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§ 14. Safety in public transport and cars
Let's take a look at how to behave safely in public transport (bus, trolleybus, tram, metro) and car.
Bus one of the most common types of transport. He maneuvers easily into traffic flow, can sharply change direction and speed. True, under adverse weather conditions and poor road conditions, in the event of a sharp braking and in some other situations, an accident can occur with it. Moreover, an impact even at low speed often leads to injuries to passengers.
Evacuation from the bus through an emergency exit
To get off the bus in case of an accident, you can use doors, windows, ventilation hatches.
The buses have special windows that can serve as emergency exits. To use them, you need to pull the sealing cord by the special handle, and then squeeze out the glass. You can simply knock out any glass with a solid object: a "diplomat" with a metal rim, a fire extinguisher, a brake shoe. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that there are no people nearby who can be injured by sharp fragments. Do not forget to also fight off the sharp fragments at the edges of the window.
After an accident has occurred, the first step is to determine where and in what position you are and whether there is a fire. Move towards the exit depending on the situation.
Interior flooding is rare. However, once in it, you should not rush to leave the salon, you must wait until it is partially filled with water, it will be easier to get out.
Trolleybus and tram due to their relatively low speed and low maneuverability, the safest types of public transport. But we must remember that electric traction creates a danger of electric shock. In case of heavy downpours, during thaws in winter, current-carrying wires may short to the machine body. In 1996, for this reason, up to 40% of trolleybuses in Moscow were out of order several times, which caused interruptions in passenger service. This sometimes led to injury to people.
Electric shock is also possible in strong winds, when the contact wire is likely to break and fall on the roof of the car. You can leave a trolleybus (tram) under current only by jumping, in order to prevent electric shock when a passenger, standing with one foot on a step, touches the ground with the other.
Trolleybus (tram) evacuation
Underground high-risk vehicle. To avoid trouble, you must follow the rules for using the metro.
The first danger zone in the subway turnstiles at the entrance. An attempt to pass for free, create a crush and break through in a group, jump over the turnstile most often ends with a blow of its doors. For adults, such a blow is practically safe; it can cause serious injury to a child.
Second danger zone escalator. The cause of a dangerous situation on it can be a sudden stop, unexpected acceleration or destruction of the escalator belt. Unable to resist with a sudden stop on your feet, you need to group and stand up as quickly as possible. In the event of a sharp acceleration or destruction of the escalator belt, you must immediately move to the adjacent escalator by jumping or rolling over the fence and not lingering on it. You should not create dangerous situations on the escalator yourself: sit on its steps, arrange running competitions, blocking the passage, put objects on the handrails or throw coins, other things and watch them fly down. Thin heels on girls' shoes, too soft or ripped soles can get stuck in his ruffled steps.
Third danger zone platform. The flows of passengers entering and leaving, in addition with bags, suitcases, backpacks, can create a dangerous situation. Going past the boundary line and being at the edge of the platform, you can fall on the way. An attempt to get a thing that has fallen off the platform on its own can lead to the same result. Having fallen on the track, you cannot immediately climb onto the platform (there is a high-voltage contact rail under it), you must run along the train to its beginning (there is a ladder there). If a train appears, you should lie between the rails with your head towards the train, covering your ears with your hands and opening your mouth.
Fourth danger zone train carriage. During its movement, sudden braking and stopping, turning off the lighting, lighting up the electrical wiring, smoke are possible. In a moving train, these situations become doubly dangerous. It must be remembered that each carriage is equipped with an emergency communication with the driver. In any dangerous situations, you need to use it: press a button, take your time, say what happened and name the carriage number.
How to behave in the subway:
No need to try to get on the metro for free: the impact of the turnstile doors can be quite strong;
Do not run along the escalator, do not put things on the steps, do not sit down or stand with your back in the direction of travel;
Do not linger at the exit from the escalator, do not create a crush;
Do not go to the edge of the platform;
Do not approach the carriage until the train stops completely; remove a backpack or bag from the shoulder: they will prevent you from turning around in the carriage;
Do not pick up an object that has fallen on the rails by yourself, call the station attendant for this;
Don't panic if the train stops in a tunnel; wait for announcements and follow all orders of metro workers;
Do not rush to look into a suitcase or bag left by someone, report them to the station attendant;
Remember: the safety of other passengers depends on your good manners (a banana peel thrown onto the platform can cause injury for someone, if the entrance door of the lobby is not held behind you will hit the person following you).
A car. Most people use this type of transport from time to time, even if the family does not have a car. Passenger cars are the most dangerous for pedestrians and passengers for several reasons:
Many car enthusiasts, unlike professionals, are not well trained;
Cars have a high driving speed;
In traffic, a passenger car can collide with a heavy truck, in which case its driver and passengers are at greater risk than the people in the truck.
Safety measures in a passenger car:
Do not open doors while driving;
You can not ride without wearing seat belts;
You must have a first aid kit and a fire extinguisher in the car;
While driving, you must follow the road and do not interfere with the driver;
Do not distract the driver from driving while driving.
Sometimes during the trip, the passenger is passive, does not follow the road, and the danger of a collision is a complete surprise to him. Therefore, one should develop a very useful habit in oneself: while sitting in the car, take every unusual signal (the sound of a beep, the growing sound of the engine of an approaching car, the squeal of brakes outside the window) as a warning of danger.
Seeing that a collision is inevitable, you need to rest your feet on the floor, and with your hands on the panel or front seat. After a collision, you must try to quickly leave the car.
If it is impossible to get out through the doors, this must be done by knocking out the front or rear window with your feet. Any tool or other object in the car will help in this situation. An anti-theft device, a steering lock, can also be a handy tool. After getting out, you need to help the others get out, get the first aid kit and fire extinguisher out of the car.
Questions and tasks
1. Tell us about one of the city bus, trolleybus, tram routes you know. Describe the route in detail, tell us about the dangerous places through which it passes (intersections, steep ascents, descents, overpasses at traffic intersections), the mode of movement of cars on this route at different times of the day and on different days of the week.
2. Outline the rules for safe behavior on the bus.
3. Tell us about the rules of behavior on the trolleybus and tram in wet, inclement weather.
4. Using public transport, study the design of the entrance doors of buses, trams. Explain why you should not lean against them while driving. How can you use them as an emergency exit?
5. Tell us about the means of safety in the subway. What dangerous situations can arise in a subway train carriage? Tell us about your actions in these cases.
6. Study the subway scheme in your city. Find possible avoidance options for a situation where one of the sections is closed due to an accident. Do you know what type of ground transportation you can use in case of an accident at the station that you usually use?
7. Tell us what devices you know to ensure the safety of passenger cars.
TASK 18.
You are traveling in the evening on the subway train. Apart from you, there is only a sleeping grandfather in the carriage. Suddenly the train stopped in flight between stations. It takes 20 minutes, but the train stops. And then you noticed a box left by someone at the end of the car. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Wake up grandfather and go with him to the other end of the carriage or hide behind the seats.
2. Open the box and see what's in there.
3. Inform the driver.
4. Throw the box out the window.
TASK 19.
You are driving to school in a crowded subway car and are at the door. Suddenly your head starts spinning and your stomach hurts. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Get off at the nearest station and sit.
2. Get off at the nearest station and see a doctor.
3. Go to the clinic.
4. Ask someone to give you a seat.
TASK 20.
You and your mother were invited to the dacha to celebrate New Year... Outdoors -29 ° C. From the metro station, you must take the highway 17 km. At the bus stop you find out that the buses will only start running in two hours. You were told that you can walk through the forest in an hour. Choose from the proposed options your next steps.
1. Stand at the bus stop and wait for the bus.
2. Walk through the forest.
3. Try to drive a passing car.
4. Return home.
5. Try to find some other way to get to the desired place (another bus).
PROBLEM 21.
You and your friend are on the subway. While waiting for the train, you notice that one of the passengers has dropped a bag onto the rails and is trying to jump after it. The green signal of the semaphore is on. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Go to look for a transport police officer.
2. Stop the passenger from a rash act.
4. Prompt this person to seek help from the station attendant.
PROBLEM 22.
You are traveling with friends in a subway car. Suddenly the car begins to fill with smoke, watery eyes. People start to worry. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Send information to the driver via internal communication.
2. Try to open the carriage doors and windows to bring in fresh air.
3. Find a fire extinguisher under the seat in the car.
4. Remain calm, calm people down, seek help from adults.
5. When the train stops in the tunnel and the doors are opened, do not get out of the way.
PROBLEM 23.
You are driving with friends in a car in winter. Ice. You are sitting in the back seat. Suddenly a dog runs out into the roadway across the car. The driver starts to brake. As a result, the car starts to slide, and you see that a collision with the light pole is possible. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Shout, give advice to the driver.
2. Gather, group, rest your feet on the back of the front seat.
3. Lie in the back seat, covering your head with your hands.
4. Sitting rest your hands on the back of the front seat.
5. Try to find seat belts and fasten them.
6. When stopping, leave the car.
§ 15. Rail transportRail transport remains one of the most common today as it is relatively cheap and relatively safe. But the danger of accidents on it still exists, since it takes at least a kilometer to stop a train rushing at high speed. It can be difficult for rescuers to quickly come to the aid of his passengers in the event of an accident, since railways often run far from settlements and highways.
The danger lies not only in the train. Dangerous areas are also railways, crossings, train stations, landing platforms. There is a real threat here not only for railway workers and passengers, but also for people living near railway tracks, stations, train stations and depots.
Dangerous areas of railway transport
During the trip, one should not forget about the rules of conduct on the station territories (boarding platforms, railway tracks and crossings, at stations and on trains). These most dangerous zones of railway transport are shown in the diagram. Although the speed of the train when maneuvering and approaching the platform is not high, visibility for the driver and passengers is very limited. There are many different technical devices on access roads (semaphores, direction switches), so there is a danger of injuring your legs. The best way to cross railway tracks is by underground, overhead or marked crossings. If you still have to go out on the path (for example, at small stations in rural areas), you must be especially careful and careful, do not cross the paths without looking around, and never rush. Remember that the railway is a danger zone!
How not to get hurt by rail transport:
Do not walk on railway tracks, especially where there are arrows, do not play on the tracks;
Do not crawl under the carriages, use pedestrian bridges, tunnels and crossings when crossing the tracks;
Do not run on the platform while waiting for the train;
Do not stand at the edge of the platform;
Do not approach the carriage until the train stops completely;
Do not lean out of the windows while the train is moving;
Do not open the outer doors of the vestibules or jump out when the train is moving.
Having settled in the carriage in its place, you need to safely arrange your luggage. It is better not to put heavy and bulky luggage on top, but place it below under the lower shelves. Think about your safety while sleeping (especially on the top shelf). Study the rules of conduct for passengers that are posted in the carriage.
What to do in case of a train crash:
Try to get out through the window;
Don't think about your luggage: life is more expensive;
Do not go far from the accident site, after getting out of the danger zone, try not to move away from adults;
Jump out of a moving train only in case of direct danger to life; at the same time, put on as many clothes as possible, protect your head, jump in the direction of travel from the side of the car where there are no pillars, and try to land on the legs joined together, and then use rolls and somersaults to extinguish the speed of the fall.
If a fire breaks out in a carriage, you should immediately inform the conductor about it, and in a commuter train - by the intercom to the train driver. After that, at the direction of the train crew officials, it is necessary to quickly go to the front or rear carriages of the train, tightly closing the doors behind you.
Questions and tasks
1. What are the dangerous areas of railway transport?
2. Imagine that you are late for boarding and do not make it to your carriage. What will you do?
3. Make a list of things you need on the train.
4. What should a passenger know? What rules should he follow?
5. What should be done in the event of an accident?
6. What to do if a fire breaks out in the train carriage?
PROBLEM 24.
You and your parents are in a hurry for the train. You're late for the train. There is a freight train on the tracks in front of you. Choose further actions from the proposed options.
1. Run across the paths to the platform, running around the freight train.
2. Walk to the crossing and exit to the platform.
3. Crawl to the platform under the freight car.
§ 16. Air transportModern aircraft are reliable and almost always safe to fly. However, there are still no completely safe mechanisms, machines. The plane is a very complex machine, and the weather during the flight is not always calm and sunny. Unfortunately, an average of 3,000 people die in plane crashes worldwide every year.
In flight, the plane is always autonomous, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on Earth: technicians, signalmen, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect it is, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong winds, poor visibility, snow and rain affect flight safety, sometimes creating situations that require a lot of skill, perseverance and sometimes courage from the crew and ground services to overcome.
The passenger must also comply with the rules on the implementation of which flight safety depends.
How to behave in the aircraft cabin:
Before takeoff and landing, take your seat and do not walk around the cabin;
On the shelf located above the armchairs, place only lightweight things (coat, raincoat, jacket);
Listen carefully to the flight attendant's information about the rules of conduct and safety equipment on board;
During the flight, study the rules for the use of safety equipment;
Make sure that the seat belt is tightly pulled at the hips during takeoff and landing;
In dangerous situations, remain calm and follow all instructions from the crew.
In catastrophic situations on aircraft, there are usually two dangerous types of passenger behavior, panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, is more common.
You should take this into account and never stop fighting for your life.
Let's consider some dangerous situations that are possible during the flight, and together we will think how to get out of them.
In an airplane accident, the time margin for action is very small, so fear and panic will only increase the danger, shorten this time. It is necessary to act wisely: your salvation depends on it.
If an accident occurs during takeoff, landing or high altitude, the pilots will try to interrupt the flight and land the plane, but an emergency landing will not be soft in this case.
In an emergency landing, you need to take a safe position: the body is bent, the head is tilted as low as possible, the hands cover the head, the legs rest against the back of the front seat.
Move away from yourself bulky, heavy and other dangerous objects that can cause injury. Try to put on outerwear.
After an emergency landing, you must not panic, follow all the commands of the aircraft crew, help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can only leave the plane through emergency exits. After exiting the plane, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, as its explosion is possible. Actions should be clear, conscious, quick, because health and life depend on it.
Safe position for emergency landing
When the aircraft is depressurized during the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or overhead.
In an airplane fire all crew commands must be followed. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the plane as quickly as possible, and for this you need to head to the nearest emergency exit. You should make your way to the exit on all fours, bending down as low as possible, since there is less smoke at the bottom (not so much fire is dangerous as smoke). Cover your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (wet if possible). Do not take carry-on luggage with you, show determination and discipline.
During an emergency landing of an aircraft on water you need to put on a life jacket, but inflate it only slightly so that it does not interfere when you exit.
Questions and tasks
1. If you have ever flown airplanes, tell us about your experiences.
2. Tell us about the safety rules for air transport.
3. Remember and tell about a movie or book that shows (describes) an emergency situation in air transport.
TASK 25.
During the flight, the plane encountered problems, as a result of which an emergency landing is to be made. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their sequence.
1. Don't panic, listen to the crew's information.
2. Group up before landing, cover your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Get dressed.
4. Go to the crew to find out the situation.
5. Fasten your seat belt.
6. Prepare your belongings for evacuation.
If the child is flying without a separate seat: hold the child in your arms, tightly fastened with the child's seat belt to your tightly fastened seat belt. With your own hands, create a safety zone around the child's head - a protective field. If the child is sitting in a separate chair: show him how to group - tilt his head to his knees, and cover his head with his hands. Do not pick up your child during an emergency landing - leave him in a regular seat (if the child is over 5 years old), or in a special child seat designed for transporting children on the plane, which I am talking about (if the child is from 0 to 5 years old). In an emergency, an adult will not be able to correctly hold not only the child, but also his body (which is why it is important to tighten the belt tightly!). Upon impact, the body of an adult strapped-in person begins to fold around the belt, as if grouping, as a result of which his head rests against the back of the seat in front of him - that is why the backs of aircraft seats are made folding forward when pressed from behind. And this is also why, and not only to clear escape routes during takeoff and landing, they are asked to be brought into an upright position and folded down the folding tables.
During an emergency landing in a fire, put on outerwear on yourself and the child, put on hats - following the instructions of the flight attendants, crouch down, walk or crawl to the exit, covering the child.
For an emergency landing on water, you must use a lifejacket, which is in most cases under the seat. It must be put on over the head and fastened as shown in the pre-flight briefing. DO NOT ACTIVATE (INFLATE) THE VEST BEFORE LEAVING THE AIRCRAFT !!! This can make evacuation difficult! Evacuation is performed on the wing plane or on inflatable ladders.
When descending an inflatable ladder, you should get rid of high-heeled shoes. Approaching the emergency exit with a baby in your arms, you should, keeping him at about chest level, sit on the ladder and slide down the ladder like a slide, covering the child. At the bottom, you need to release the ladder as soon as possible and move back to a safe distance. Adult children are evacuated on an inflatable ladder on their own.
While in the water, it is necessary to control the position of the child's head when above water. Take an embryonic position and cuddle the baby to reduce heat loss.
Evacuation from an aircraft is carried out depending on the location of the source of danger and the location of emergency exits suitable for evacuation in a particular emergency. The “passengers with children - forward” rule does not apply. The emergency exit must not be opened if a fire is visible through the porthole or the exit is below the water level! In any case, passengers who are closer to the exit are first evacuated, and then those who are distant. An attempt to "overtake" each other, an attempt by passengers with children to be "out of turn" will lead to crush and panic. When moving inside the aircraft, hold the child in front of you, creating a “safety perimeter” around him with your hands and your body, thereby protecting him from possible crush (but this should not interfere with the normal evacuation of other passengers).
Panic is, in fact, one of the damaging factors, as it makes evacuation and rescue work difficult. In the event of emergencies, it is necessary to maintain composure, to concentrate on the correct and accurate execution of the flight crew's instructions. If there is a panic in people nearby, you need to try to calm them down in a calm tone. It is important to avoid panic. It is important to extinguish it by all means at the very beginning, as panic develops like an avalanche.
Unbelievable, but it is a fact! Emergency aircraft landings
The media often trumpets about forced and emergency landings of aircraft caused by abnormal situations on board. Such cases are found all over the world, from the North to the South Pole, no one and nothing is immune from them. So what are the reasons that force the aircraft crew to make the decision to make an emergency landing? What emergencies can arise in the air, and will the continuation of the emergency follow up on the ground? The invaluable experience and skill of the pilot, control over the situation and calmness of both the crew and passengers - these are the "human factors" that are most important in the event of an emergency on board the aircraft.
So, we present to your attention the most incredible cases of aircraft crash landings under extremely difficult circumstances, which, nevertheless, ended well!
Statistics are stubborn things
In fact, it is not so rare that various emergency situations arise on board aircraft, and according to statistics, this happens especially often during landing and landing. Nevertheless, the device of modern airliners provides for all possible problems, and is equipped with a number of protection systems thanks to which, in the event of an emergency or emergency, there is always an opportunity to land the plane safely (without casualties!).
In total, experts name several types of landings. The first of them is a regular landing, when the conditions for landing and the operation of the equipment meet the standards. The next type of landing is a freelance or emergency landing, occurring with a deviation from the norms, for example, with an insufficiently qualified crew, when the flight support system is not fully operational, or in adverse weather conditions. And finally, the last type of landing is an emergency landing. An emergency landing of an aircraft in distress or when there is a real threat to the crew and passengers. Also, an emergency landing occurs when there is a lack of fuel or in bad weather conditions.
Water flooding on the Hudson
In New York, in January 2009, a US Airwais passenger airliner, the Airbus A320, on flight 1549 from New York to Charlotte with 150 passengers on board, was forced to make an emergency landing in the Hudson River due to engine problems.
As it turned out, just a few seconds after taking off from the airport, the airliner collided with a flock of birds, then a series of pops followed in the left engine, after which a flame flared up in it, and the plane began to lose altitude. 57-year-old ship commander Chesley Sullenberger immediately made the decision to make an emergency landing. But, since the plane was not able to reach any of the nearest airports, the crew directed it to the Hudson River, and warned passengers about the imminent splashdown.
Due to the fact that the liner did not have time to develop high speed and rise high into the air, it was possible to prevent the destruction of the fuselage at the moment of contact with the water surface. Thus, during the landing, the plane lost only one engine. After the plane landed on the water, the passengers climbed onto the wings of the plane, from where they were immediately removed by the rescuers of the boats that had urgently arrived at the place and the river trams that were nearby, who brought them to the shore.
Thanks to the experience and skill of the crew commander, out of 150 passengers and 5 crew members, no one died, only a few people were injured and hypothermic, since in New York on that day the air temperature was -6 ° C, and the water temperature in which passengers I had to stand knee-deep, waiting for rescuers, did not exceed + 2 ° С. A few minutes after the completion of the rescue operation, the plane went under water.
After this incredible incident, talk about the pilot who safely landed a huge liner did not subside for a long time.
And the information that Chesley Sullenberger has been a pilot for US Airways since 1980, previously served in the Air Force for seven years, where he was a fighter pilot, received wide publicity. He also took part in investigations into the causes of plane crashes and worked as a flight instructor. Sullenberger is also the owner of Safety Reliability Methods, a consulting firm that assists clients in flight safety.
Although the landing of huge liners on the water rarely ends well, there are many cases like this. Among them, one can single out a splashdown on the Neva of a passenger Tu-124 in 1963, when all the crew members and passengers, without exception, survived.
In the former USSR, there were two more cases of emergency splashdowns
One of them occurred in the Moscow Sea in the summer of 1972. During the test of the emergency power supply of the Tu-134, the crew deliberately turned off the generators, not taking into account the fact that when switching to emergency power, the fuel is not supplied automatically, and must be pumped in manually using a pump. In the plane, both engines left without fuel stalled, and the pilots had to land on the water. The flooding was successful, and the aircraft, thanks to its sealed design, remained afloat. No harm done.
The next story of an emergency landing on water occurred in 1976 near Kiev, when the Yak-40 liner had to be landed directly on a swamp. Apparently, the cause of the emergency was the accidental transfer of the aircraft engine control sticks to the "STOP" position. This crash landing was also without casualties. It was after this incident that a special blocking bar began to be installed in airplanes, which did not allow stopping the engines during flight.
Safe landing at Warsaw airfield
After the incredible landing of the Polish airliner at the Warsaw airfield on November 2, 2011, this topic did not leave the television screens and the front pages of print media for a long time.
A Boeing 767 passenger plane of the airline LOT, performing a flight from the USA to the capital of Poland, made an emergency landing at the Chopin International Airport. The situation was caused by a power failure resulting in the landing gear not extending.
The plane circled over the airport for a long time, the emergency landing procedure was planned in the air and thoroughly prepared. Thanks to the well-coordinated and effective actions of the pilots, the Boeing was successfully put on its belly, and none of the 231 passengers on board the liner was injured. Despite the fact that experts did not rule out a tragic ending of an emergency landing, fortunately, the disaster was avoided. The passengers of the plane did not even fully realize how dangerous and emergency the situation was, and practically did not feel that the landing gear was missing. They only felt an unusual crackle, and noted that the landing was soft. For reinsurance, the firemen filled the liner with foam, thus excluding the possibility of fire.
Following an emergency landing, upcoming flights were canceled and the airport was closed to receive a malfunctioning airliner.
The landing, which saved the lives of 10 crew members and 221 passengers, ended safely thanks to the professionalism and discipline of 53-year-old pilot Tadeusz Wron, who has worked in civil aviation for over 30 years.
Emergency landing on an abandoned lane
In the fall of 2010, the aircraft of the airline AK Alrosa TU-154M, en route from Yakutia to Moscow, made an emergency landing in Komi. Due to the failure of navigation and electrical equipment, the crew of the aircraft was forced to land the aircraft almost blindly - the pilots could not even determine the exact location of the aircraft, and the fuel remained for only thirty minutes of flight. After the plane left the low-cloud zone, the crew noticed a swamp, which it was impossible to land in, the crew continued to search for the site. After the next turn of the ship, the commander noticed an abandoned strip, where he directed the steering wheel.
The landing was made on the airport's old runway, which has recently been used only for helicopters. The planting was slightly softened by young trees that grew on an abandoned strip, but due to a failure of electrical equipment, the aircraft could not slow down on a strip of 1,200 meters, and was carried out into the forest at 150-200 meters. There were 72 passengers on board, none of them was seriously injured. (Perhaps this particular case was taken as a basis in the movie "Yolki-2", they are too similar).
When the fate of the plane that fell into the forest was decided, locals jokingly offered to convert the abandoned ship into a bar-restaurant.
Other cases and causes of crash landings
In Dubai in November 2011, an emergency landing of an Airbus A380 passenger airliner, owned by the Australian airline Qantas, took place. The crew was forced to make an emergency landing due to engine problems. According to the instructions, the pilots of the airliner decided to turn off the problem engine and make an emergency landing. Of the 283 people on board, not one was injured.
A month earlier, a Turkish Airlines liner flying from Istanbul, upon landing at the airport in India, slipped off the runway due to heavy rainfall. There were 104 people on the Airbus 340, all of them were urgently evacuated, there were no casualties.
Having done a little analysis, we note that the most common cause of an emergency landing is the ingress of birds into the aircraft engine.
Chassis problems are not uncommon. And the main dangers are depressurization and fire in the cockpit in the air. Nevertheless, all these troubles can be dealt with. And most importantly - often without casualties.
History remembers cases when smoke in the cockpit led to an emergency landing with a happy ending. And malfunctions with ventilation and air conditioning systems or partial depressurization of the aircraft cabin were eliminated even in the air.
In addition to the causes of crash landings due to technical reasons, such as a power failure or a low oil level in the engine, there have been some not quite standard cases. One of these was an emergency landing due to a specific odor coming from the kitchen compartment at the rear of the aircraft.
Forced or emergency landing
A forced landing, as opposed to an emergency landing, is quite common. An emergency landing is the landing of an aircraft without any flight accidents, outside the destination, due to a malfunction of the on-board systems or other factors. For example, such as the closure of the destination aerodrome due to unfavorable weather conditions. Cases of controlled forced landings are often presented as emergency, which can lead to the development of aerophobia in impressionable people. But, despite the fears, hardly anyone will give up transport, which can cover vast distances between continents in just a few hours.
Passenger actions in case of an emergency (collision, coup, overturning) on \u200b\u200bcity public transport
group, grip the handrails tightly, try to avoid falling
rest your feet on the floor, hands on the back of the front seat, tilt your head forward
leave the vehicle through doors, windows, emergency exits. Leading help the victims
items: a fire extinguisher in salty, brake shoe, tough diplomat, etc .; in extreme cases, knock the glass with a strong kick into the corner of the window, hanging on your hands from the ceiling rail. Before going out, be sure to clean the window opening from the remaining glass.
In the event of a burning smell, such measures should be recognized as mandatory, since passengers may not have time to line up leading to the current exit. In the event of a fire, public transport burns very quickly. In this case, the nose and mouth should be protected in advance with a scarf, sleeve or other material, if possible moistened with any liquid.
In the event of a fire in the passenger compartment, inform the driver of this, open the doors (using the emergency opening), emergency exits or break the window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the passenger compartment, take measures to eliminate the fire source. Get out of the passenger compartment bent over, without touching walls and metal parts.
In an accident, in case of damage to the current-carrying wire, the safest places in a tram or trolleybus are sitting. In this case, it is better to tear your legs off the floor, and do not touch the walls and handrails. You should exit the electric vehicle by jumping, simultaneously with two feet forward, without touching the body, so as not to close the circuit with your body.
If you fall into the water, wait until the passenger compartment is half full, hold your breath and emerge through a door, emergency exit, or broken window.
Passenger actions in the event of a fire in urban public transport
report the fire to the driver immediately
protect your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, scarf, sleeve
start putting out the fire
open the doors with the emergency revelation button or break the glass
leave the vehicle, letting children, women, old people pass ahead
help the victims
Passenger actions when public transport falls in
if the vehicle is afloat, get out through the window
Remove excess clothing when immersed in water
take a deep breath and get out through the door or window
break glass if necessary 126
help children and those who cannot swim
after getting ashore, help the injured
Accidents in the subway Danger zones in the subway
Turnstile
It is prohibited to: jump over the turnstile; pass through the turnstile as a group
Escalator
It is prohibited to: run along the escalator; sit on the steps of the escalator and put things on the handrails; linger at the exit from the escalator and create a crush
It is prohibited to: go down on the metro track; go beyond the boundary line at the edge of the platform; come close to the carriage until it stops completely
Forbidden: lean against the door; prevent doors from opening and closing;
open doors while driving and at stops
From the rules for using the metro.In case of falling people and objects on the way of the subway, smoke, fire and other dangerous situations, contact the station attendant or the train driver using the “passenger-driver” system.
If you find forgotten, ownerless and suspicious things and objects in the subway or train carriage, immediately inform the police officers, metro employees or the train driver.
Actions of a passenger falling on the way
do not climb from the tracks onto the platform (there is a high-voltage
contact rail)
if the train is not visible, run to the beginning of the platform (there is a ladder)
if a train appears, lie down between the rails, covering your ears with your hands and opening
Actions of train passengers when it stops in a tunnel
do not leave the car without the command of the train driver "Get out!" on command, leave the car from the side where the contact rail does not pass, move along the track along the train between the rails when the train appears, hide in the niches of the tunnel, be careful on the tracks when exiting the tunnel
do not carry with you flammable, chemical and explosive substances
do not plug household appliances into the wagon
if you smell burnt rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately
in case of a real threat, immediately leave the carriage through the vestibule doors and emergency exits; as a last resort, knock out the window panes with improvised objects (ladders - stepladders, rigid briefcases - diplomats, tables and clothes shelves torn from nests)
do not reach for suitcases, throw them; your life is not worth the things in them
Passenger actions in a train crash
move away from windows and doors
grab fixed parts of the carriage and rest your feet on something
leave the carriage through the exits and windows. Evacuate casualties and children first
in order not to get under the step voltage, move away from the path at least 30 m
provide first aid to the injured
In collision and emergency braking accidents, most injuries are caused by falls off shelves. To avoid them, or at least soften the blow, in addition to securing luggage, you should remove unsafe bottles from the tables, glasses in cup holders with spoons sticking out of them like daggers, etc. Bend, especially on shelves where children sleep. Outside mattresses, or place a rolled-up blanket or unwanted clothing underneath to create a protective cushion that is difficult to roll over. Fully, before fixing, close or open the compartment doors so that during a sudden stop they do not cause injury to hands or head caught in the opening.
In case of a serious crash, you must immediately get out of the carriage (only, jumping out, do not fall under the oncoming train) and provide assistance to the injured passengers. Look carefully for any dropped current-carrying wires nearby: they can be mortal.
A fire in a train is not terrible with a flame, but, first of all, with poisonous products of combustion of synthetic finishing materials. Poisoning occurs in a matter of minutes. And with intensive combustion - seconds. To avoid this, in a moving train, go to an adjacent carriage. It is desirable in the direction of traffic, in a stopped street, if possible from the side, where there are no railways. Do not scatter in all directions, as the arrived rescuers will look for you near the canvas.
In case of strong smoke in the carriage, cover the nose and mouth with a cloth moistened with water - a towel, a pillowcase, a sheet, a piece of torn clothes. In half-empty carriages, you can move on your knees. Since there is less smoke below (near the floor). There are situations when a moving train cannot be stopped. In such cases, it is necessary to act according to the following scheme.
put on more clothes. Protect your head
jump along the train to the side where there are no pillars
try to land on your feet joined together
rolls and rolls to extinguish the speed of the fall
Jump out of a moving train only in cases of direct danger to life!
Passenger actions in the event of a fire on a train In the event of a fire
report the fire to the carriage conductor
wake up sleeping passengers
go to the front carriages; if this is not possible - in the back; closing doors tight
If exits are cut off by fire
go to the compartment or toilet
close the door tightly behind you and open the window
If you can't put out the fire
stop the train with a crane
open doors, knock out windows
help children and victims to evacuate
get out of the car, get away from it
After an accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of fire. Quick-opening windows in the Zm and 6m compartment from the side of the transverse shelves serve as an emergency exit from the cars. Break up
Compartment window only with heavy improvised items. When leaving the carriage through the emergency exit, get to the other side of the train track, where there is more free space, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. Once outside, immediately get involved in the rescue work: help the passengers of other compartments break windows, pull out the injured, etc.
Fuel spillage is possible during an accident. In this case, move to a safe distance from the train, as there is a risk of fire and explosion. If the current-carrying wire is cut off and touches the ground, move away from it by jumping or taking short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from 2 (dry) to 30 (wet) meters.
Test your knowledge by checking your answers to the tests against the answers provided at the end of the tutorial.
Leaving the plane through the exit with a released and inflated ladder, you need to, without stopping, jump on it, and not sit on the edge, and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved.
Leaving the plane by jumping onto the ladder
Right wrong
Leaving the plane using a tarpaulin ladder
try to wear a coat or jacket made of materials that are not easily flammable and hard to melt
think about what shoes to wear; avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you are wearing them and have to use an inflatable escape ramp to evacuate, remove them when leaving the plane
at every takeoff and landing, make sure that the seat belt is tightly pulled at your hips
know what kind of fixed position you need to take during an emergency landing; watch what is happening outside the plane; if everything indicates that an accident is imminent, take the desired position
know where exits are located on the plane and how they open
Actions of air passengers during decompression (depressurization of the cabin)
put on an oxygen mask immediately
fasten your seat belt and prepare for a sharp drop
Actions of air passengers in case of fire on the plane
listen and follow the commands of the crew members
protect yourself from burns by covering the opening of body parts
bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours
if the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats
out of the plane, move away from it as far as possible Forced landing on the waterrarely happens.
Actions of air passengers during forced (emergency) landing on water.
put on your lifejacket and inflate slightly
take with you or wear warm clothes
take a seat in the liferaft
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Preparing for an emergency landing
In the event of an emergency in flight, the crew can make a decision to make an emergency landing. When preparing it, you need to immediately clear the aisles and take places in your chairs, the backs of which should be brought to an upright position. In addition, it is necessary to remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects (pens, knives, lighters) from internal pockets, take off high-heeled shoes, loosen the tie and unfasten the collar. Then put soft things on your knees to protect your head and torso, fasten and tighten the harness. At the command of the flight attendant "Attention, landing!" you should bend forward, cover your head with soft things and put it on your hands with which to clasp your knees. You need to stay in this position until the plane stops completely.
Evacuation on land
After stopping the plane, you must unfasten your seat belts and prepare for the evacuation. For emergency escape by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage, are used. Passenger exits, entrances and opening means are prominently marked for easy identification. All decals are illuminated from the inside regardless of the main lighting system. The device of escape hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches). Where emergency exits are located, the aisles between the seats are wider than elsewhere, and do not interfere with the opening of hatches and the exit of passengers.
When leaving your seat, you do not need to take with you luggage taken on board as hand luggage... This is dictated by security measures, as it is likely that some of the items in your bag have sharp corners and edges. This can cause damage and deflation of the inflatable escape ramp, which in turn will lead to injury and possibly death of passengers waiting for their turn to evacuate.
Leaving the plane through the exit with a released and inflated ladder, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge, and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved.
- it is necessary to wear a coat or jacket made of fire-resistant and hard-to-melt materials;
- it is necessary to avoid high-heeled shoes, but if they are on, and during the evacuation you will have to use an inflatable escape ladder, then you need to take them off when you leave the plane;
- at each takeoff and landing, you must ensure that the seat belt is tightly pulled at your hips;
- it is necessary to remember what fixed position you need to take during an emergency landing; it is necessary to monitor what is happening behind the plane; if everything indicates that an accident is imminent, it is necessary to take the desired position;
- you need to know where the exits are located on the plane and how they open.
Water evacuation
Emergency landing can be carried out on the water surface. In this situation, to rescue people, inflatable boats with an emergency supply of food, drinking water, medicines, and signaling equipment are used.
A forced landing on the water is rare. Before sinking, the plane can be afloat for 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter.
Airplanes with engines located on the wings will float in a horizontal position, and those with two or more engines on their tails will float with the tail down.
When splashdown, which is always unexpected, there is practically no time for preparation. In one case, the plane can touch the surface so smoothly that it is not clear whether it has landed or splashed down, in the other, it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, when landing, it is necessary to act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant, i.e. put on a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes and go to the exit indicated by the flight attendant to board the life raft.
After a forced landing, liferafts are launched. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute in summer and 3 minutes in winter. If splashdown occurred during the cold season, you need to take more warm clothes on the raft. Do not forget about the supply of water and food. The raft has an emergency supply, which may not be enough if the voyage is long. The command of all passengers on the water is assumed by the aircraft crew commander.
Using paddles and improvised objects, you need to move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, straighten and throw overboard the floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those fleeing in the accident area.
