Very little documentary evidence has been preserved about the very first explorers of the 17th century. But already from the middle of this “golden age” of Russian colonization of Siberia, “expedition leaders” compiled detailed “skasks” (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports on the routes taken, open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these “skasks,” the country knows its heroes and the main geographical discoveries they made.

Chronological list of Russian explorers and their geographical discoveries in Siberia and the Far East

Fedor Kurbsky

In our historical consciousness, the first “conqueror” of Siberia is, of course, Ermak. It became a symbol of the Russian breakthrough into the eastern expanses. But it turns out that Ermak was not the first. 100 (!) years before Ermak, Moscow governors Fyodor Kurbsky and Ivan Saltykov-Travin penetrated into the same lands with troops. They followed a path that was well known to the Novgorod “guests” and industrialists.

In general, the entire Russian north, the Subpolar Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob were considered the Novgorod patrimony, from where enterprising Novgorodians “pumped” precious junk for centuries. And the local peoples were formally considered Novgorod vassals. Control over the untold wealth of the Northern Territories was the economic rationale for the military capture of Novgorod by Moscow. After the conquest of Novgorod by Ivan III in 1477, not only the entire North, but also the so-called Ugra land went to the Moscow principality.

The dots show the northern route along which the Russians walked to Ermak

In the spring of 1483, the army of Prince Fyodor Kurbsky climbed the Vishera and crossed Ural Mountains, went down the Tavda, where she defeated the troops of the Pelym principality - one of the largest Mansi tribal associations in the Tavda river basin. Having walked further to Tobol, Kurbsky found himself in the “Siberian Land” - that was the name then of a small territory in the lower reaches of Tobol, where the Ugric tribe “Sypyr” had long lived. From here the Russian army marched along the Irtysh to the middle Ob, where the Ugric princes successfully “fought”. Having collected a large yasak, the Moscow detachment turned back, and on October 1, 1483, Kurbsky’s squad returned to their homeland, having covered about 4.5 thousand kilometers during the campaign.

The results of the campaign were the recognition in 1484 by the “princes” of Western Siberia of dependence on the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the annual payment of tribute. Therefore, starting from Ivan III, the titles of the Grand Dukes of Moscow (later transferred to the royal title) included the words “ Grand Duke of Yugorsk, Prince of Udorsky, Obdorsky and Kondinsky.

Vasily Suk And n

He founded the city of Tyumen in 1586. On his initiative, the city of Tobolsk was founded (1587). Ivan Suk And n was not a pioneer. He was a high-ranking Moscow official, a governor, sent with a military detachment to help Ermakov’s army to “finish off” Khan Kuchum. He laid the foundation for the capital arrangement of Russians in Siberia.

Cossack Penda

Discoverer of the Lena River. Mangazeya and Turukhansk Cossack, legendary personality. He set out with a detachment of 40 people from Mangazeya (a fortified fort and the most important trading point for Russians in Northwestern Siberia (1600-1619) on the Taz River). This man made a campaign unprecedented in its determination, thousands of miles across completely wild places. Legends about Penda were passed down from mouth to mouth among the Mangazeya and Turukhansk Cossacks and fishermen, and reached historians in almost their original form.

Penda and like-minded people climbed the Yenisei from Turukhansk to Nizhnyaya Tunguska, then walked for three years to its upper reaches. I reached the Chechuysky portage, where the Lena comes almost close to the Lower Tunguska. So what is next, having crossed the portage, he sailed along the Lena River down to the place where the city of Yakutsk was later built: from where he continued his journey along the same river to the mouth of the Kulenga, then along the Buryat steppe to the Angara, where, having boarded the ships, he arrived again in Turukhansk through Yeniseisk».

Petr Beketov

Sovereign serviceman, governor, explorer of Siberia. The founder of a number of Siberian cities, such as Yakutsk, Chita, Nerchinsk. He came to Siberia voluntarily (he asked to go to the Yenisei prison, where he was appointed rifle centurion in 1627). Already in 1628-1629 he took part in the campaigns of Yenisei servicemen up the Angara. He walked a lot along the tributaries of the Lena, collected yasak, and brought the local population into submission to Moscow. He founded several sovereign forts on the Yenisei, Lena and Transbaikalia.

Ivan Moskvitin

He was the first European to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. I was the first to visit Sakhalin. Moskvitin began his service in 1626 as an ordinary Cossack in the Tomsk prison. He probably took part in the campaigns of Ataman Dmitry Kopylov to the south of Siberia. In the spring of 1639, he set out from Yakutsk to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with a detachment of 39 servicemen. The goal was the usual - “the search for new lands” and new unclear (that is, not yet subject to tribute) people. Moskvitin’s detachment descended along the Aldan to the Mai River and They walked up May for seven weeks, from Maya to the portage by a small river they walked for six days, they walked for one day and reached the Ulya River, they walked down the Ulya river for eight days, then they made a boat and sailed to the sea for five days..

Results of the campaign: The coast was discovered and surveyed Sea of ​​Okhotsk over 1300 km, Udskaya Bay, Sakhalin Bay, Amur Estuary, Amur Estuary and Sakhalin Island. In addition, they brought with them to Yakutsk a large booty in the form of a fur tribute.

Ivan Stadukhin

Discoverer of the Kolyma River. Founded the Nizhnekolymsk fort. He explored the Chukotka Peninsula and was the first to enter the north of Kamchatka. He walked along the coast on Kochs and described one and a half thousand kilometers of the northern part of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. He kept records of his “circular” journey, described and drew up a drawing map of the places he visited in Yakutia and Chukotka.

Semyon Dezhnev

Cossack ataman, explorer, traveler, sailor, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, as well as a fur trader. Participated in the discovery of Kolyma as part of Ivan Stadukhin’s detachment. From Kolyma, on Kochs, he traveled along the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Chukotka. 80 years before Vitus Bering, the first European in 1648 passed the (Bering) Strait separating Chukotka and Alaska. (It is noteworthy that V. Bering himself did not manage to pass the entire strait, but had to limit himself to only its southern part!

Vasily Poyarkov

Russian explorer, Cossack, explorer of Siberia and Far East. Discoverer of the Middle and Lower Amur. In 1643, 46 led a detachment that was the first Russian to penetrate the Amur River basin and discovered the Zeya River and the Zeya Plain. Collected valuable information about the nature and population of the Amur region

1649-1653

Erofey Khabarov

A Russian industrialist and entrepreneur, he traded furs in Mangazeya, then moved to the upper reaches of the Lena River, where from 1632 he was engaged in buying furs. In 1639 he discovered salt springs on the Kut River and built a brewery, and then contributed to the development of agriculture there.

In 1649-53, with a detachment of eager people, he made a trip along the Amur from the confluence of the Urka River into it to the very lower reaches. As a result of his expedition, the Amur indigenous population accepted Russian citizenship. He often acted by force, which left him with a bad reputation among the indigenous population. Khabarov compiled “Drawing on the Amur River.” The military post of Khabarovka, founded in 1858 (since 1893 - the city of Khabarovsk) and railroad station Erofey Pavlovich (1909).

Vladimir Atlasov

Cossack Pentecostal, clerk of the Anadyr prison, “an experienced polar explorer,” as they would say now. Kamchatka was, one might say, his goal and dream. The Russians already knew about the existence of this peninsula, but none of them had yet penetrated the territory of Kamchatka. Atlasov, using borrowed money and at his own risk, organized an expedition to explore Kamchatka at the beginning of 1697. Having taken into the detachment the experienced Cossack Luka Morozko, who had already been to the north of the peninsula, he set out from the Anadyr fort to the south. The purpose of the campaign was traditional - furs and the annexation of new “unknown” lands to the Russian state.

Atlasov was not the discoverer of Kamchatka, but he was the first Russian to walk almost the entire peninsula from north to south and from west to east. He compiled a detailed story and map of his journey. His report contained detailed information about the climate, animals and flora, as well as the amazing springs of the peninsula. He managed to persuade a significant part of the local population to come under the rule of the Moscow Tsar.

For the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Vladimir Atlasov, by decision of the government, was appointed clerk there. The campaigns of V. Atlasov and L. Morozko (1696-1699) were of great practical importance. These people discovered and annexed Kamchatka to the Russian state and laid the foundation for its development. The government of the country, represented by Sovereign Pyotr Alekseevich, already then understood the strategic importance of Kamchatka for the country and took measures to develop it and consolidate it on these lands.

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries

The systematic study of Siberia began under Peter I by organizing expeditions. Along with the Russians, these expeditions included German scientists, invited to serve by the Russian government and who made a great contribution to research into the history of Siberia, its nature and natural resources. The descriptions of travel routes and settlements they encountered along the way, in some cases, are the only source containing information about the existence of some settlements and their location.

The first foreign scientist invited by the reformer Tsar Peter I to Russia to study its natural resources was Daniil Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, a native of Danzig (09/16/1685–03/25/1735), doctor of medicine, physician and naturalist, a good draftsman, philologist who knew oriental languages. Messerschmidt arrived in Russia in April 1718. In November 1718, he was appointed leader of the first scientific expedition heading to Siberia to study and describe its natural resources, history, geography, medicinal plants, minerals, ancient monuments, rituals, customs and languages indigenous peoples and, in general, all Siberian sights. The journey of the expedition led by Messerschmidt from St. Petersburg to Siberia and back lasted eight years, from 03/01/1719 to 03/27/1727. The expedition that left St. Petersburg for Tobolsk, in addition to himself, included: servant and translator Peter Kratz, cook Andrei Gesler and two Russian batman soldiers. Messerschmidt did not know the Russian language, he needed educated assistants, and at his request in Tobolsk, captured Swedish officers who knew Russian were included in the expedition: captain Philip Johann Tabbert (von Stralenberg), who became Messerschmidt’s main assistant, non-commissioned officer Daniil Kapell and a draftsman Carl Gustav Schulman, Strahlenberg's nephew. The expedition also included a 14-year-old Russian boy, Ivan Putintsev, bought by Messerschmidt in Yalutorovsk for 12 rubles to collect medicinal herbs, catch insects and climb trees to collect collections of bird eggs.

The expedition left Tobolsk on 03/01/1721 and through the Barabinsk forest-steppe headed east into the depths of Siberia and at the end of March 1721 arrived at the Chaussky fort. After a short stay there, the expedition continued on its way to Tomsk. The route of her movement from the Chaussky fort to Tomsk ran along the left side of the river. Ob, where by the beginning of the 18th century a number of Russian villages and settlements already existed: Bazoi, Chilino, Elovka, Ekimovo, Voronovo, Urtamsky fort, village. Kozhevnikovo and roads suitable for the movement of horse-drawn vehicles appeared. On the right side of the Ob from the Chaussky fort in the direction of Tomsk for about 150 km. Before the village of Zudovo in 1721 there were no settlements except the Umrevinsky fort; naturally, in the wooded, uninhabited area there were no land roads suitable for the unimpeded passage of horse-drawn transport. The first documentary information about the appearance of the settlements Oyash and Tashara on the above-mentioned section of the route dates back to 1734 in the description of the Tomsk district by G.F. Miller. The village of Dubrovina did not yet exist in 1734; naturally, there was no crossing over the Ob in this place. The first mention of the “Zimovsky hut of Dubrovskaya” is contained in the “Land Map of the Tomsk District”, compiled by surveyor Vasily Shishkov in 1737. Regular traffic between Tomsk and the Chaussky fort on the section of the route in question began, apparently, in the 30s of the 18th century, and crossing the Ob to Dubrovino - in the 40s of the 18th century. Academician I.G. Gmelin, returning from an expedition to Siberia in the summer of 1741, crossed the Ob in Tashara, and not in Dubrovino.

Messerschmidt's expedition crossed the Ob on ice on March 29, 1721 in the village of Kozhevnikovo (now the regional center Tomsk region) . Further, having crossed the river. Tagan, the right tributary of the Ob, the expedition proceeded to Tomsk, where it arrived on March 30, 1721. On the right bank of the river. Tagan, not far from its mouth, the expedition’s travel diary noted the Tatar village “Chatskaya” and the Russian village of Evtyushina and 5 km away. from it are Tatar yurts, in which those who moved from the river lived. Chulyma Tatars converted to Christianity in 1719.

During his stay in Tomsk from 03/30/1721 to 07/05/1721, Messerschmidt collected information on the history of the district, became acquainted with the life, language and rituals of the Tomsk Tatars and Ostyaks, researched and collected various antiques and coins, traveled to the outskirts of the city for collecting medicinal herbs, collecting information about the presence of useful minerals. In Messerschmidt's diary on April 28, 1721, an entry appeared about the coal “between Komarov and the village of Krasnaya.” The former villages of Komarova (Kemerova) and Krasnaya (Shcheglova, Krasnoyarskaya) are currently part of the city of Kemerovo.

The route of movement of the Messerschmidt expedition from Tomsk to Kuznetsk was described in detail in his scientific work by historian Igor Vyacheslavovich Kovtun. Having thoroughly analyzed the expedition diary and scientific information previously published on this issue, he was quite convincingly able to prove that the Tomsk Pisanitsa (“Pismagor”, as Messerschmidt called it), was first discovered and described not by Stralenberg, as previously thought, but by D.G. Messerschmidt.

On the morning of July 5, the expedition on boats left Tomsk up the river. Tomi. D. Kapell, acting as quartermaster and supply officer, left for Kuznetsk on horseback on July 2 to prepare an apartment and everything necessary for the further journey. By 6 o'clock in the evening on July 7, the expedition arrived in the village of Tomilovo. From its founding in 1670 until approximately 1816, the village of Tomilovo was located on a short, elevated section of the floodplain of the left bank of the Tom, next to its bed and, due to strong spring floods, periodically occurring on the Tom in the early 19th century. was relocated from the floodplain to the main bank, approximately 1 km. from the river bed. Along the route from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo, Messerschmidt’s diary, which Stralenberg kept in 1721, notes the settlements that the expeditions met along the banks of the Tom. On the left bank - Takhtamyshpur (modern Takhtamyshevo), Mogilev (modern Kaftanchikovo), Barabinskaya yurt, Zeledeevo village. On the right bank of the Tom, the diary notes: the village of Spasskoye, the Kazan yurts, the summer yurts of the Tutal Tatars (they moved from the Chulym River to escape their complete extermination by the Yenisei Kyrgyz), the village of Yarskoye and the Sosnovsky fort. For an unknown reason, the diary does not indicate settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom from Tomsk to the village of Tomilovo: Kaltai, Alaevo, Varyukhino - on the left bank of the Tom, Baturino, Vershinino, Ust-Sosnovka, Konstantinov, Yurty-Konstantinovy, Vesnina - on the right bank of the Tom. Perhaps this happened because these settlements are located some distance from the main channel of the river. Tomi did not come to the attention of the expedition members.

The expedition stayed in the village of Tomilovo until July 11, 1721. Here Messerschmidt measured the height of the sun, prepared letters to be sent to Tobolsk, and went to the right bank of the Tom in the area of ​​the Sosnovsky fort to collect medicinal herbs. From Tomilovo on July 11, 1721, Messerschmidt and Stralenberg diverged before their meeting in Abakan on December 22, 1721. Stralenberg, on 2 horses provided to him by the clerk of the Sosnovsky prison, went to Tomsk to continue collecting information on history and geography and so on. Tomsk district. From August 6 to 11, 1721, Stralenberg, with Pastor Vestadius and cornet Buchman, rode horses to the village of Taimenka with stops and overnights in the Kazan yurts, the village of Ust-Sosnovka and the village of Mugalovo. In the village of Taimenka, located on the right bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Stralenberg and his companions arrived on August 8, 1721, where they stopped for the night. On August 9th they went back to Tomsk, because... Cornet Bukhman fell ill and on August 11th at 6 o'clock in the evening we arrived in Tomsk. Thus, as follows from the expedition diary, above the village of Taimenki along the river. Tomi Stralenberg did not go up and personally get acquainted with the rock paintings of the Tomsk pisanitsa. Returning from the village of Taimenki to Tomsk, Stralenberg continued his exploration of the district. He traveled by water along the Tom and Ob to Narym and back to Tomsk. On November 29, 1721, Stralenberg left Tomsk for the village of Zyryanskoye (now the regional center of the Tomsk region on the Chulym River near the mouth of the Kiya River) and further up the river. Kie to the river Sert, further through about. Barsyk-Kul to the river. Uryup, then through Lake Bogo and the steppes to the village. Bellyk on the river Yenisei and further to Abakan, where he met with Messerschmidt.

Messerschmidt, after Stralenberg’s departure from the village of Tomilovo to Tomsk, with the remaining members of the expedition with him, continued his journey up the Tom. Having passed the settlements that already existed in 1721 along the banks of the Tom, but were not noted in the expedition diary due to the fact that the diary in 1721 was kept by Stralenberg, who returned to Tomsk, Messerschmidt saw the Tomsk writings, according to the calculations of I.V. Kovtun this happened around July 15, 1721. According to historians D.N. Belikova and N.F. Emelyanov in 1721, settlements already existed along the banks of the Tom: on the left bank (Yurginsky district) - the villages of Asanova, Ankudinova, Kuzhenkina, Ust-Iskitim, on the right bank (Yashkinsky district) - the village of Skorokhodova , Itkara, Salamatova, Korchuganova, p. Kulakovo, village Gutova, Mokhova, Palamoshnova, Taimenka Malaya, Taimenka Bolshaya, village. Pacha. Having examined the rock paintings of the Tomsk pisanitsa, Messerschmidt continued his way up the Tom. Having passed the Verkhotomsk fort, the villages of Komarova (Kemerovo), Krasnaya (Shcheglova) and other settlements of the Middle Tomsk region, the expedition arrived in Kuznetsk on July 30th. From Kuznetsk, the expedition set off up the Tom to its source and then on horseback along a path through the Abakan ridge and the Uibat steppe to Abakan. Above Kuznetsk along the Tom River at the mouth of the river. Abasheva, on August 9 or 10, Messerschmidt examined a burning coal seam (“fire-breathing mountain”) and took soil samples from this seam, which were examined by M.V. in 1745. Lomonosov confirmed that it was coal. Strahlenberg himself, who was not personally in Kuznetsk and did not see the burning coal seam, having learned about it from Messerschmidt or from members of the expedition, in his work published in 1730, reported that Messerschmidt mistook the burning coal seam for a volcano. But historians have doubts about this message from Stralenberg; it is unlikely that such a prominent specialist, who later discovered the Tunguska coal basin, did not recognize the coals he collected at the mouth of the river. Abasheva samples of hard coal.

Messerschmidt was distinguished by his enormous capacity for work and diligence in his work. While traveling around Siberia, he collected a lot of material on the history, geography, archeology, ethnography and mineral resources of Siberia. He also collected large collections of plants, minerals, animals, insects, and birds and ensured their delivery to St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, most of materials and collections were lost in a shipwreck while transporting them from St. Petersburg to Danzig and in a fire in St. Petersburg in 1747. Mostly only Messerschmidt’s travel diaries remained, which are scatteredly stored in archives and have not yet been fully studied by historians; his work for the benefit of Russia is still worth it not rated.

A great contribution to the creation of the history of Siberia was made by its outstanding researcher, German scientist, academician Gerard Friedrich Miller. While traveling through Siberia as part of the Academic detachment of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733-1743, he compiled detailed historical and geographical descriptions of almost all districts of Siberia, including: “Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current position in September 1734.” and “Description of the Tomsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current situation in October 1734.”

After completing the survey of the Kuznetsk district, Miller on September 27, 1734 (old style) left for Tomsk by land along the Tomsk road, which in its main direction coincided with the later developed Tomsk-Kuznetsk zemsky tract. The route of Miller’s detachment ran through the territories of seven districts of the Kemerovo region, through settlements that already existed in 1734, or in their environs: Kuznetsk–Bungurskaya–Kalacheva–Lucheva (modern Luchshevo) – Monastyrskaya (modern Prokopyevsk) – Usova (Usyaty) – Bachatskaya – Sosnova (modern Ust-Sosnovo) – Transverse Iskitim (from Poperechnoe) – Ust-Iskitim-Tutalskaya (modern Talaya) – Elgino-Maltsevo-Zeledeevo-Varyukhino – and further, after crossing to the right bank of the river. Tomi through the modern territory of the Tomsk region through the settlements: village. Yarskoe – Vershinina village – Baturina village – village. Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo) - Tomsk.

About a hundred years after the trip, G.F. Miller, the road along which he traveled from Kuznetsk to Tomsk was finally developed and received the status of the Tomsk-Kuznetsk Zemsky tract. On the territory of the Yurginsky district, this road in some places changed its direction compared to the former road. From Transverse Iskitim the road went to Zimnik, which appeared as a settled Tatar settlement in the first half of the 19th century. At the same time, the village of Ust-Iskitim remained away from the highway. From the village of Zimnik the road went to the village of Tutalskaya (Talaya) and further to the village of Bezmenovo and the village. Proskokovo, where it connected with the Great Siberian (Moscow) Highway, laid here in the first quarter of the 19th century.

In conclusion about the journey of G.F. Miller, it should be noted that from Kuznetsk to Tomsk it lasted less than 6 days, from 09/27/1734 to 10/2/1734 according to the old style, according to the new style it is mid-October, the period of autumn thaw in our area. According to the diary entry of S.P. Krasheninnikov, on the day the expedition departed from Kuznetsk, September 27, 1734, it was snowing. The distance from Kuznetsk to Tomsk is about 400 km, expeditionary detachment G.F. Miller, consisting of several soldiers and an interpreter besides himself, was overcome in less than 6 days. It must be said that the speed of movement of the detachment on horseback for the 18th century along bumpy roads, and even in the autumn thaw, was quite high.

Simultaneously with G.F. Miller on September 27, 1734, from Kuznetsk to Tomsk the second part of the academic detachment set off along the river. Tomy on three boats. This detachment included Academician I.G. Gmelin and student Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, future author of the book “Description of the Kamchatka Land”. On behalf of G.F. Miller Krasheninnikov described those encountered on the way of the academic detachment geographical features and settlements of the Tomsk district along the banks of the Tom.

On the modern territory of the Yurginsky district on the left bank of the river. Tom, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

the village of Kolbikha at the mouth of the Kolbikha River;

the village of Ubiona (Ubiennaya, modern village of Novoromanovo) on the river. Murdered;

village of Pashkova (modern village of Mitrofanovo), Miller also cited the second name of this village in 1734 - “Narymsky”;

the village of Bruskurova (according to archival documents of Proskurov), the modern village of Verkh-Taimenka, Miller gave the second name of this village in 1734 - “Chukreva”;

village Popova (Popovka) at the mouth of the river. Suri ( modern name this river "Popovka");

village Iskitimskaya (according to archival documents Ust-Iskitim, at the mouth of the Iskitim river);

the Yurga River, there were no settlements on this river at that time;

the village of Tala (modern Talaya) at the mouth of the Talaya River;

the village of Kuzhenkina, 4 versts downstream of the Tom from the village of Taloy, opposite the village of Mokhovaya (the village of Pyatkovo did not exist yet);

the village of Ankudinova, opposite the village of Itkary;

village Asanova or Silonova (Filonova) 3.5 versts from the mouth of the river. Lebyazhya;

between the villages of Ankudinova and the villages of Asanova, two Tatar yurts are indicated, apparently nomadic Tatars who temporarily settled in this place;

the village of Tomilova and in it the chapel of Peter and Paul. Because of the large shoals near the Sosnovsky fort, Krasheninnikov’s detachment landed at the village of Tomilova to relieve the working people recruited in the Verkhotomsky fort. A messenger was sent to the Sosnovsky prison, who soon returned with a shift and the prison clerk, after which the detachment continued on its way to Tomsk;

With. Seledeevo (Zeledeevo) there is a wooden church in the name of Florus and Laurus;

the village of Varyukhina, or Babarykina, opposite the mouth of the river. Hype;

village of Alaevo on the river Malaya Chernaya.

Further along the left bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Tomsk region, villages and rivers are marked. Kaltai Russian village, Kaltai Tatar village, Baraba Tatar yurts, Koftanchikova village (Mogileva), Muratov Tatar yurts, Tokhtamyshev Tatar yurts, Chernaya river, Tomsk.

On the right bank of the Tom, in the modern territory of the Yashkinsky district, Krasheninnikov noted the following settlements that already existed in 1734, and the rivers flowing into the Tom:

the village of Irofeeva, according to Miller’s updated information, this is the village of Erefyeva (modern Kolmogorov);

village of Pisanaya near the river Pisanoy, slightly higher than Pisanoy Stone;

With. Pacha on the river Moreover, in the village there is a wooden church in the name of John the Baptist;

Taimenka is a monastic village (currently the village of Krylovo is located on this site);

The village of Taimenka stands at the mouth of the river. Taimenki, modern village Nizhnyaya Taimenka, and the river has a new name “Kuchum”;

village Polomoshna on the river Polomoshnaya (Miller, apparently, mistakenly called this river Monastyrskaya). Currently, this river is called “Talmenka”;

Mokhova village opposite Kuzhenkina village;

the village of Gutova on the left bank of the Gutovaya River, which flows into the Tom;

Kulakov Pogost (modern village of Kulakovo), there is a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker; Miller also cited the second name of this village, the village “Nikolskoye”;

the village of Korchuganova, 1.5 versts from the Kulakov churchyard;

the village of Salamatova, 2 versts from the village of Korchuganova;

Itkara churchyard, there is a wooden church in the name of Metropolitan Peter, Miller clarified the name - the village of Itkarinskoye;

the village of Skorokhodova, 5 versts from the Sosnovsky fort upstream of the Tom River;

Sosnovsky fort, there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord;

village of Visnikova, Miller clarified the name of the village “Vesnina” 3 versts from the Sosnovsky fort downstream of the river. Tomi;

villages of Konstantinov and Konstantinov Yurts;

village of Sosnovka (modern Ust-Sosnovka), on the bank of the river. Sosnovki is not far from its mouth.

Further down the river. Tom, on the modern territory of the Tomsk region, Krasheninnikov indicated the following settlements: Yarsky Pogost (modern Yar or Yarskoye), in it there is a wooden church in the name of the Entry of the Virgin. The village of Vershinina, where Russians and Tutal Tatars live, then the village of Baturina, Kazan yurts, the village of Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), there is a wooden church in the name of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Tomsk. The rivers flowing into the Tom from the right side are also indicated: Shumikha, Tugoyakovka, Basandaika and within the city of Tomsk the river. Ushayka.

In the summer of 1741, the famous German scientist, explorer of Siberia, academician Johann Georg Gmelin was returning from an expedition to Eastern Siberia. Its route from Tomsk to the Chaussky fort (the modern city of Kolyvan, Novosibirsk region) and further to the west ran through settlements located, among other things, in the modern territories of the Yurginsky and Bolotninsky districts.

Having left the city of Tomsk, Gmelin crossed the river. Tom on the upper transport (in the area of ​​modern road bridge via Tom). Further, its route ran to the border of the present Yurga region through the settlements: Burlakovy (Chernorechensky yurts), the village of Kaftanchikov-Kaltai yurts, Kaltaisky Stanets (stanets).

Through the territory of the Yurginsky district, Gmelin’s route ran through the villages of Alaeva, Varyukhina, Kozhevnikova. At that time, the modern village of Kozhevnikova consisted of two villages: Lonshakova, founded in 1686 by arable peasant Grigory Pechkin, and the village of Zababurina (Kozhevnikova), Gmelin called this village Sankina or Panova.

Further, Gmelin’s path ran through the present territory of the Bolotninsky district through the villages: Chernaya, in which there was a postal station, the village of Elizarova, the village of Pashkova (modern Zudovo), Elbatsky peaks (we are apparently talking about the peaks of the rivers Elbak and Chebulinsky Padun), Zhukov or Oyash.

Further, Gmelin’s path ran outside the modern territory of the Bolotninsky district through the Umrevinsky fort, the Tasharinsky stanets (lathe) with a crossing over the river. Ob to its left bank and further through the Orskie yurts, the village of Skalinskaya (village of Skala) to the Chaussky fort.

In the winter of 1773, the famous German scientist, doctor of medicine, professor of natural history, member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Free Economic Society, member of the Roman Imperial Academy, the Royal English Assembly and the Berlin Natural History Society, Peter Simon Pallas, also returned from an expedition in Eastern Siberia. His route from Tomsk to the Chaussky fort, especially the route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, set out in Pallas’s scientific work “Travel to the Various Provinces of the Russian State,” translated from German into Russian by Vasily Zuev, who accompanied Pallas on the expedition, is described so confusingly and It is incomprehensible that professional historians are still unable to reliably establish this route.

Here Full description the route of Pallas from Tomsk to the Chaussky fort, translated by Zuev from German into Russian: “In Tomsk I delayed until the 29th of January, so as not to catch up with the carts sent from me and thus not have a shortage of horses to change. In the evening of the same day I left this city and continued my journey to Tara along the ordinary road. The postal road first goes along the right side of the river. Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank of this river. Here you should leave the river and turn west to the Ob. Near the village of Kandinskaya I moved to the Malaya, and near Chernorechinsk there is a large branch called the Black, which, connecting with it, flows into the Tom. In the last village there are 18 courtyards, in which Tomsk townspeople and peasants live. This is where Volok begins, lying between Tom, on which there is only the village of Kanshura at the source. The first river flowing into the Ob, which must be passed through, is called Iska, after which the village lying next to it is nicknamed. Then I drove through the villages of Elbak, Agash, Umreva, lying near rivers of the same name, of which the first flows into Iska, and the other into Ob, and finally through the village of Tashara at the source of the same name. Then there is a road up the Ob through Dubrovina to a village called Orsky Bor, which lies more than forty miles away on a wooded island, which has a branch on the left side of the flowing river. On the morning of the 31st I arrived at the Cheussky fort, which lies on the left bank of the Ob, into which the Cheus river flows here.”

Some historians, in their works devoted to the study of the history of the Great Siberian (Moscow) Highway, for example, N.A. Minenko, in the book “Along the Old Moscow Highway” Novosibirsk 1990, describing the route of Pallas from Tomsk to the village of Zudovo, limited himself to a short message: “Having passed the portage between Ob and Tom, the traveler arrived in the village of Iksu (modern Zudovo), from here he moved to the village of Elbak..." and then it goes detailed description Pallas's route to Tara, indicating all the settlements through which he passed. Grigoriev A.D., the first dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of Tomsk University, in his scientific work “The structure and settlement of the Moscow Highway in Siberia from the point of view of the study of Russian dialects,” published in 1921, described in most detail the route of Pallas from Tomsk to Tara . However, for some reason he began the description of Pallas’ route from Tomsk to Tara from the end, i.e. from Tara and having brought his description to the village of Iksy (Zudovo), Grigoriev himself found himself in a difficult position in determining the further direction of Pallas’s route. Here is an excerpt from the text of his description: “... - 29 d. Iksa (near Pallas Iska on the river of the same name, flowing into the Ob, modern Zudova): - 30 the village of Kanshura at the source on the portage between the Ob and Tom (it is difficult to say which one the village should be meant here, maybe it is the village of Shelkovnikova on the Kanderepa river): 31 village Chernaya Rechka at the river. Bolshaya Chernaya, which had 18 courtyards in which Tomsk townspeople and peasants lived: - 32 Kandinskaya village near the river. Malaya Chernaya (west of Kaltai: - 33 Varyukhinskaya village on the left bank of the Tom River, from where the postal road went along the right bank of the Tom River, and not the left, as now: - 34 Tomsk).” On the same page below, under footnote (1), Grigoriev provided an explanation: “The road from Oyash to Varyukhina during Pallas’s time passed through different villages than now. Several villages cannot be accurately assigned to the current names due to errors in the names of Pallas or his translator, as well as due to changes in the names of the villages.”

(The numbers 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 indicate the serial numbers of the settlements that Grigoriev marked along the route of Pallas, starting from Tara).

But let’s return to the description of Pallas’ route from Tomsk to the Chaussky fort, set out in his above-mentioned book translated by Zuev, and note the key points in it:

– Pallas returned from Eastern Siberia in winter, when travel along Siberian roads, according to reviews of all travelers, was easier, more reliable and less tiring. And even through swampy areas, the winter sleigh ride did not cause any difficulties.

“He was in no hurry to catch up with his previously sent convoy, so as not to have a delay in changing horses.

– From Tomsk he set off along an ordinary road, and in his travel diary he wrote down that the postal road from Tomsk first goes along the right side of the Tom to the village of Varyukhina, which lies on the left bank, from which the road turns west.

– In his description, Pallas also mentioned the portage between Tom and Ob, which begins at the Black River.

– It is noteworthy that Pallas did not mention the settlements in his description: s. Spasskoye (modern Kolarovo), Baturina village, Vershinina village, village. Yarskoye, located on the post road on the right side of Tom and further west from the village of Varyukhina, lying on this road to the Zudovaya village: Kozhevnikov, Chernaya and Elizarov.

– The settlements lying on the road from Tomsk to Varyukhina on the left bank of the Tom River are also not mentioned in Pallas’s description: Takhtamyshevo, Kaftanchikova, Kaltai and Alaevo.

All of the above key points in the description of Pallas’ route from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya indicate that he left Tomsk on the same road as Gmelin in 1741. Having crossed the ice road through Tom to its left bank near the city, he proceeded further through the village of Chernaya Rechka to the village of Kandinki, located on the river. Mind. In the area of ​​the Black River and the river. The mind began to be dragged between the Tomyu and Ob rivers. At the beginning it was a horse trail, laid by the Chat Tatars back in the 17th century. On the map of the Tomsk city from the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S.U. Remezov shows the road from Tomsk to Urtam through the taiga, which originates from the river. Tom between the Black River and the river. Mind. In the time of Pallas, a long-developed road ran here to the Urtam fort, from which, in the area of ​​Lake Kirek, it went south to the village of Zudovaya, a well-worn winter road The Tomsk coachmen, of course, knew this road well and took Pallas along it to the village of Zudovaya. The distance from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya along this road is almost the same as along the postal road through the village of Varyukhina. In addition, in the event of a snowstorm, this taiga winter road is more reliable than the road through open (treeless) places along the Tom River.

Along this road from the village of Kandinki to the village of Zudova in those days there was only one village, which in Pallas’s description is called “the village of Kanshura”. However, “Kanshura” is a distorted name of the Kunchuruk River, which Pallas crossed on the way to the village of Zudovaya, and not the name of the village, as erroneously indicated by Pallas or translated by Zuev. On oldest map Tomsk Province, born in 1816. Kunchuruk is called “Kunchurova”, which is consonant with the word “Kanshura” and, apparently, this is why there was confusion. And the mysterious “village” is the small village of Elizarova, which could not be passed on the way from Tomsk along any road, both along the postal road from the villages of Varyukhina-Chernaya, and along the forest road from the village of Kandinki, other roads at that time it just wasn't there. The village of Elizarova was founded in 1715 and it has always had few households; from the moment of its foundation until the end of the 19th century there were no more than 5 households in it. To the confused description of Pallas’s route, it is also necessary to make an explanation that the small and large branches of the river. Chernaya, these are two different rivers: r. Um and r. Black; Russians have lived in the village of Kandinka since its founding, and in the village. Black River- Tatars. It must be borne in mind that Pallas made the journey from Tomsk to the village of Zudovaya at night, and apparently completed the description of this route later from memory, perhaps in the Chaussky prison, from the words of the coachmen who transported him, which is why this route is described so incomprehensibly and confusingly.

In conclusion, it should be noted that at the end of the 18th century, the village of Smokotina appeared on the route of Pallas from the village of Kandinki, and in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. settlements and villages arose: Klyuchi, Batalina, Birch River Kirek - in the Tomsk region; Barkhanovka, Krutaya, Krasnaya, Gorbunovka, Solovyovka, Kunchuruk in the Bolotninsky district. By the end of the 20th century, most of these villages had disappeared. Along this road, through the mentioned villages in the 50-60s of the twentieth century, all year round summer and winter, day and night, on trucks and tractors they transported from the Tomsk region to the railway. Bolotnaya station pine forest and lumber. The forest was cut down and gradually most of the villages disappeared. The author of these lines in the 50s of the twentieth century had the opportunity to drive along this road from the town of Bolotnoye, through the village of Zudovo to the village of Barkhanovka (to the border of the Tomsk region) and back along a fairly well-equipped road. This road went mainly along sandy hills covered with pine forests, crossing swampy lowlands, through which a “lezhnevka” was laid (logs fastened together, laid in each rut along the direction of the road). The village of Barkhanovka was located on a huge sandy hill (really on a dune) from the height of which the surrounding taiga and, on clear days, smoke from the chimneys of steamships plying along the Ob River were visible for tens of kilometers.

Summarizing Pallas's journey, it should be noted that some historians, citing him in their scientific works, for example, O.M. Kationsov in his monograph “The Moscow-Siberian Tract and its Inhabitants in the 17th-19th Centuries.” They report that from the Chaussky fort the road passed to Tomsk in those days through 11 settlements. However, this is not so; in 1773 there were many more such settlements along the postal road from Tomsk to the Chaussky fort: s. Spasskoye-d. Baturina-d. Vershinina–s. Yarskoye-d. Varyukhina–Kozhevnikova–Chernaya–Elizarova–Zudova–Elbak–Oyash–Umreva–Tashara–Dubrovino–Orsky Bor, and also according to information from I.G. Gmelina village Skala has a total of 16 settlements.

In June-July 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Romanov traveled through the Tomsk province. He began his journey through the province from the Altai mountain district. After getting acquainted with the work of factories, the sights of Altai, the life and everyday life of the population, the Grand Duke visited the city of Kuznetsk. From Kuznetsk he proceeded to Tomsk along the Tomsk-Kuznetsky tract. On the territory of the Yurga region, its route ran through the following settlements: Poperechny Iskitim-d. Zimnik-d. Tutalskaya (Talaya) – d. Bezmenovo and further along the Great Siberian Highway through the village. Proskokovo - Maltsev village - village. Zeledeevo -d. Varyukhin - Alaevo village to the border of the Tomsk region.

The Grand Duke arrived in Tomsk on July 10, 1868 (old style) at five o'clock in the evening. Over the next two days, he rested and got acquainted with the sights of Tomsk. This is how Prince N.A. described the further stay of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the Tomsk province in his essay. Kostrov: “...on the 13th, His Highness deigned to hunt black grouse 12 versts from the city of Tomsk, and on the 14th he left Tomsk at 4 o’clock in the afternoon... On the first day of his departure from Tomsk, the Grand Duke drove only 75 versts and stopped in the village of Proskokovskoe. This completely insignificant village was blessed with such happiness that no other city in the Tomsk province had ever experienced. His Highness proposed to spend his name day there, July 15. To perform a prayer of thanksgiving on this solemn occasion, in the village. His Eminence Alexy and the rector of the Tomsk Seminary, Archimandrite Moses, were already in Proskokovsky.

Until that time, in the temple with. Proskokovsky has never yet performed a bishop's service.

The Grand Duke was placed in the house of the postal station, his retinue and other persons accompanying him were placed in the houses of ordinary people.

On Monday, July 15, the day was unusually hot; from early morning the village of Proskokovskoye began to fill with people pouring in in droves from the surrounding villages. There was almost no possibility of crowding around His Highness's premises.

At half past eight o'clock, the Grand Duke graciously accepted congratulations, in addition to the persons who made up his retinue, from the Governor-General of Western Siberia, the Tomsk Governor and some others. At 9 o'clock after the prayer service, He arrived at the church and listened to the mass, which was performed by His Eminence Alexy and Archimandrite Moses, the Archpriest who arrived from Tomsk and the local priest. After mass, the Right Reverend presented His Highness with the image of his ancestor and patron, Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. The people solemnly greeted the Grand Duke. Now, after mass, the clergy, the Governor-General and the Governor were invited to tea with the Grand Duke, and at 3 o'clock His Highness had lunch.

Due to the lack of space in the premises at the postal station, the dining table was prepared in the courtyard of the house next to the station, under a canopy arranged for stacking hay.

The floor of the canopy was covered with freshly cut grass, the walls were lined with birch and bird cherry trees.

It had been a long time since the Grand Duke had been seen in such good spirits. On this day, His Highness received a bunch of addresses from everywhere bringing him congratulations.

Happy namesake day from His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke, Alexander Alexandrovich, and His wife.

Before leaving the village. Proskokovsky, His Highness donated his portrait of an orphanage located in Tomsk at the prison castle: later He allowed this orphanage to be called “Vladimirsky”.

At about 10 o'clock the Grand Duke's train moved on. The night was moonlit, but quite cold... At 7 o’clock in the morning on July 16, the Grand Duke crossed the Ob near the village of Dubrovina, and at 11 o’clock he arrived in the provincial town of Kolyvan.”

From the village From Proskokovo to the village of Dubrovina, the grand ducal cortege followed the Great Siberian Highway through the modern territories of the Yurginsky, Bolotninsky and Moshkovsky districts, covering a distance of 110 km in less than 9 hours. In 1868, this was the territory of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk district, which also extended to the northeast of the village. Proskokov, approximately 60 km, including the settlements of the present Tomsk region and Yashkinsky district.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the participants of all scientific expeditions organized by the Russian government in the 18th century to study Siberia, the routes of which from the European part of Russia to Eastern Siberia ran through the city of Tomsk, necessarily followed through the current territories of the Yurga and Bolotninsky regions.

In the second half of the 18th century, expeditions, which included famous scientists I.V., traveled through the territories of the above-mentioned regions to Eastern Siberia and back. Georgi, I.P. Falk and other travelers. In the 19th century, the travel routes of learned travelers ran through these same territories: G.I. Potanina, N.M. Yadrintseva, P.N. Nebolsin, as well as writers: A.P. Chekhova, I.A. Goncharova, N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and many others.

All scientific expeditions, travelers, government officials, military teams, exiles (including the Decembrists), free migrants, mail and cargo traveling from the west of Russia to the east, from the south to the north (from Kuznetsk and Barnaul) and in the opposite direction from the beginning of the 18th and until the end of the 19th century, before the laying railway, necessarily crossed the territory of the modern Yurga region. There is one in the area locality(junction station), through which all transportation has flown for almost two hundred years, is the village of Varyukhino. The founding date of this village is considered to be 1682, however, given the fact that 10 years earlier, the equestrian Cossack Stepan Babarykin founded the village of Babarykina, which at the beginning of the 18th century. united with the village of Varyukhino, apparently it is more correct to consider 1672 as the date of foundation of the village of Varyukhino.

Literature

1. Emelyanov N.F. Russian settlement of the Middle Ob region in the feudal era. – Tomsk, 1981

2. Belikov D.N. The first Russian peasants - inhabitants of the Tomsk region and various features in the conditions of their life and life. – Tomsk, 1898

3. Barsukov E.V. “Transportation” across the Ob River in the 17th century, geographical and historical-cultural aspects. // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History, issue 3, 2012

4. Kovtun I.V. Pismagora. Kemerovo:ASIA-PRINT, 20

5. Elert A.Kh. Expedition materials G.F. Miller as a source on the history of Siberia. – Novosibirsk, 1990

7. Kostrov N.A. Travel through the Tomsk province of His Imperial Highness, Sovereign Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in June-July 1868. – Tomsk, 1868