The Egyptian pyramids, built by aliens, according to the proponents of this point of view, were a cosmodrome where their spaceships landed, including to refuel.
At the top of the Cheops pyramid is now a flat area. According to scientists, there was a triangular stone pyramidion, but perhaps it was not there at all. It is hard to imagine that he just disappeared, because his weight was about one hundred tons.
Why aren't the aliens using the pyramids for their intended purpose now? Experts agree that although extraterrestrial beings continue to visit our planet, they no longer need pyramids. In view of technical progress, they now have other ships that do not need such a cosmodrome. In this way, pyramids of Egypt Is a kind of outdated alien space equipment.
Signs have been preserved in the pyramids indicating the placement of special alien equipment there. So, in the Great Gallery there are 28 recesses on the walls. One gets the impression that they housed something, perhaps some kind of mechanisms and devices, with the help of which, in particular, energy was generated for the functioning of ships.
Where did all these devices go? Most likely, they were destroyed by the aliens themselves. After the invention of more advanced means of transportation, the old technology became unnecessary.
In the middle of the pyramid, in the king's room, is a large granite box. It may have contained alien fuel. There is also an opinion that various chemical processes took place in this room for a reason, this room is finished with granite, not limestone, because granite is much harder and more reliable. The room is completely sealed, except for two tunnels, which scientists believe are ventilation shafts. But is it?
The tunnels have entrance holes of 20 x 20 cm, they are located on the walls at a distance of 1 m from the floor. Is it a coincidence that the top of the granite box is at the same height. Another oddity is that the walls of the tunnels are made of large stone slabs, which suggests that something else was not flowing through them. It can be concluded that through the tunnels fuel was supplied to the top for refueling ships.
At the bottom of the pyramid there is a room with an unaligned bottom. This is odd because all the other rooms are perfectly aligned. Perhaps there was a warehouse in it, so they did not bring it to perfect condition. The room has a tunnel leading upstairs. Most likely, an elevator was moving through the tunnel, transporting substances from the warehouse.
And the aliens moved inside the pyramids with the help of special elevators, like capsules through numerous tunnels. It is no coincidence that all these tunnels have such precise dimensions.
How did the aliens build the pyramids? It can be assumed that they did not move the stone blocks manually, but through the air using special beams that were generated by alien ships.
Why information about aliens is hidden
There are two main reasons why information about an alien civilization is so carefully hidden.
The first reason is to prevent public panic. It is known that the US government has created a special Blue Book project. According to official information, he was supposed to study alien phenomena. In fact, he developed various ways to hide the fact of the existence of aliens from the inhabitants of the planet.
Another reason is that the world powers are trying to get around each other in the field of research on alien technology. By studying high-tech equipment, you can gain the ability to apply extraterrestrial knowledge to produce unrivaled types of weapons.
Despite such secrecy, an increasing number of the planet's inhabitants believe that we are not alone in this universe.
The version about the construction of pyramids by a highly developed civilization
This theory also does not apply to the officially recognized, but boils down to the fact that the pyramids were built by people.
Supporters of this theory believe that once upon a time there was already a civilization on Earth with a high level of consciousness and technology.
According to one of the theories, such a civilization was the Atlanteans (inhabitants of Atlantis), who built the pyramids or helped the inhabitants of Egypt in this.
According to another version, the ancient inhabitants of Egypt managed to find and apply the technologies of civilizations that existed in the past for the construction of pyramids. Again, historians know nothing about the existence of such civilizations.
Another theory boils down to the fact that the ancient Egyptians themselves stood at an extremely high stage of development.
Conclusion
Summing up, we can come to the following conclusion: the one who built the pyramids of Egypt clearly had a high level of development in the field of technology. This level of knowledge could only be possessed by an extraterrestrial civilization, or as we commonly call them - Aliens.
Almost any representative of modern society at least once in his life wondered about who or with whose help great historical monuments were built, what tools, tools and mechanisms were used in the construction process by our ancestors, and are there answers to the riddles of the ancient pyramids?
To begin with, we suggest that you first get acquainted with some concepts, moments in history, as well as with the opinions of various people.
What is a pyramid?
From the point of view of architectural science, a pyramid is a structure that is a polyhedron, usually with four triangular faces. For the ancient people of this kind, structures served as tombs (mausoleums), temples, or just monuments.
The history of the pyramids dates back to about the 3rd millennium BC. It is these figures that confuse many historians. It is difficult to believe that people had advanced tools of labor at that time, if the descendants of some of them are still engaged in hunting and gathering, which is characteristic of the primitive level of development.
Modern scientists identify several main points of concentration of the ancient pyramids.
Egypt
It's no secret that "the land of the pyramids" is the second name of Egypt. This metaphor is well deserved. It was here that the very first pyramids in the world were built. They are located on the Giza plateau, in the territory of an ancient cemetery.
Only a few pyramids have survived to this day. Ancient egypt... These are the pyramids of Cheops, Mikerin and Khafre. According to scientists, there were many more of them before.
The pyramid of Cheops is considered to be the most important, because it is the highest pyramid. Formally, it is she who is recognized as one of the wonders of the world. Its height is 147 meters, which is comparable to the height of five ten-storey buildings. The sides of the bases, in turn, are about 230 meters long. The construction area is 50 square kilometers.
The great Napoleon was amazed at the size of the Cheops pyramid. According to his dictum, the stone blocks with the help of which the Egyptian pyramids were built would be enough to completely surround France with a three-meter wall.
The pyramid of Khafre was built as a tomb for the son of Cheops. Its dimensions are slightly smaller than the previous one.
It should be noted that this burial complex, unlike other pyramids, includes the famous Great Sphinx. According to one of the legends, the gaze of the Sphinx is directed towards the depths of which, according to ancient legends, secret knowledge is imprisoned.
It is considered the smallest and "youngest". Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is equal to the length football field... There is speculation that the pyramid used to be slightly larger, as the structure was originally covered with red granite cladding, which may have been lost as a result of the Mameluk raids. During the construction of this pyramid, Menkura ordered the use of blocks of stone, much larger in size than in the pyramids of Chephren and Cheops. He also allowed the workers to process the stone not thoroughly. The fact is that the pharaoh wanted to finish building the tomb to his death and in every way tried to speed up the construction process. However, Mencourt could not survive until its completion.
Mesopotamia
It would seem that from Mesopotamia to Egypt is not so far, the conditions for construction and materials are practically the same, therefore, their approach to architecture should not differ much. But it was not there.
The pyramids of Mesopotamia are unique cult buildings - ziggurats (translated from Babylonian "top of the mountain"). Their external structure resembles the Egyptian pyramids, but, unlike them, the levels of the ziggurat were connected with the help of stairs, and along the edge of the wall, in turn, special ramps (gentle ascents) were directed, which led to the temple.
Another feature of the structure of ziggurats is the broken line of the wall, formed with the help of protrusions.
In the event that the presence of window openings in the structure was required, then they were created, as a rule, on the upper part of the wall. They represented a narrow gap.
It is noteworthy that the peoples of Mesopotamia did not use ziggurats as burial structures for the reason that they did not see any connection between the safety of the body of the deceased and the acquisition of immortality in the next world, as the ancient Egyptians did.
Sudan
At one time, the Sudanese kings revived the ancient Egyptian tradition associated with the use of pyramids as burial places for the country's rulers.
By and large, the cultures of Ancient Egypt and Sudan were closely related. Consequently, architecture also had a lot in common.
In Ancient Sudan, there were the following types of pyramids: classical structures (based on the structure of the Egyptian ones) and mastabas, shaped like a truncated pyramid. In contrast to the Egyptian ones, the Sudanese structures have a steeper slope.
The most famous pyramids are the cities of Meroe. In the second half of the sixth century BC, the capital was moved here, which a little later also became the cultural and religious center of the state.
Modern scientists in Meroe have counted several dozen pyramids that have survived to this day. In 2011, these archaeological sites were officially declared a World Heritage Site.
Nigeria
Here, according to custom, pyramids were erected in honor of the god Al. The ancient people believed that it was possible to contact the deity through these structures. They believed that his abode was located at the tops of the pyramids.
The official opening of these religious buildings took place only in the 30s of the last century. Then, the famous archaeologist Jones took several photos of the pyramids for his own archive (however, they were published only eighty years later).
In his opinion, the buildings of Nigeria were built much earlier than the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, and also that the local civilization is much older than many others. Unfortunately, the pyramids have survived to this day in a rather worn out condition.
Mexico
Since ancient times, this country has been inhabited by a people to whom modern historians attribute a rich mythology and cultural heritage, - Aztecs.
Although the flourishing of civilization dates back to the XIV-XVI centuries, the Aztec pyramids were built long before that. So, for example, the famous one which ranks third in the world in size and only seven meters below the tomb of Cheops, according to historians, was erected around 150 BC.
The Pyramids of Teotihuacan, in turn, are considered a monumental attempt to realize an eternal blessed utopia.
For seven centuries, the pyramids of the Aztecs were a kind of guiding star, whose radiance called all those eager to taste the noble dream. It is believed that the city of Teotihuacan was obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200border and regularity. However, love and harmony did not prevent the flow of human blood along the blades of barbarism and inhumanity. Every unwanted Aztecs were ruthlessly killed and sacrificed to the gods.
The pyramids, where these sacrifices were made, had some similarities with the Mesopotamian ziggurats: they also had a "step" shape, there was also a ramp (it was the only one leading to the very top of the structure).
Unfortunately, not all of the Aztec pyramids were able to survive to this day. Most of them were destroyed during the invasion of Mexico by European colonialists in the 16th century.
China
Of course, some of the readers, seeing this subtitle, were very surprised. After all, they practically do not speak or write about the Chinese pyramids.
In total, scientists count about a hundred such structures. They acted as burial tombs for the rulers of famous Chinese dynasties. The shape of the pyramid was truncated (like the Sudanese scale). Due to the peculiarities of the local flora, some large structures took the form of overgrown hills.
The origin of the pyramids is quite interesting. The fact is that in written sources that date back to the fifth century BC, the buildings are already called "ancient". Did the pyramids really appear much earlier than the time of writing? It should be admitted that humanity is unlikely to know about it. A detailed study of the structures, as is done in Egypt, is practically impossible: excavations in the zones where they are located are often prohibited by local authorities.
North America
In the XI century, when endless wars were waged on the territory of Europe, the civilization of the Indians peacefully developed and flourished at the other end of the hemisphere, in the Mississippi Valley. They quickly built their own homes and developed infrastructure.
Also, the ancient Indians had a habit of constructing special embankments with an area of \u200b\u200babout several dozen football fields. Here they did almost everything: they celebrated holidays, held religious, sporting events, etc. Quite often, the embankments served people as burial mounds. One of the largest concentrations is Cahokia - a group of 109 mounds. It has also been declared a World Heritage Site.
Who built them and why?
People have been puzzling over this question for many years. It is unlikely that someone will be able to keep in mind the fact that the construction of the pyramids at the level at which the ancient people did it, even nowadays is a rather complicated process, given modern methods and technologies. How, for example, did the Egyptians drag stone blocks weighing 7-10 tons to the height of a ten-story building, and how did they manage to perfectly process them (sometimes even a blade cannot squeeze between loose blocks)?
Currently, there are several theories and hypotheses that are the most plausible.
I. The existence of a highly developed civilization
Everyone is accustomed to thinking that a person today is a highly developed and enlightened being, who is sometimes subject to Mother Nature itself, and many thousands of years ago people were savages who lived to satisfy their primitive needs. However, few people thought that once on our planet such a civilization already existed, with a high level of intelligence and technology. Maybe they knew a lot of what we are rediscovering today?
According to one of the versions, this civilization may be the Atlanteans, who either built the pyramids themselves using technologies inaccessible to other technologies, or helped to do this.
According to another, ancient people were able to find and quickly adapt to use the technology of pre-existing, but extinct highly developed civilizations.
Another version says that the ancient people (the same Egyptians) were themselves at a fairly high level of development, both mentally and technologically.
All this can refute the only fact - in the ancient manuscripts, contacts with any supercivilizations were never mentioned.
II. Alien intervention
This theory of the origin of the pyramids is the most common and debated. According to her, representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations helped people build various kinds of structures.
To begin with, let's figure out why suddenly aliens from outer space (if they did take place) help the underdeveloped people at that time to build the pyramids of the world?
According to one of the versions, the structures served the representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations as a source of energy, so far incomprehensible to mankind, or as intermediaries for communication between the planets (a rather strange shape of the pyramid, as an architectural structure in general, is also attributed here).
There is another theory as well. It lies in the fact that ancient people, coming into contact with aliens, could take them for gods.
The aliens, with their technologies and "fiery chariots", had a huge number of opportunities, which people used, turning to representatives of highly developed civilizations for help in such a matter as building pyramids.
Many ufologists who are interested in the question of who built the pyramids are interested in the connection between the location of the pyramids and the map of the starry sky. In their opinion, this connection is direct, since, for example, the famous Giza complex in Egypt, which we have already talked about today, corresponds to the three largest stars located in the constellation Orion. Perhaps this pattern is based on the fact that this constellation was symbolic for the Egyptians: it personified the god Osiris - one of the most important deities of Ancient Egypt.
But another question immediately arises: why did the Egyptians associate the names of the gods with the stars? According to the same experts, perhaps this was some kind of connection between these very "gods" and their abode.
As another evidence of the presence of aliens on Earth, various drawings can be cited, which depict incomprehensible circles, and sometimes even humanoid creatures. Are real creatures captured in these drawings, or are they just works of an artist with a rich imagination?
It is worth mentioning the ancient Egyptian manuscripts, which speak of a certain war of powerful Gods. What or whom could people call Gods, what was this war, did it exist in reality, or is it just a fairytale myth? The answers to these questions have long been buried in oblivion.
III. Skeptical theory
According to her, the ancient people were able to independently build the pyramids of the world. According to scientists who adhere to this point of view, people could have enough incentives to build such structures: religious considerations, the desire for the work done to get a livelihood, the desire to stand out in terms of unique architecture.
The ancient historian Herodotus was the first Greek scientist who, in his writings, was able to describe in detail the famous pyramids of Giza. In his opinion, for the construction of a structure of this type in a short time (according to the descriptions, the period of construction of one pyramid was, as a rule, 15-20 years), it was necessary to use at least one hundred thousand workers.
This does not include the gratuitous labor of slaves and prisoners who died in thousands on construction sites from disease, hunger and thirst, intolerable work, and the wrath of the owners. In contrast, masons, architects, builders received money for building ancient pyramids.
Ordinary peasants could also be involved in the construction of the pyramids. This process could take the form of a kind of labor service, that is, the same people were called to work after a certain period of time (most likely, once a year or two for a period of several weeks). Thus, the Egyptians were able to easily renew their workforce.
It is possible that a kind of "competition" was held between the workers involved in the construction of the pyramids, the winners of which could be determined by the amount of work done both in a group and individually, its quality, etc. Those who were able to stand out among others received various promotions.
As evidence of the theory of Herodotus, one can cite the multiple burials of workers and architects discovered by archaeologists during excavations, as well as ramps near the unfinished pyramids, along which stone blocks were most likely raised. By the same burials, one can judge how difficult the work of the workers building structures of that time was. This conclusion can be made by examining the remains of ancient people: numerous traces of healed fractures were found on their bones.
Moreover, the components of the device were found, which, most likely, is the prototype of the modern It is unlikely that the construction of the pyramids was accelerated and facilitated only through the use of this mechanism. It is possible that there were many other devices.
Skeptics also have certain views on the technique of building pyramids.
Let's start discussing the process from the very first stage of creating such structures - the production of building blocks. It has been scientifically proven that those who built the pyramids used "soft" limestone as basic materials, as well as harder ones: granite, quartzite and basalt. However, opinions about how exactly the construction began are somewhat divided.
According to one of the versions, the blocks were mined in special quarries located near the places where the pyramids were built. The flaw in the theory is that the use of these quarries would only complicate the construction process, and the transportation of the blocks would be practically impracticable.
Another hypothesis is that the blocks were cast on site, from limestone concrete. Its adherents are sure that those who built the pyramids knew how to make concrete mixtures from various hard rocks. However, there are also opponents of this theory of the construction of ancient structures. They argue their point of view, referring to the fact that in some areas where pyramids were built in large numbers, there are simply no resources to create a cementitious concrete mortar.
Speaking about the hypotheses for the movement of blocks, it is worth mentioning that here, too, the opinions of specialists are divided.
The most common version of this is the drawing of blocks. As evidence of this theory, historians cite one of the ancient Egyptian frescoes, which depicts about one hundred and fifty people pulling a monument to Jehutihotep II. In this case, the workers use special sledges. It is noteworthy that their runners, as shown in the fresco, are poured with water, which was most likely used to reduce friction and facilitate the process. This hypothesis has the right to refute the fact that the process is quite laborious and it is unlikely that those who built the pyramids would be able to do it quickly.
Another theory under discussion is the use of various kinds of mechanisms by ancient people. The most famous hypothetical devices are the so-called "cradle" mechanism, square wheel technology (using a special track), internal ramp, etc. But, according to many, these technologies were not yet available at that time.
Summarizing
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the question of who built the pyramids and what is their main purpose has remained relevant at all times. Most likely, humanity will never know this. Over time, everything disappears into oblivion: manuscripts, frescoes, drawings. And there are so few such historical sources today.
It is obvious that the riddles of the pyramids will never leave a person indifferent.
Unsolved mysteries on our planet are getting smaller every year. Constant improvement of technology, cooperation of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, is there a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.
Description of the Egyptian pyramids
Archaeologists talk about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to our time. Their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving "miracle" from the "Seven Wonders of the World". The complex called "Great Pyramids of Giza", which includes and, was also considered a participant in the "New Seven Wonders of the World" competition, but it was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually a "wonder of the world" in the ancient list. 
These pyramids have become the most visited sightseeing sites in Egypt. They have been perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other structures - time has not been kind to them. Yes and locals contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises by removing the cladding and breaking stones from the walls to build their homes. 
The Egyptian pyramids were built by the pharaohs who ruled from the XXVII century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of the rulers. The huge scale of the tombs (some - up to almost 150 m) were supposed to testify to the greatness of the buried pharaohs; here were also things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and which would be useful to him in the afterlife. 
For the construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out of the rocks, and later brick became the material for the walls. Stone blocks were turned and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. The blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points. 
Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, then inside the structure and decoration they are similar. The main component is the burial hall, where the ruler's sarcophagus was installed. The entrance was not arranged at ground level, but several meters higher, and was masked by facing plates. From the entrance to the inner hall there were staircases and passages-corridors, which sometimes narrow so much that it is possible to walk along them only squatting or crawling. 
In most necropolises, burial chambers (chambers) are located below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow channel-shafts that permeate the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, from them scientists get some of the information about the construction and owners of burials. 
The main mysteries of the pyramids
The list of unsolved mysteries begins with the shape of the necropolises. Why was the pyramid shape chosen, which is translated from Greek as "polyhedron"? Why were the faces located clearly on the cardinal points? How did the huge stone blocks move from the mining site and how were they raised to great heights? Were the buildings erected by aliens or people who own a magic crystal? 
Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that have stood for millennia. Some believe they were built by slaves who died in hundreds of thousands each building. However, new discoveries by archaeologists and anthropologists convince that the builders were free people who received good food and medical care. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the cured injuries of the buried builders. 
All the deaths and deaths of people involved in the study of the Egyptian pyramids were attributed to mystical coincidences, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were started to scare off thieves and looters who want to find valuable things and jewelry in the graves. 
To the mysterious interesting facts can be attributed to the tight timing of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been built in at least a century. How, for example, was the Cheops pyramid built in just 20 years? 
Great Pyramids
This is the name of the burial complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of the rulers. 
The original height of the Cheops pyramid was 146 m, the side length - 230 m. Built in 20 years in the XXVI century BC. e. The largest of the Egyptian landmarks has not one but three burial halls. One is below ground level, and two are above the baseline. Intertwining passageways lead to the burial chambers. On them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the chamber of the queen and to the lower hall. The pharaoh's chamber is a pink granite chamber with dimensions of 10x5 m. It has a granite sarcophagus without a lid. None of the scientists' reports contained information about the mummies found, so it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either. 
It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by marauders in the past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and project this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering structure. 
Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:
Tourists come to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually travel to Giza as part of excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the tour is usually designed for 2 days. 
The great structures are accessible only during business hours, usually until 5 pm, in the month of Ramadan - until 3 pm. It is not recommended to go inside for asthmatics, as well as for people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases. You should definitely take drinking water and hats with you on the excursion. The excursion fee consists of several parts:
- Entrance to the complex.
- The entrance to the inside of the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
- Entrance to the Museum of the Solar Boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.
Against the background of the Egyptian pyramids, many people like to take photos, sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.
Djoser's pyramid
The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, near Memphis, the former capital of Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the necropolis of Cheops, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering design. 
The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself has not a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, there are 12 burial chambers inside it, where Djoser himself and his family members were supposedly buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during excavations. The entire territory of the complex, 15 hectares, was surrounded by a stone wall 10 m high. At present, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, whose age is approaching 4700 years, has been preserved quite well.
Experts suspect that these are traces of the activities of an ancient forgotten civilization
Could the ancient Egyptians build their giant pyramids and palaces on their own? People who have only read about these structures in history books believe: yes. But many of those who have been in this country and wandered, for example, in the Giza Valley, doubt. These structures are too impressive, even if tens of thousands of slaves were supposed to work on their construction.
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Nobody knows the exact age of this stone statue
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV The famous "Inventory stele" with an inscription about the "restoration" of the sphinx.
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Black basalt slabs located along the perimeter of the temple
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Fragment of the obelisk in Karnak
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV This is an obelisk lying near the famous scarab beetle on the shore of the sacred lake in Karnak.
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Artifact from southern Sakkara, where tourists are not allowed
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Gate in the still closed part of the Karnak Temple
Photo by Andrey SKLYAROV Aswan quarries. Pits extending several meters deep
Conan Doyle's version
The theory that the pyramids are material traces of some more ancient technologically advanced civilization is not advanced today. For example, in 1929, the "father of Sherlock Holmes" Arthur Conan Doyle published the fantastic novel "Maracot's Abyss", the heroes of which find themselves in a city - an island that sank to the bottom thousands of years ago Atlantic Ocean... When one of them examines underwater structures, then notes that: "The columns, landings and stairs of this building surpassed anything that I have ever seen on earth. Most of all, the building resembled the remains of the Temple of Karnak in Luxor, Egypt, and, surprisingly, ornaments and half-erased inscriptions in the little things resembled the same decorations and inscriptions of the great ruins near the Nile. "
According to Conan Doyle, who, by the way, visited Egypt before writing this novel, all local ancient structures were built by Atlanteans. And Doyle, according to his contemporaries, like his famous detective hero, had brilliant analytical skills.
Is the Sphinx 5000 years older?
It is not clear what Conan Doyle based his conclusions on. But he now has many followers. For example, the head of the Laboratory of Alternative History, Andrei SKLYAROV, who has been to Egypt several times, claims that most of the local historical monuments were indeed created by representatives of the ancient civilization:
You can call them Atlanteans, you can call them aliens, you can somehow differently, but their traces in Egypt are incredible. It is even strange that Egyptologists did not pay attention to this before. Although now I have the impression that the Egyptians themselves guess something, but carefully hide the secret.
If possible, specific examples ...
Please start with the great sphinx. Classical Egyptology claims that it was built at the time of Pharaoh Cheops or his son - about 2.5 thousand years BC - on the basis only of the fact that by its "artistic features" it can be attributed to that era. But even a century and a half ago, the so-called "Inventory stele" was found in Giza, which indicates that Cheops ordered only the damaged statue to be repaired. Renovate, not build!
And in the early 90s, the American geologist Robert Schoch proved that the furrows on the body of the sphinx and on the wall of the trench around it are traces of erosion not by wind, but by rain: vertical stripes instead of horizontal ones. But there have been no serious rains in Egypt for at least 8 thousand years.
Immediately after the publication of the Shoh, the Egyptian authorities began an urgent restoration of the sphinx. Now the lower two-thirds of the monument is covered with new masonry, and the top of the sculpture has been cleaned - almost no traces of erosion remain. By the way, at about the same time, the Inventory Stele was also hidden in the storerooms of the Cairo Museum - before that it was put on public display, and now another was put in its place. In response to questions about this stele, the museum keepers just shrug their shoulders in bewilderment. But it has been repeatedly described in scientific and so-called alternative literature.
When the gods ruled ...
According to Andrey Sklyarov, the ancient Egyptians themselves built something. But they built their buildings on the basis of ancient structures.
This is clearly visible on the pyramids - which are made by hand and which are made with the help of high-precision instruments, - says Andrey. “Moreover, many ancient buildings resemble bunkers - semi-underground structures, over which the pharaohs built their pyramids, trying to copy the ancients. And the original pyramids, built by pra-civilization, were only 6 - 7: three in Giza, two in Dashshur and one in Meduna. Perhaps another one was in Abu Roash, but it is not clear there whether it is a pyramid or a bunker. And other pyramids are ancient structures completed by the pharaohs, which were originally typical bunkers. Moreover, with such powerful overlappings that they cannot be called anything other than a refuge in the event of a nuclear war. True, it is not clear why and who could threaten them. But the war just explains the disappearance of pracivilization.
And why, apart from buildings, there are no other material traces left?
Why isn't there left? For example, in the Giza desert, we came across something that looked like iron dust. They took samples and brought them to Moscow. It turned out that this is iron oxide with a high content of manganese. The percentage corresponds to the high-alloy manganese steels that are now used in tank tracks and as material for rock crushing machines. For how many years this extremely strong steel could turn into dust in the desert, where there has been no decent rain for 8 thousand years.
But what for mysterious civilization left us these artifacts?
There are different versions. Someone adheres to the theory that they were Atlanteans, someone talks about colonists from other worlds. It is difficult to say when they came to Earth, but the period of their heyday can be determined. At the beginning of the III century BC. e. Egyptian historian Manetho published his "History of Egypt". It has not been completely preserved to our time, but passages are mentioned in the works of other historians of the first millennium of our era. Manetho compiled a chronological list of the country's rulers. Classical Egyptology recognizes only the "dynastic part", which deals with famous human pharaohs. But Manetho also talks about the first kingdom, when the gods allegedly ruled Egypt. It existed about 10 - 12 thousand years ago, long before the first known pharaohs.
They worked with granite like Styrofoam
Now Egyptologists spend their time arguing about how the workers turned over these multi-ton stone blocks, from which they built pyramids and temples, build versions, conduct experiments, - says Andrey Sklyarov. - We took a different path: if there are millions of tons of stones, then we need to figure out how they were processed. We analyzed many parameters. For example, if they were cut, then we look at the width and depth of the cut, the thickness of the cutting edge. Sometimes the results are amazing.
Slabs of black basalt, located around the perimeter of the temple, standing near the great pyramid (they used to be the floor of an ancient Egyptian temple). The trail of a circular saw is visible, which is known to operate on a hydraulic, pneumatic or electric drive, but the Egyptians had neither the first, nor the second, nor the third.
It is also noticeable that when sawing is grinding. If, as it is believed, the builders worked with hand-held copper saws, then scratches would remain, and modern diamond-coated saws leave a similar grinding, and they must move very quickly.
Fragment of the obelisk at Karnak. Lies 10 meters from the hiking trail. On it there are strange holes with a diameter of 1 cm and a depth of about 10 cm. Obviously they were made to fix some kind of decorative plates: gold or copper. But some of them go deep into the granite not perpendicularly, but at an angle of 10 - 20 degrees: it is impossible to do this manually. It turns out that they were drilled in granite, as we rotate holes with a drill in soft wood. What kind of drill in the ancient Egyptians could go into granite like oil?
This is an obelisk lying near the famous scarab beetle on the shore of the sacred lake in Karnak. A decorative strip 3 mm wide and 1 cm deep is visible. It is believed that it was like scratched with a nail. Jewelers, perhaps, could repeat, carefully cutting, with modern tools.
An artifact from southern Saqqara, where tourists are not allowed. A very revealing block of black basalt. The far part has been sawed off: the trace of a circular saw is visible. And they tried to process the other part manually. The difference is immediately visible.
The gate in the still closed part of the Karnak Temple. At the very top, a hole is made in the granite, it is believed, for a gate-post the size of a good barrel. In our world, machines capable of cutting such holes appeared only 10 - 15 years ago.
Aswan quarries. Pits extending several meters deep. The diameter is slightly larger than the width of the human body. How to hammer such holes? Is that standing head down. There are many such pits. According to Egyptologists, they are designed to watch how the cracks go in the main massif. And this is a completely meaningless exercise, because the direction of the cracks can be determined from the surface. And why was it necessary to align the walls so carefully? It looks like a cutter was used here. There is a hypothesis that the builders simply took samples of granite. But such a tool that allowed not to spend a lot of time on these tests. This civilization demonstrates to us that it worked with granite as with Styrofoam.
Andrey MOISEENKO
TVNZ
Time is afraid of the pyramids. They never shared their secrets. The scale of this construction is amazing. According to supporters of the Laboratory for Alternative History, the Egyptians could not build. In their opinion, the pyramids could be built by anyone: Atlanteans, representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations, representatives of other peoples, but not the Egyptians themselves. This very strange thesis is largely based on the fact that the Egyptians did not have perfect technologies that would allow them to start processing highly hard rocks, lift heavy weights, and the like.
Many of the early pyramids were crudely built. They are made of small stone blocks and are imperfect in terms of installation. These pyramids in their beauty are incomparable with those that stand, say, in the Giza Necropolis. And here many supporters of the Laboratory for Alternative History resort to deception: they convince us that the more perfect pyramids are the very first. And the less perfect ones were built by the Egyptians. That is, it turns out to be a fit of the facts.
It is very difficult for us today to imagine an era that is several millennia ago. And therefore, many people who grew up in the age of modern technologies cannot imagine life without iron, without machines, they cannot understand how people who did not possess all this could build such impressive structures.
What is the main argument that the Egyptians built their pyramids? The fact is that they did not come to this right away. First there was the millennial era of the Stone Age, during which the Egyptians learned to simply work the stone. But as for the methods of delivering the stone to the construction site, another question arises.
You need to understand that the largest pyramids are amazingly harmonious and correct. The largest blocks are laid at the base, that is, they did not need to be lifted to a significant height. And closer to the top are smaller blocks. Thus, the builders saved their time and resources. They perfectly understood that large blocks cannot be raised to a great height; this requires very significant efforts of many thousands of people. According to the drawings found in the tombs, large weights, as a rule, were dragged by people or bulls, the Egyptians had no other strength. Therefore, we can conclude: it was very important for the Egyptians that the spirit of the nation was embodied in these pyramids, so that they could thus declare themselves in history that in this grandiose construction they could accumulate all their knowledge.
Pyramid of Khafre (more precisely - Khafre) - the second largest ancient Egyptian pyramid
The Egyptians did not immediately come to the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating rooms inside the pyramid itself. Initially, all the rooms were underground, that is, under the baseline, and the pyramid itself was empty. And only as the principles of construction improved, when the so-called idea of \u200b\u200ba stepped vault arose, they begin to design the premises inside the pyramid itself. What was the impetus for this revolution in architecture, we do not know. There is a hypothesis according to which underground premises were flooded with groundwater, so new solutions had to be found. To secure the sarcophagus with the mummy, they tried to raise it as high as possible. And for this they first came up with the idea of \u200b\u200ba stepped vault - what we see in the Sneferu pyramids, and later in the Khafra pyramid, where the unloading chambers are used. Thus, with each new pyramid, the sarcophagus with the king's mummy rises higher and higher. Subsequently, all the pyramids were built already with a burial chamber on the base line, which shortened and made the construction process cheaper, it became more economically feasible. And gradually the Egyptians completely abandon the construction of the pyramids.
When talking about pyramids in general, they use a term such as "polygonal masonry". True, it is typical for Latin Americain particular the Inca culture. Nevertheless, there are several samples of polygonal masonry, which was used in the construction of granite blocks in the valley temple of King Khafra. The fact is that polygonal masonry is not the art of stone processing, but the use of natural stones and a specific situation. That is, the Egyptians did not fit the stones, instead they used their natural unevenness to create a surface.
Among conspiracy theorists, the thesis is very common that limestone stones are perfectly matched, that it is impossible to insert a knife blade, a sheet of paper, and the like between them. However, it is necessary to mention one of the most important properties of limestone - its plasticity. This stone begins to compress under great pressure. And if at the same time favorable air humidity remains, then the process of diffusion - interpenetration takes place. Over the millennia, when the blocks lay on top of each other, they partially merged with each other. And today it seems to us that this is just a perfect seam. Although initially the seams could not be flawlessly perfect.
In addition, the limestone from which the Egyptian pyramids are built is very easy not only to process, but also to influence environment... Therefore, modern pyramids for the most part do not have facing - over many centuries the limestone has weathered. And even if you just press hard on it with your hand, then it begins to crumble under our fingers. And although they say that time is afraid of the pyramids, in reality it is not. Pyramids collapse, and the older they are, the more fragile the limestone from which they are built becomes. Gradually, the stones are crumbling, and many are even torn from their places.
Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) - the largest of the Egyptian pyramids
Any pyramid today requires conservation measures, and therefore many of the stones in the Khufu pyramid are coated with a special polymer-containing compound to prevent air and water erosion. The pyramid is a wonderful structure, but it is also a monument to the great genius of the Egyptian people. It was the Egyptians who first learned how to process limestone. Egyptian civilization is the limestone civilization from which most of the Egyptian temples are built.
Essential knowledge of mathematics was required to build the pyramid. And today, scientists are convinced that the Egyptians performed mathematical calculations before starting construction. But no evidence of their mathematical thinking has survived. We do not know how they planned, conceived and tried to calculate the strength of this or that pyramid. But we know for sure that the layout was originally built. It could be wood or stone. But all possible solutions were calculated on this model. If, during construction, it turned out that the calculation was not correct, the Egyptians made adjustments. The famous Sneferu pyramid, the broken pyramid in Dakhshur, was originally conceived with perfectly regular edges. But gradually the mass of the erected levels of the pyramid began to put pressure on the interior. As a result, the builders realized that if they continued construction at the same pace and with the same dimensions, the interior would collapse. As a result, they had to reduce the height of the pyramid as soon as possible. Therefore, it turned out to be a broken line.
Pyramid in Medum
The pyramid in Medum was also intended to be correct. But in its design, the so-called laying of a false vault was first used. The builders miscalculated the height of the walls of the inner burial chamber, and the pyramid simply fell apart. Its upper part is still in ruins, although from the outside it has retained some original shape.
It is important to understand that the Egyptians built their pyramids by trial and error. Naturally, they did not have a modern developed mathematical apparatus, but they possessed the secrets that allowed them to erect magnificent structures. They never shared these secrets, they never wrote textbooks. They passed on their skills from father to son, and therefore we cannot fully understand them. For example, they erected embankments, thanks to which stone blocks were moved to significant heights. How were these embankments removed later? But at least we know that these embankments were, their remains have survived. But most importantly, the Egyptians also used the energy of water, the energy of the Nile. So the ancient Egyptian civilization is the civilization of the Nile River. They not only sailed along the great river, but also used it to move large masses of stone directly to the foot of the pyramids. The Egyptians created an amazing civilization that was able to curb the Nile. They not only built the famous dams, but also erected cities on the dams, and also rationalized labor in the construction of the pyramids.
From a historical perspective, the Romans even surpassed the Egyptians in some ways. For example, when they built their famous aqueducts to deliver large volumes of water to places where water was scarce. Although the very idea of \u200b\u200baqueducts belongs, most likely, to the same Egyptians. Yes, they would have envied the scale of the construction of the Romans, but each civilization has contributed to the treasury of historical architectural thought. If the Romans became famous for the construction of aqueducts, then the Egyptians became famous for the construction of pyramids. And no one else tried to repeat their experience.
