XIX century became the time of the greatest geographical discoveries committed by Russian people. Continuing the traditions of its predecessors - discoverers and travelers of the 17th-11th centuries. they enriched the Russians' understanding of the world around them, and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.

In 1803, on the instructions of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” to explore the northern part of Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He was one of the greatest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, more than a thousand kilometers of the coastline of the island were mapped for the first time. Sakhalin. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837), discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Krusenstern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis* for the publication published in the early 20s. "Atlas South Seas" In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and trained a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of Krusenstern’s students and followers was Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after its return he commanded the frigate Minerva on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821 he was entrusted with leading a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops “Vostok” (which he commanded) and “Mirny” (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition project was drawn up by Krusenstern. Its main goal was “the acquisition of complete knowledge about our globe" and "the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole." On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown to anyone at that time, which Bellingshausen called the “ice continent.” After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval figure of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Ermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where islands were discovered. Peter I and the shore of Alexander I. In July 1821, she returned to Kronstadt. During 751 days of sailing, Russian ships covered a route of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, observation data on the waters of the World Ocean and the ice coverings of a new continent for mankind were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically showed themselves in military service to the Fatherland. And M.P. After the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827), Lazarev was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

The largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the mid-century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). Having since the 18th century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia never succeeded in developing them. Even the exact limits of the country's eastern possessions were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip a special expedition to the east in 1848. Captain Nevelskoy was placed at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky’s travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proven that Sakhalin is not connected to the mainland at all, but is an island, and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who had visited these places for a long time, believed.

Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825. traveled around the world and left a description for his descendants of much of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed from Europeans and even sign an agreement there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact that it belonged to Russia.

In the first half of the 19th century. Other discoveries were also made. Around the world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnina; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litka on the sloop of war "Senyavin" (1826-1829, based on the materials of which more than 50 maps were compiled), etc.

Conducted extremely useful and necessary information on Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands in 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian Sea, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study of the Northern Urals (up to the Kara Sea) was carried out by the expedition of E.K. Goffman and M.A. Kovalsky.

The expeditions to the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with the most dramatic results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr region).

P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The successes of Russian travelers were so comprehensive that it required the creation of special institutions to generalize and use the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.

Open lesson for 8th grade. Education and science in the 19th century.

Russian discoverers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education developed in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every county town there is a county school. For driving educational institutions The Ministry of Public Education was created. The government paid great attention to the development of higher education.

1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.

Dorpat 1802

Kazansky 1804

Kharkovsky 1804

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811-

In which representatives of the highest noble society (A.S. Pushkin) studied.

2. Fill out the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.

Who and what were taught.

Parish schools

Representatives from the grassroots. God's law, literacy, arithmetic.

District schools

Children of merchants, artisans, townspeople. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasiums

Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. We studied science and humanities subjects.

3. Indicate a book publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Sytin I.D.

B. Smirdin A.F.

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

G. Pavlenkov F.F.

4.Fill out the table.

Improving the education system has greatly contributed to the development of domestic science.

Branch of science

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo fundamental changes over time under the influence of natural causes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.

Baer K.M. 1834

The universal law of the development of nature.

medicine

Pirogov N.I.1856

The founder of military field surgery, the First used anesthesia.

geology

N.I.Koksharov 1840

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Creation of powerful telescopes. Pulkovo Observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Non-Euclidean geometry.

Petrov V.V.1802

Developed a galvanic battery. A prototype of an electric light bulb.

Lenz E.H. 1833

The rule for the direction of the driving force of induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Galvonoplasty is a method of applying metal to the desired surface using electricity. Letter printing apparatus for telegraphs. 1850g

Shilling P.L.1832

Invented the electric telegraph.

Solve the crossword puzzle. Chemistry, science and production. Using the textbook on pp. 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers pioneered powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher discovered the fundamental law of photochemistry.

3. 6. In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the fundamental law of thermochemistry.

5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four versions of the technology for producing damask steel.

6. This chemistry researcher developed a method for producing glucose.

7. One of these chemists created permanent chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various segments of the country's population studying in them; growth in the number of scientists; the major successes achieved by Russian scientists in the development of domestic and world science on this basis; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening ties between science and industrial production

6. Russian discoverers and travelers.

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17th and 18th centuries, they enriched Russians’ understanding of the world around them and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized its long-standing dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

Working with text insert missing words.

1. Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in a report by the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the “Atlas of the South Seas” published in the early 20s. In 1845, Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

Working with the map. Relate the information received to the task.

2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

One of Krusenstern’s students and followers was Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821, Bellingshausen was entrusted with leading a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was drawn up by I.F. Kruzenshtern. The main goal was “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe” and “discovering the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole.”

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called the “ice continent.” After stopping in Australia, Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.

During 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made and valuable collections were brought back. Data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the ice coverings of a new continent for humanity.

Student report. Fill in the missing words.

3. Baranov A.A. and the development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be classified as a pioneer or traveler in the strict sense of the word. But this was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.

In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything they needed. Established an exchange with local residents. It was he who managed to truly secure Russia for the first time vast territories on Pacific Coast North America. Baranov's activities were extremely complex and dangerous. Constant Indian raids cost the Russian settlers not only considerable money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while attempting to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.

Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1825, he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the goal of annexing them to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818, he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task

4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.

The largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the mid-19th century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were important: for the first time it was proven that Sakhalin is not connected to the mainland at all. And the Tatar Strait is also an island—it is a strait, and not a bay, as was believed.

Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825. traveled around the world and left a description of what he saw for his descendants. In 1852-1855. During the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign a treaty there in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it required the creation of special institutions to summarize and use it.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become a center of geographical knowledge in Russia. Organizations of scientific expeditions became regular. Conducting research on the population of Russia and its neighboring countries. Publishing geographical and statistical collections. To develop economic and geographical research Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851 the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8.Homework paragraphs 15. 16.

I. Kruzenshtern and Y. Lisyansky In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. More than a thousand km of coastlines were mapped for the first time. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. We collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. These materials formed the basis of the Atlas of the South Seas. In 1803, an expedition was undertaken to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the FIRST RUSSIAN EXPEDITION. It was headed by I. Kruzenshtern. More than a thousand km of coastlines were mapped for the first time. Sakhalin. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. We collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. These materials formed the basis of the Atlas of the South Seas.

F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev F. Bellingshausen led a new expedition around the world. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. In F. Bellingshausen led a new expedition around the world. The plan was drawn up by I. Kruzenshtern. The goal was “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe” and “discovering the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole.” On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after stopping in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called Islands of the Russians The goal was “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe” and “discovering the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole.” On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then, after stopping in Australia, the ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands , called the Russian Islands

A. Baranov and the development of Russian America In search of new hunting areas, A. Baranov studied Kodiak Island in detail. It was he who for the first time managed to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of annexing them to Russia. In search of new hunting areas, A. Baranov studied Kodiak Island in detail. It was he who for the first time managed to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast of North America for Russia. In 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of Alaska. In 1815 he undertook an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands with the aim of annexing them to Russia.

G. Nevelskoy and E. Putyatin G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (and) he managed to discover new territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. G. Nevelskoy is the largest researcher of the Far East. In 2 expeditions (and) he managed to discover new territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian to visit Japan and sign an agreement there. E. Putyatin - discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands. And he was the first Russian to visit Japan and sign an agreement there. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the assignment of the Primorsky region in the Far East to Russia. In 1845, the Russian Geographical Society was opened. The result of the expedition of G. Nevelsky and E. Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the assignment of the Primorsky region in the Far East to Russia. In 1845, the Russian Geographical Society was opened.

The work of the famous French writer Jules Verne (1828-1905) - “The History of Great Travels” - is dedicated to the history of geographical discoveries from ancient times to the early forties of the 19th century.

Book Three - " Travelers XIX century." This book includes descriptions of the travels of Krusenstern, Kotzebue, Litke, Dumont d'Urville, Bellingshausen, Parry, Franklin and other outstanding explorers. In addition, Jules Verne covers the history of lesser-known expeditions.

PART I

Chapter first. At the dawn of the century of discovery

I

Decrease in the number of geographical discoveries during the Napoleonic wars. – Seetzen's travels in Syria and Palestine. – Hauran and the journey around Dead Sea. - Decapolis. – Travel through Arabia. – Burckhardt in Syria. – Travels to Nubia along the banks of the Nile. – Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. - The British in India. - Webb at the Sources of the Ganges. – Description of the trip to Punjab. - Christie and Pottinger in Sindh. – Travel of the same researchers through Balochistan and Persia. - Elphinstone in Afghanistan. – Moorcroft and Hersey's trip to Lake Manasarovar. - Hodgson at the Sources of the Ganges. – Persia according to the descriptions of Gardan, Hell. Dupre, Morier, MacDonald Kinnear, Price and Ouseley. – Güldenstedt and Klaproth in the Caucasus. – Lewis and Clark in the Rocky Mountains. – Raffles in Sumatra and Java.

At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the number of great geographical discoveries noticeably decreased.

We know that the French Republic organized an expedition to search for La Perouse and sent Captain Boden on a voyage to the shores of Australia, which yielded important results. This was the extent of the manifestation of interest in geography that, amid raging passions and wars, the government could allow itself.

Later in Egypt, Bonaparte surrounds himself with a whole staff of outstanding scientists and artists. It was then that materials were collected for a magnificent work, which for the first time gave a correct, although incomplete, idea of ancient civilization in the Land of the Pharaohs. However, when Napoleon finally emerged in Bonaparte, the egoistic ruler, subordinating everything to his disgusting passion for war, no longer wanted to hear about research, travel and discoveries. After all, they would take both his money and people. And he himself spent both in such quantities that he could not afford such useless extravagance. That's why he ceded the last remnants of French colonial possessions in America to the United States for just a few million.

Fortunately, there were peoples in the world who were not subject to his iron hand. Although these countries waged a constant struggle with France, there were people in them who, of their own free will, increased geographical knowledge, created archeology on a truly scientific foundation, and began the first linguistic and ethnographic research.

In France, the learned geographer Maltbrun, in an article he published in 1817 in the first issue of the journal “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages” (“New Annals of Travel”), painstakingly and extremely accurately depicts the state of geographical science at the beginning of the 19th century and lists its further tasks. He especially dwells on the successes achieved in the fields of navigation, astronomy and linguistics. Among the British, the East India Company not only does not hide its discoveries, as the Hudson's Bay Company did for fear of competition, but creates scientific societies, publishes travel journals and encourages travelers. Even war contributes to science; we have already said that the French army was collecting materials for a huge scientific work in Egypt. Soon the impulse of noble competition covers all nations.

At the beginning of the 19th century, one country took first place in the number of great geographical discoveries. This country is Germany. German researchers are so diligent, their will is so persistent, and their instinct is so true that subsequent travelers can only check and supplement their discoveries.

The first in time was Ulrich Jasper Seetzen. He was born in 1767 in East Friesland, graduated from the University of Göttingen and published several works on statistics and the natural sciences, for which he had a natural inclination. These articles brought him to the attention of the government.

Seetzen's dream - as Burckhardt's later - was to travel to Central Africa. But first he wanted to explore Palestine and Syria, countries to which the Palestine Society, founded in London in 1805, later attracted general attention. Seetzen collected more letters of recommendation and in 1802 he went to Constantinople.

Although many pilgrims and travelers flocked to the Holy Land and Syria, information about these countries was extremely vague. Questions physical geography have not been studied sufficiently fully. The information collected was scanty, and some areas, such as Lebanon and the Dead Sea, had not yet been explored at all. A comparative geographical study of these countries has not actually begun. To lay its foundations, it took the zealous work of the English “Palestine Society” and the scientific experience of many travelers. But Seetzen, who had diversified knowledge, turned out to be perfectly prepared for the exploration of this country, which so far, no matter how many people visited it, remained in fact unknown.

Seetzen crossed all of Anatolia and arrived in Aleppo in May 1804. There he lived for almost a year, engaged in practical study of the Arabic language, making extracts from the works of eastern geographers and historians and clarifying the astronomical position of Aleppo. In addition, he carried out natural history research, collected ancient manuscripts and translated many folk songs and legends, which are important for a close acquaintance with the life of the people.

In April 1805, Seetzen left Aleppo for Damascus. First he had to cross the Hauran and Jolan districts, located to the southeast of this city. Before him, no traveler had ever visited these two provinces, which played a rather important role in the history of the Jews during Roman rule and were then called Auranitis and Gaulonitis. Seetzen was the first to give us their geographical description.

The brave traveler also explored Lebanon and Baalbek. From Damascus he headed south, reaching Judea and exploring the eastern part of Hermon, Jordan and the Dead Sea. Tribes that were well known in Jewish history once lived here - the Ammonites, Moabites, Galadites, Bataneans and others. South part the country during the era of Roman rule was called Perea, and it was there that the famous Decapolis, that is, the “Union of Ten Cities,” was located. In modern times, not a single traveler visited Perea. For Seetzen, this circumstance was the reason to begin his research from there.