fishing boats in a boat, half the people total on the ship. A safe landing should be carried out with a roll on any side up to 20 degrees and a trim up to 10 degrees.
life rafts
PSN - 6M, PSN - 10M (inflatable life raft with a capacity of 6 and 10 people). PSN consists of an inflatable chamber with a spacer along the axis of symmetry, inflatable arches to support the awning, an inflatable bottom, a double awning with an air gap. Under the bottom of the raft are four water-ballast pockets for the stability of the raft in waves. On the sides of the raft there are catchment pockets for collecting rainwater. Lifeline around the perimeter. At the bottom of the raft, a cylinder with a gas mixture is fixed. The raft is placed in a case, and then in a container consisting of two halves (body and cover) and mounted on a rack. The container is attached to the stand or deck with two lashings through a disconnecting device - a hydrostat, which has a forced recoil pedal. A launch line with a weak link comes out of the container.
Launching the raft manually: 1. Press the hydrostat pedal, releasing the lashings 2. Drop the container into the water. 3. Tie the line to the side of the vessel. 4. Select the slack of the starting line and actuate the gas filling system with a sharp movement (the weak link of the bandage breaks). When a vessel with a raft is submerged in water, the raft is activated automatically. Water enters the hydrostat and releases the lashings. The raft floats, the line is stretched and the gas filling system is activated.
Life buoys are made of foam plastic (foamairite) and lined with canvas. The circle has a lifeline. It is painted orange, it may have a tench. The lifejacket consists of six elements of foamairite, connected by an orange fabric. The vest has a band, a button and a fastener. At the top there are two pockets for whistle and fire (battery and bulb). By pulling the cord, the fire is lit. Steady position at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface of the water, face up.
In the main body (Fig. 1.), the premises are formed by decks, platforms, transverse waterproof and ordinary bulkheads (barriers). The spaces formed by transverse watertight bulkheads, platforms, decks are called compartments. The main compartments on the ship include: forepeak- extreme bow compartment, in which a chain box 20, fresh water tanks 3.4, ship storerooms 2 are located; afterpeak- the extreme aft compartment, in which the tiller compartment 9, the stern tube room 8 are located; next to it is another cistern 11 of fresh water; bottom space- the space of the double bottom, divided into compartments 5, used to receive ballast; holds 6 - cargo spaces between the deck of the second bottom and the nearest deck (refrigerator holds are equipped with thermal insulation); tween decks 12 - cargo spaces between decks and platforms; deep tanks 14 and 18 - deep tanks located above the double bottom, from side to side, used to store boiler water, ballast, fuel, oil; cofferdams 13 and 19 - narrow dry compartments located between the fuel tanks and adjacent compartments; engine room 15 - the room where the ship's power plant is located (main diesel engines, auxiliary boilers, mechanisms, etc.); propeller shaft tunnel 7 - the room where the shafting passes.
On mining and processing vessels, the main hull accommodates fish shop. Usually on mining vessels it is located below the fishing deck. Technological and freezing equipment is installed in the fish shop. Finished products are sent to the holds.
Add-ons. These are closed deck structures 16 on the upper deck, extending from side to side or not reaching the sides of the vessel. Nasal superstructure 1 is called tank, stern 10 - yut. In superstructures, depending on the type of vessel, residential and service premises are placed.
felling. These are service premises 17, in which the ship control posts are concentrated. The rudder control post, as well as intercom and signaling facilities are concentrated in the steering and navigation rooms.
\u003d Textbook minder class II (p. 12) \u003d
Ship spaces are subdivided for residential, office and general use.
Living quarters include cabins and cockpits. Service premises include premises intended for the placement and maintenance of technical equipment, medical care, storage of ship stores and cargo, performance of ship and repair work. Common areas include rooms for eating, personal hygiene, recreation and cultural events.
TO cargo spaces dry cargo ships include holds and tween decks (inter-deck space). For the safety of cargo in the holds, the flooring of the second bottom is covered with a wooden flooring made of pine boards (floor) 40 - 60 mm thick, 60 - 100 mm wide.
To close the bilges (catchment space), formed by the extreme double-bottom sheet and the outer skin, removable wooden shields are used, which are placed on the zygomatic knees.
To protect the cargo from damage by the onboard set, longitudinal rails are used - fish 40 - 50 mm thick, 100 - 120 mm wide. They are placed along the hull in special brackets at a distance of 200 - 250 mm from each other.
On refrigerated ships, cargo spaces have special thermal insulation made of cork, foam, etc. Two layers of sheet pile boards are laid on the insulation, they are covered with anti-corrosion aluminum sheets on top. The holds are cooled with cold air supplied from refrigeration units through pipes or batteries located along the sides.
On some fishing vessels, the cargo is transported in special cells - attics, made of boards laid in the grooves of special pillars and skirting boards. Attic transportation eliminates the deformation of containers and fish products.
When transporting bulk cargoes, permanent or removable longitudinal bulkheads (shifting boards) are used to avoid spillage.
To increase the reserves of fuel and water, and sometimes for ballasting on ships, special tanks are provided, located outside the double bottom. These include deep tanks, occupying space from side to side, and in height - from the second bottom to the lower deck; side tanks located in the area of the engine room or holds.
On large fishing vessels, intra-hold mechanization of loading and unloading operations is provided - elevators and conveyors, and on transport refrigerators - electric cars.
TO service premises include the engine room, refrigerator room, wheelhouse and navigational cabin, radio room, tiller room, log shaft, echo sounder shaft, gyrocompass room, service and utility rooms (lantern, paint, skipper storerooms).
The engine room is usually located amidships or aft of the ship. Here are the main and auxiliary engines, electric generators, the main power distribution board. If a steam engine or turbine is used as the main engine, they are usually placed in one compartment, and steam boilers in another compartment (boiler room).
Rotation from the engine to the propeller is transmitted using the propeller shaft, which is located in the propeller shaft tunnel, which has a slight expansion at the end - a recess. To ensure natural ventilation, a shaft is provided above the engine room, which ends with a skylight - an engine cap. There are portholes in the skylight covers.
The wheelhouse and navigational cabin - the place of keeping the navigational watch. From here, the operation of the vessel as a whole is controlled. The wheelhouse is equipped with a steering column, track magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, engine telegraph, radars, fish-finding devices, various signaling devices. On modern ships, many of these devices are installed in the console version. In the chart house, which is always adjacent to the wheelhouse, there is a table for navigation and storage nautical charts. Some of the navigational instruments (radio direction finders, receiver indicators of radio navigation and satellite systems, depth indicators of echo sounders, lag repeaters) and navigational work tools are also located here.
Old-built vessels of the BMRT type have two wheelhouses: bow (navigation) and stern (commercial - for steering the vessel while working with fishing gear). On modern vessels, the Atlantic type RTM, Prometheus type BMRT, Horizont type and others, the vessel is controlled from a single navigational and commercial cabin.
The radio room is located in the navigation bridge area or in close proximity to it. This is dictated by the need for operational communication between the radio operator and the officer in charge of the watch.
Log and echo sounder shafts are made separate or combined. They are made in the form of a sealed tube, in the lower part of which, near the bottom, there is a central log device with a receiving tube and an echo sounder sending unit with vibrators.
The gyrocompass room contains all the gyrocompass devices, except for the peripheral ones.
Office and utility rooms, as a rule, are taken out under the forecastle due to their increased fire hazard. This location allows you to keep these rooms under surveillance and timely prevent dangerous situations.
Accommodation for crew and passengers are divided as follows: residential, public, economic, sanitary and hygienic, medical.
Living quarters on ships are usually located in superstructures and deckhouses. First of all, for this purpose, they tend to use the middle superstructure - the place least subject to the action of pitching and flooding.
On modern ships, the living quarters of the officers are, as a rule, single cabins, and the ratings, depending on the size of the vessel and purpose, are single, double and even quadruple cabins. Cabins are usually placed along the sides of the vessel, which provides the possibility of natural light and ventilation through the portholes.
On passenger ships, living quarters are located not only in the superstructures and wheelhouses, but also in the spaces between decks. Cabins for passengers are divided into classes. Single and double cabins of I and II classes are usually located in the middle superstructure and deckhouses, and four-bed cabins of class III are on the lower decks.
Cabins, as a rule, have a corridor system. The doors open into the cabins to allow free movement along the corridors.
Public spaces are a dining room and a salon for the crew, a wardroom for officers, on large modern ships there are gyms, swimming pools, recreation rooms, etc. On passenger ships, public spaces, as a rule, are much larger. These can be restaurants, canteens, smoking rooms, music salons, cinemas, reading rooms, children's cabins, gyms, etc.
Utility rooms include a galley, a bakery, a pantry, pantry, storage rooms.
Sanitary facilities are divided into sanitary facilities (laundries, dryers, ironing facilities for bed linen and work clothes) and sanitary facilities (washbasins, showers, baths, toilets, etc.).
Medical premises include an isolation ward, a hospital, an outpatient clinic. On mother ships, as a rule, there are an operating room, X-ray, dental rooms and others.
Movement along rivers and seas on ships has been known in history for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a sea vessel is a cargo, passenger or fishing large-sized watercraft, a ship is a military one. The list of ships can be long. The most famous marine are sailboats and yachts, passenger liners and steamers, boats, tankers and bulk carriers. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.
ship structure
Whatever type or class a watercraft belongs to, it has common structural elements. First of all, of course, the hull, on which superstructures for various purposes, masts and deckhouses are installed. An important element of all ships are engines and propellers, in general, power plants. Devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and equipment of premises are important for the life of a watercraft.
Equipped with spars and rigging.
The nose is called the front, the stern is the rear end of the hull, its side surfaces are the sides. The starboard side in the direction of travel is called the starboard, the left side is the backboard.
The bottom or bottom is the lower part of the ship, the decks are horizontal ceilings. The hold of the ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and the lower deck. The space between decks is called twin deck.
ship hull structure
If we talk about a ship in general, whether it be a military ship or a civilian ship, then its hull is a streamlined waterproof body, hollow inside. The hull provides the ship's buoyancy and is a base or platform on which equipment or weapons are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.
The type of vessel determines both the shape of the hull and its dimensions.
The hull of the ship consists of a set and plating. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent in certain types of ships.
Sheathing can be made of wood, as in antiquity and today, plastics, welded together or riveted steel sheets, or even reinforced concrete.
From the inside, to maintain the strength and shape of the hull, the skin and deck are reinforced with a set of beams rigidly fastened together, wooden or steel, which are located in the transverse and longitudinal directions.
At the extremities, the hull most often ends with strong beams: in the stern - with a stern post, and in the bow - with a stem. Depending on the type of vessel, the contours of the bow may be different. Reducing the resistance to the movement of the vessel, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness depend on them.
The underwater bow of the ship reduces the resistance of the water, which means that the speed of the ship increases and the fuel consumption decreases. And on icebreakers, the stem is strongly inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls onto the ice and destroys it with its mass.
Housing set
The hull of any ship must have strong bonds in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions in order to withstand water pressure, wave blows from any storm and other forces that act on it.
The underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom set, the main longitudinal connection is established, which perceives the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs along the entire length of the hull, connects to the stem and stern, and its design depends on the type of vessel.
Parallel to the keel, bottom stringers run along it, their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases towards the bow and stern, as the width of the bottom becomes smaller.
Often, to reduce the effect of the ship's rolling, side keels are installed; they do not go beyond the dimensions of the hull in width and have a different design.
Vertical steel sheets, called bottom floors, are installed across the hull and welded to the keel and can be either permeable or impervious.
The board set continues the bottom set and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). The stem is considered in military shipbuilding as a zero frame, and the middle frame is considered amidships.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.
ship shell
The shell of the vessel consists of the outer bottom and side plating and deck plating. The outer skin is made of horizontal separate belts connected in various ways: overlay, end-to-end, flush, herringbone.
The underwater parts of the ship must be the strongest, so the lower (sheet piling) sheathing belt is thicker than the intermediate belts. The same thickness is the sheathing belt, which is called the sheerstrake, at the beams of the upper continuous deck.
The deck flooring consists of the longest sheets, which are based on the same deck set, and limits the top of the ship. The sheets are arranged with the long side along the vessel. The smallest thickness of the metal deck plating is 4 mm. can be made from boards.
A deck is a combination of framing and decking.
ship deck
In terms of height, the ship's hull is divided into several decks and platforms. A platform is a deck that does not run along the entire length of the vessel, but only between several bulkheads.
The decks are named according to their location on the vessel, lower, middle and upper. At the ends of the ship (along the bow and stern), platforms pass under the lower deck, which are considered from top to bottom.
The number of both decks and platforms depends on the size of the vessel, its purpose and design.
River vessels and mixed navigation vessels have one main or upper deck. Marine, such as, for example, a passenger ship, more precisely - a passenger ship, three decks.
Large lake passenger ships have an intermediate deck, in addition to the main one, which forms the inter-deck space.
A cruise ship can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four of them, stretching along the entire length of the ship, two platforms that did not reach either the bow or the stern, one was interrupted in the bow, and one was located only in the front of the liner. The newest liner Royal Princess has nineteen decks .
The upper deck, also called the main deck, or the main one, withstands the greatest stresses during transverse compression and longitudinal bending of the hull. The ship's deck is usually made with a slight rise in the center to the bow and stern and a bulge in the transverse direction, so that water that has fallen on the deck during sea waves can more easily flow to the sides.
Ship add-ons
Deck superstructures are above-deck structures located across the entire width of the vessel. They form closed volumes that are used as service and residential premises. Onboard superstructures are called superstructures, the side walls of which continue the side of the ship. But most often the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat arbitrary division into the actual superstructures, which are located on a rather large length of the vessel, and cuttings, also superstructures, but short.
Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections that have their own names, the same names are given to the superstructures located on them: bow or bow, stern or poop and middle. The forecastle - a bow superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.
The tank can take up to 2/3 of the length of the vessel. Cabins are located in an elongated forecastle on passenger ships, and cargo tween decks on cargo ships.
In the aft superstructure - poop or poop - do not arrange living quarters for the team.
Between the superstructures, the deck is protected by bulwarks, which should protect the deck from flooding with water.
On sea vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, felling is carried out in several tiers.
On river boats cabins are called only the rooms in which the helm and radio are located, and all other structures on the upper deck are superstructures.
ship compartments
The structure of the ship of a military or civil vessel implies the presence of watertight compartments that increase its unsinkability.
The internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are waterproof, dividing the internal volume of the ship into compartments along the length. They prevent the entire internal volume from being filled with water in case of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.
The compartments of the ship, depending on the purpose, have their own names. The main power plants are installed in a compartment called the engine or engine room. The engine room is separated from the boiler room by a waterproof partition. Cargoes are transported in cargo compartments (holds). Living quarters for the crew and passengers are called residential and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.
The rooms in the compartments are protected by light bulkheads. To be able to get into the compartments, rectangular hatches are made in the deck flooring. Their dimensions depend on the purpose of the compartments.
Ship power plant
The power plant on the ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.
The ship is set in motion by the main propeller, connected by a shaft line.
Auxiliary mechanisms provide the ship with electricity, desalinated water, steam.
According to the principle of operation and type of main engine, as well as energy sources, ship power point can be steam or steam turbine, diesel, diesel turbine, gas turbine, nuclear or combined.
Ship devices and systems
The structure of the ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it is also ship devices, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Even people who are far from shipbuilding cannot imagine a ship without a steering or anchor device. And on each ship there is a towing, mooring, boat, cargo device. All of them are driven and serviced by deck auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering machines, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.
Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, instruments and apparatus, with the help of which water is pumped out of holds or drains, drinking water or foam is supplied in case of fire, heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.
The engine room mechanisms are serviced by a fuel system for powering the engines, an air system for supplying compressed air and cooling the engines.
With the help of electrical equipment, lighting is provided on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant.
All modern ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment to determine the direction of movement (course) and depths, measure speed and detect obstacles in the fog or oncoming ships.
External and internal communication on the ship is carried out with the help of radio equipment: radio stations, ultra-short-wave radiotelephones, ship telephone exchanges.
ship premises
Ship premises, no matter how many there are on the ship, are divided into several groups.
These are living quarters for the crew (officers' cabins and sailors' cabins) and for passengers (cabins of various capacities).
Passenger liner today is already a rarity. Few people allow themselves to move at low speed over long distances. Air travel is much faster. Therefore, passenger cabins are more a property of cruise ships.
Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, are divided into several classes according to comfort. The simplest cabin resembles a coupe rail car with four shelves and almost no furniture, often facing the inside of the case and not having a porthole or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.
A cabin on a ship, specifically on a military ship, is a room for the crew officers to rest. The ship's commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.
Public spaces are salons, cinema halls, restaurants, libraries. For example, cruise liner Oasis of the Seas on board has 20 restaurants, a real ice rink, a casino and a theater designed for 1380 spectators, night club, jazz club and disco.
Sanitary facilities include sanitary facilities (laundries, showers, bathrooms, baths) and utility rooms, which include kitchens, all kinds of storerooms and utility rooms.
Passengers are usually not allowed access to service areas. These are the spaces in which the ship is operated, or where the radio equipment, engine room, workshops, storerooms for spare parts and other ship stores are located.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, solid or liquid fuel storage facilities.
Sailing vessel
The device of a sailing ship is slightly different from a conventional ship. Only sailing rig, spars and rigging.
Sailing armament - a set of all the sails of the vessel. Spars - parts that directly carry the sails. These are masts, yardarms, topmasts, bowsprits, booms and other elements familiar from books about pirates of past centuries.
Special gear, with the help of which masts, bowsprits and topmasts are fixed in a certain position, are called standing rigging, for example, shrouds. Such rigging remains stationary and is made of thick resinous, plant material, or galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places chains.
Moving gear, with the help of which the sails are set and removed, perform other operations related to the management of a sailing vessel, are called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.
In all other respects, even in the number of decks, they are similar to their brothers.
A multi-deck sailing vessel appeared in the 16th century. On the Spanish galleons, depending on the displacement, there could be from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, which housed living quarters for crew officers and passengers.
The structure of the ship, at least its main structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the vessel, whether it be sailboats driven by the force of the wind that inflates the sails, or paddle steamers with a steam engine as a propeller, cruise liners with a steam turbine installation, or nuclear icebreakers.
