Today there are quite a few different aircraft, but not every one of them is called an airplane. This term is understood as any aircraft that is designed to fly in the sky due to the power plant, which creates thrust and the wing, which remains motionless all the time. It is the immovable wing that is the main characteristic of the aircraft that distinguishes it from any other aircraft.
By itself, this term appeared back in 1857 - then the Russian pilot called the balloon that way, there were no planes in the sense in which we use this word today. It was mentioned in a close to modern meaning a few years later - in 1863. It was the article "Aeronautics" published in 1863 in the magazine "Voice". The author was journalist Arkady Evald.
Today, there are a huge number of aircraft classifications. For example, by the number of wings, by the aerodynamic system, by the type of chassis and by the speed.
In this text, we will look at one of the main typologies. Any aircraft, first of all, are divided by destination. They are civilian, military, and experimental. Each of these categories, in turn, is also divided into several types.
As the name implies, these are airplanes designed to carry passengers or cargo. The first flight on an airplane of this type took place in Russia more than a hundred years ago - in 1914. The flight was made from St. Petersburg to Kiev, and the plane was called "Ilya Muromets". There were 16 passengers on board.
Today, the most famous and frequently used airliner of our time is called the American aircraft of the Douglas DC-3 model. He first flew with passengers back in 1935. Over the past time, the aircraft has been improved, many other models have been created on its basis, including those of the Soviet aviation.
Civil aircraft can be transport, educational and special applications. Transport, in turn, are divided by purpose:
- Freight - for the transportation of goods;
- Passenger - the planes we fly;
Varieties of such vehicle lots of. The easiest way to divide them is simply by manufacturer. In fact, the vast majority of the world's aircraft are manufactured by such companies:
Boeing
This is an American company that appeared a long time ago, in 1916. Since then, she has been producing aircraft for civil aviation... The most popular model is the Boeing 737. It is this aircraft, produced in 1968, which is used most often today. The very name "Boeing" has already become practically synonymous with the word airplane.
Airbus
This company today is the main competitor of the above-described Boeing, although it was founded much later - in 1970. This European company, today its main office is located in France. Some models from this manufacturer are economical, which makes them a serious competitor to Boeing.
Military
Military aircraft are designed to conduct combat operations, that is, to defend against the enemy or, on the contrary, to attack. They are divided into several types, but in general, they can perform a variety of tasks - depending on the current situation.
Bombers
This subspecies of military aircraft essentially has one task - the destruction of any ground objects from the air. This happens by dropping bombs or missiles on the target. Today there are many different models, among the most commonly used Su-24 and Su-34.
It was in the bomber that the first passenger aircraft "Ilya Muromets", which was discussed above, was converted. During the First World War, the aircraft was converted and in the future it always served as a bomber.
Fighters
Unlike bombers, such aircraft are used for air combat. The name "fighter" sounds loud and menacing, but in fact, such aircraft belong to defense technology. It is for the offensive that they are almost never used. Fighters were actively used by both sides during World War II - the most famous models are the MiG-3 and Yak-1.
It is interesting that in the very first models of fighters, not a machine gun, as it is today, was installed, but a revolver, so the rate of fire was much lower.
Fighter Bombers
Naturally, the two models described above were combined to obtain a universal model that combines the functions of both types. The main advantage of this type is the ability to bomb any ground targets without any cover at all. These aircraft are very light, maneuverable and equipped with powerful weapons. The most successful models are MiG-27, Su-17, SEPECAT Jaguar.
Interceptors
In fact, this is not quite a separate class, just a subspecies of fighters. The main difference is that interceptors are designed to destroy a specific target, namely enemy bombers. They are also slightly different in structure - such models are additionally equipped with radar equipment. famous models - Su-15, Su-9 and others.
The purpose of the attack aircraft is to support the ground forces from the air. They were also often used simply to hit various objects. The most popular model is called Il-2 and this aircraft is the most massively produced in history - almost 37 thousand units were produced.
Military aircraft are aircraft used for military front-line or combat missions, respectively, designed for high power without taking into account economy, in contrast to civil aviation aircraft.
From military aircraft, first of all, a high speed of climb is required, as well as high speed, altitude and flight range. For the operational conduct of air war, long-range bombers and missile carriers are used to destroy military facilities. Refueling aircraft, which have only fuel on board, have the ability to refuel combat aircraft directly in flight. Military aircraft include long-range reconnaissance aircraft with long range, altitude and flight speed. Tactical military aircraft include fighter planes (or fighters), fighter bombers, light bombers, and tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Modern military aircraft are often designed as multipurpose aircraft, i.e. they are intended for combat use as attack aircraft, fighter-interceptors and reconnaissance aircraft.
1) Fighter planes (fighters)
A fighter plane is a very fast one- or two-seater combat aircraft for destroying (searching) enemy combat aircraft, unmanned missiles, etc. All modern fighters, as a drive, are equipped with one or two air-jet engines. The speed exceeds sound and is currently about 3500 km / h, the rate of climb near the ground is over 200 m / s and the maximum operating altitude is up to 30,000 m.The armament consists of 2 to 5 fixed automatic cannons (with a caliber of 2.0 to 3 , 7 cm) and ballistic, radio-controlled or self-guided air-to-air missiles. In addition, for the most part, fighter planes have extensive electronic equipment such as radar, recognition devices, etc.
Heavy fighter aircraft or fighter-bombers combine the flight power and performance of fighters - high combat speed and climb rate, high maximum flight altitude, good maneuverability - and the qualities of light and medium bombers - long range, good armament, high payload, extensive electronic and radar equipment. In their combat capabilities, they are highly versatile. Among their intended purposes, among other things, include actions to intercept and assault ground targets, search for submarines, support ship formations and ground combat operations, combat use as an escort fighter or reconnaissance aircraft. Armament and equipment meet the assigned tasks accordingly. Radar installations are standard; armament usually consists of large-caliber cannons and missiles (air-to-air or air-to-ground), as well as bombs and torpedoes as bombing weapons. Since there is no free space in the fuselage of these military aircraft, bombs, missiles and additional fuel tanks are suspended under and at the ends of the wings. The speed indicators of heavy bombers are between Mach 0.2 and 2, the maximum flight altitude is from 15,000 to 20,000 m, and the flight range is from 1,500 to 4,500 km.
Previously, there were special night fighters that were used specifically for warfare at night, since they were equipped with devices for blind flight. Most modern fighter aircraft are all-weather, i.e. they can perform combat missions in bad weather conditions, as well as at night. Also, all-weather fighter aircraft are often referred to as heavy fighters, as they are in most cases two-seater and equipped with two engines.
The essence of effective air defense is to "intercept" the attacking enemy and interfere with the performance of his combat mission, and therefore destroy. This requires fighter aircraft with good take-off power, high speeds, high maximum flight altitudes and good weapons, namely fighter-interceptors. First of all, they are deployed close to the border of industrial centers and other protected objects.
The use of high-speed and high-flying combat aircraft (bombers) with a jet engine has significantly increased the requirements for the rate of climb, speed and maximum height of interceptor fighters. Hence, the following power characteristics follow: the maximum speed is from 2000 to 2500 km / h, the flight range is 2000-3500 km. Such indicators require, with an average takeoff weight of 7 to 12 tons, the use of engines with a thrust of 3000 to 5000 kgf, whose power can be increased by another 50% due to additional fuel combustion. For short-term acceleration, especially when climbing, additional rocket propulsion systems can be used.
2) Aircraft bombers (bombers)
Fighter aircraft are primarily used to solve defensive missions, while offensive actions are put in the foreground for bombers. A bomber is a large, heavy military aircraft with multiple turbojet engines (jet turbines or turboprop engines). On short runways or when overloaded, bombers are often equipped with auxiliary launch rockets.
The task of the bombers is to quickly and at high altitude attack far-away targets with explosive charges in the form of bombs. Due to the great danger when approaching a target in an enemy area, more and more bombers are upgraded to missile carriers, which launch missiles at a great distance from the target and remotely control it until it is destroyed, while the bomber itself is outside the area that is controlled by enemy forces. The takeoff weight of modern bombers reaches 230 tons, and the total thrust is over 50,000 kgf or, accordingly, the total power is approximately 50,000 hp. The bomb load depends on the tactical range; it is up to 16,000 km without refueling, and even more with air refueling. The flight altitude reaches 20,000 m, and the crew size can be 12 people. The speed of modern bombers exceeds the 2000 km / h mark; at the moment bombers are being designed, which will have an even greater speed. Defensive weaponry consists of rockets, machine guns and automatic cannons.
Like all types of aircraft, bombers can also be classified according to various aspects, for example, by bomb load and thus take-off weight (light, medium and heavy bombers) or depending on their combat purpose (tactical and strategic bombers).
Tactical bombers are aircraft that are designed to solve certain specific tasks of operational warfare, namely, tactical missions. This means such actions that change the situation in a certain sector of the front and subjugate the entire goal, and therefore the destruction in a certain area of \u200b\u200bconcentration of enemy troops, assembly areas, firing positions, airfields, supply routes, etc.
Based on this formulation of the problem, it is possible to formulate the basic requirements for tactical bombers: high combat speed, bomb load up to 10 tons, maximum flight range up to 6000 km. As a result of these requirements, design features are determined, which can be summarized as follows: an aircraft with one, two, three or four jet engines with a takeoff weight of 20 to 50 tons, with remotely guided defensive weapons or air-to-air missiles, electronic and radar equipment, with a sturdy casing capable of withstanding heavy loads when flying at low altitudes. From all this, it can be argued that tactical bombers have a certain similarity with heavy fighters, both in their tasks and in parameters.
Strategic bombers. Strategy is the science of waging war on a large scale. The word strategic means large-scale hostilities. This also explains the combat mission of strategic bombers. These military aircraft are designed to perform combat missions deep behind enemy lines.
All bombers are equipped with radar devices (radar) to find targets and locate attacking fighter planes. A combat mission is carried out in small groups or alone. Since modern bombers have almost the same speed as fighters, the same flight range, and significant defenses thanks to air-to-air missiles, fighter cover is often abandoned today.
For the first time, bombers began to be used during the First World War alone or in small groups. In the Second World War, there were “massive” combat sorties in large groups, which consisted of several hundred bombers and flew under the cover of fighter aircraft. The bombers of that time had multiple engines, were relatively slow, designed for maximum bomb load and a large number of defensive weapons. Modern ones, on the other hand, are designed for long range, altitude, and flight speed. In most cases, reconnaissance aircraft flew ahead and were intended to search for targets. Unlike the then bomber, they were equipped with radar devices. Thanks to the luminous aerial bombs dropped by parachutes, the target was designated. A dive bomber was considered a special type, which with great height approached the target, then rammed it in a fast dive flight, and dropped one or more bombs from a short distance. After that, the bomber again straightened out its position in flight. After the design of intercontinental missiles, it was believed that strategic bombers were outdated. But thanks to their improvement to missile carriers and to flying launchers, they have recently gained their importance again.
3) Reconnaissance aircraft (reconnaissance)
These are multi-seat, lightly armed fighters or bombers (without bomb load), which are equipped with aerial cameras, radar devices, often devices for transmitting television signals, or also shipborne aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, i.e. for reconnaissance of positions, objects, etc. of the enemy, territory and weather conditions in the interests of all units of its own armed forces. Previously, depending on the maximum flight range and the area of \u200b\u200bapplication, they distinguished short-range and long-range reconnaissance aircraft. Today they say, depending on the combat purpose, about tactical and strategic scouts. There are special reconnaissance aircraft for conducting artillery fire from the air, for reconnaissance of the terrain in the firing zone of their own artillery using visual reconnaissance or aerial photographs, as well as for monitoring the camouflage of their own artillery. Such aircraft are called artillery aircraft. They refer to short range or tactical scouts.
4) Military transport aircraft
These are large aircraft with 2 to 8 engines and a range of 3000 km or more. They are lightly armed or not armed at all and are designed to transport supplies for troops (food, fuel, ammunition, weapons, as well as guns, tanks, vehicles, etc.). Military transport aircraft are used for landing (airborne) airborne troops, as well as the transportation of troops during regrouping. The military transport aircraft fleet consists of transport aircraft, cargo gliders and helicopters, which are appropriately equipped.
The aviation industry is developing every year. Today, civilian and military pilots use models of airliners of all configurations and varieties. Aircrafts are striking in the variety and variations of their purpose. Let's briefly study the types of aircraft and their names in order to classify this type of technology for ourselves.
Several separate criteria are known around the world by which aviation professionals classify various aircraft. One of the important aspects of the systematization of technology is the function that the aircraft carries... Military and civilian ships are used today. Moreover, each category is subdivided into special groups.
In addition, it is also known separation according to the speed characteristics of the liner... Here aviators list groups of subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic models. This section of the classification is based on determining the acceleration of a liner relative to the speed of sound. Air technology, which is today used for scientific and military purposes, although earlier similar models worked for passenger transportation.
If we talk about the method of control, then it will be possible to distinguish two main types - manned aircraft and drones. The second group was used by the military and scientists. Such machines are widely used for space exploration.
Considering the types and purpose of air vehicles, aviators will name and classification by design features of the apparatus... Here we list the differences in the aerodynamic model, the number and type of the wing, the shape of the tail section, and the fuselage arrangement. The last subgroup also includes varieties that relate to types and chassis mounts.
Finally, consider and differences in the type, number and method of installation of engines... Muscle, steam, air-jet, rocket, nuclear, electric motors are distinguished here. In addition, ships are equipped with internal combustion engines (piston modifications of power plants), or several variations are combined. Of course, in one review it is difficult to consider in detail the complete classification of aircraft, so we will focus on a brief description of the main categories.
Technique functionality
As stated above, airliners are divided into two main groups: aircraft for civil and military aircraft. In addition, experimental devices are distinguished here as a separate variety. Each category here assumes division into variations according to the type of purpose and functionality of the liner. Let's start by studying aircraft that are used for “peaceful” purposes.
Civil aircraft
Let us define in more detail what kind of aircraft are, names and subspecies of flight modifications. Here, aviators talk about four model variants. Let's list the categories with the following list:
- passenger liners;
- cargo boards;
- training jets;
- special-purpose aircraft.
Note that modifications for passenger transportation are separately divided into groups that determine the range of flights. Here they call the main ships and local airliners.
Aircraft classification
- close ones who cover distances of up to 2,000 km;
- medium, capable of flying 4,000 km;
- long-distance flights up to 11,000 km.
In addition, the maximum capacity indicator determines the following criteria for local airlines:
- heavy aircraft with 100 or more seats;
- medium modifications that lift up to 50 people on board;
- light liners carrying a maximum of 20 passengers.
Examples include local aircraft list the modifications SAAB , ERJ , Dash-8 , ATR ... It is interesting that on certain types of liners of the local category, power plants of different classes are equipped. There are models with jet engines and aircraft with turboprop engine types.
Considering long-haul aircraft, let's call the ships familiar to passengers Boeing and Airbus ... Boeing planes are designed by an American corporation, and Airbus ships by a European holding. Both companies compete with each other, constantly developing and modernizing the liners. So, today the Airbus A380 is considered the heaviest aircraft, although until the release of such a modification, American developments and 747 800 .
The 747 models are the first wide-body aircraft to operate today. In addition, the best carriers in Russia and the world use such aircraft.
However, the Europeans are not lagging behind their main competitor. The popularity and recognition of the pilots won the modifications , Airbus A300 and A350 XWB... Model A300 - the world's first wide-body side, which is equipped with two engines. As you can see, the likely variations in the classification of liners defy description in a single review. But knowing what airplanes are and who created them, the reader will determine his personal preferences and find out the basics of aviation.
Military aviation
Now let's briefly study the typology of the courts used by the power structures. Among these aircraft there are manned airliners and drones, modifications with different types of engines, including rocket engine subspecies. However, we will consider the division of these types according to profile criteria.
Military transport board Il-76
Here, as in the civil classification, there is transport linerscarrying out the transportation of personnel. it IL-76, An-12, 26 and 124 ... In the United States, these functions are carried by models Boeing C-17, 97 and Douglas YC-15... In addition, the military also uses auxiliary equipment - ambulance aircraft, airliners for communication, spotters. However, military development of aircraft also uses several categories of machines that are found only here. Their list is as follows:
As you can see, the category of military aircraft is quite extensive and deserves serious study. We have only briefly described the main criteria for systematizing such a group. However, aviation experts prefer to classify aircraft using a comprehensive study that includes a complete description of the aircraft's design. Let's dwell on this issue as well.
About design features
Five characteristics determine the belonging to a specific category of the liner. Here, the designers talk about the number and method of fastening the wings, the type of fuselage, the location of the empennage and the type of chassis. In addition, the number, place of fixation and types of motor are important. Let's find out the known variations in the design of the boards.
Differences in design features are an important criterion when systematizing airliners
If we consider the classification of the wing, then the liners are divided into polyplanes, biplanes and monoplans.... Moreover, in the last category, three more subspecies are distinguished: low-plan, mid-plan and high-plan boards. This criterion determines the relative position and fixation of the fuselage and wings. As for the fuselage typology, the aviators distinguish single-fuselage and double-boom modifications. There are also such varieties: gondola, boat, supporting fuselage and combinations of these types.
Aerodynamic performance is an important classification criterion because it affects. Here the designers call the types of the normal scheme, "duck", "tailless" and "flying wing". In addition, the "tandem", "longitudinal triplane" and convertible scheme are known.
The landing gear of airliners is classified according to the design and method of fixing the supports. These elements are divided into roller, float, tracked, combined types and airborne chassis. The engines are equipped on the wing or in the fuselage. Moreover, the liners are equipped with one engine or more engines. In addition, the type of power plant plays a decisive role in the systematization of the board class.
Unmanned aerial vehicles have found application in the scientific and military fields
Modern aviation has several types of airliners, which are classified according to various criteria. 
By designation, aircraft are divided into civil, military and experimental aircraft. 
Aircraft classification 
Airbus A380 - a giant in the world of passenger liners 
Boeing aircraft is the main competitor in the field of passenger transportation of the European holding company, which produces Airbuses
The main components of the aircraft
Airplanes are heavier-than-air aircraft, they are characterized by the aerodynamic principle of flight. Aircraft have lift Y is created due to the energy of the air flow, washing the load-bearing surface, which is motionlessly fixed relative to the body, and the translational movement in a given direction is provided by the thrust of the aircraft power plant (SU).
Different types of aircraft have the same basic components (components): wing , vertical (IN) and horizontal (GO) plumage , fuselage , power plant (SU) and chassis (Figure 2.1).
Figure: 2.1. The main structural elements of the aircraft
Airplane wing1 creates lift and provides lateral stability to the aircraft during its flight.
often the wing is the power base for the landing gear, engines, and its internal volumes are used to accommodate fuel, equipment, various components and assemblies of functional systems.
For improvement takeoff and landing characteristics (VPH) of modern aircraft on the wing, mechanization means are installed along the leading and trailing edges. Place on the leading edge of the wing slats , and on the back - flaps10 , spoilers12 and spoiler ailerons .
In terms of power, the wing is a complex beam structure, the supports of which are the power frames of the fuselage.
Ailerons11are transverse controls. They provide lateral control of the aircraft.
Depending on the scheme and flight speed, geometric parameters, structural materials and structural-power scheme, the wing mass can be up to 9 ... 14 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.
Fuselage13 unites the main components of the aircraft into a single whole, i.e. provides closure of the power circuit of the aircraft.
The internal volume of the fuselage is used to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo, equipment, mail, baggage, rescue equipment in case of emergencies. The fuselages of cargo aircraft are equipped with advanced loading and unloading systems, devices for fast and reliable mooring of cargo.
The fuselage function of seaplanes is performed by a boat, which allows taking off and landing on water.
the fuselage in terms of force is a thin-walled beam, the supports of which are the wing spars, with which it is connected through the nodes of the power frames.
the mass of the fuselage structure is 9 ... 15 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.
Vertical tail5 consists of a fixed part keel4 and rudder (PH) 7 .
Keel 4 provides the aircraft with directional stability in the plane X0Z, and RN - track control about the axis 0y.
Trimmer PH 6 ensures the removal of prolonged loads from the pedals, for example, in case of engine failure.
Horizontal tail9 includes a fixed or partially movable part ( stabilizer2 ) and the moving part - elevator (PB) 3 .
Stabilizer 2 gives the aircraft longitudinal stability, and PB 3 - longitudinal controllability. RV can carry a trimmer 8 to unload the steering column.
Weight, HE and AO structures usually does not exceed 1.3 ... 3 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.
Chassis aircraft 16 refers to the take-off and landing devices (TLU), which provide takeoff, takeoff, landing, run and maneuvering of the aircraft while moving on the ground.
The number of supports and their location relative center of mass (CM) of the aircraft depends on the landing gear schemes and the features of the aircraft operation.
The landing gear of the aircraft shown in Figure 2.1 has two main supports16 and one nasal support17 ... Each support includes a power rack18 and supporting elements - wheels15 ... Each support can have several legs and several wheels.
Most often, the landing gear of the aircraft is made retractable in flight, therefore, special compartments in the fuselage are provided for its placement. 13. Cleaning and placement of the main landing gear in special gondolas (or nacelles), fairings14 .
The landing gear absorbs the kinetic energy of the impact during landing and the energy of braking during the run, taxiing and when maneuvering the aircraft over the airfield.
amphibious aircraft can take off and land both from ground airfields and from the water surface.
Figure 2.2. Amphibious aircraft landing gear.
on the case seaplane install a wheeled chassis, and place under the wing floats1 ,2 (Figure 2.2).
The relative mass of the chassis is usually 4 ... 6 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.
Power point 19 (see Figure 2.1), provides the creation of the aircraft thrust. It consists of engines, as well as systems and devices that ensure their operation in the conditions of flight and ground operation of the aircraft.
In piston engines, the thrust force is created by the propeller, in turboprop - by the propeller and partially by the reaction of gases, in jet engines - by the reaction of gases.
The control system includes: engine mounts, nacelle, control system, engine input and output devices, fuel and oil systems, engine start systems, fire and anti-icing systems.
The relative mass of the SU, depending on the type of engines and their layout on the aircraft, can reach 14 ... 18 % from the takeoff weight of the aircraft.
2.2. Technical-economic and flight-technical
aircraft characteristics
The technical and economic characteristics of the aircraft are:
Payload relative mass:
`m mon \u003d m Mon /m 0
where m mon is the mass of the payload;
m 0 - takeoff weight of the aircraft;
Relative mass of the maximum paid load:
`m knmax \u003d m knmakh / m 0
where m кнmах mass of maximum payload;
Maximum hourly productivity:
P h \u003d m кнmах ∙ v flight
where v flight - aircraft cruising speed;
Fuel consumption per unit of performance q T
The main aircraft performance characteristics include:
Maximum cruising speed v cr.max;
Cruising economic speed V to p. eq;
Cruising altitude H to p;
Flight range with maximum payload L;
Average aerodynamic quality TO in flight;
Rate of climb;
Carrying capacity, which is determined by the mass of passengers, cargo, baggage transported on the plane for a given flight weight and fuel supply;
Takeoff and landing characteristics (VPH) of the aircraft.
The main parameters characterizing the VHF are the approach speed - V s.p; landing speed - V P; takeoff speed during takeoff - V omp; takeoff run - l time; landing run - l np; the maximum value of the coefficient of lift in the landing configuration of the wing - FROM y max n; maximum value of the coefficient of lift in the take-off configuration of the wing FROM max hack
Aircraft classification
Aircraft are classified according to many criteria.
One of the main criteria for aircraft classification is appointment criterion ... this criterion predetermines flight performance, geometric parameters, layout and composition of aircraft functional systems.
According to their purpose, airplanes are divided into civil and military ... Both the first and the second aircraft are classified depending on the type of tasks performed.
Below is the classification of civil aircraft only.
Civil aircraft are designed for the transportation of passengers, mail, cargo, as well as for solving various economic problems.
Aircraft are divided into passenger , freight , experimental , educational training as well as on planes target national economic purpose .
Passenger airplanes, depending on the flight range and carrying capacity, are divided into:
- long-haul aircraft - range of flight L \u003e 6000 km;
- medium-haul aircraft - 2500 < L < 6000 км;
- short-haul aircraft - 1000< L < 2500 км;
- aircraft for local airlines (MVL) - L <1000 км.
Long-haul aircraft (Fig. 2.3) with a range of more than 6000 km, usually equipped with a control system of four turbojet engine or propfan engines, which improves flight safety in the event of a failure of one or two engines.
Medium-haul aircraft (Fig. 2.4, Fig. 2 .5) have a control system of two or three engines.
Short-haul aircraft (Fig. 2.6) with a flight range of up to 2500 km, they have a control system of two or three engines.
Aircraft of local airlines (MVL) are operated on air routes less than 1000 km long, and their SU can consist of two, three or even four engines. The increase in the number of engines to four is due to the desire to ensure a high level of flight safety at the high intensity of takeoffs and landings typical of international aircrafts.
The MVL planes include administrative planes, which are designed to carry 4 ... 12 passengers.
Cargo aircraft provide transportation of goods. These aircraft, depending on the flight range and carrying capacity, can be subdivided similarly to passenger ones. transportation of goods can be carried out both inside the cargo compartment (Fig.2.7) and on the external suspension of the fuselage (Fig.2.8).
Trainer aircraft provide training and training of flight personnel in educational institutions and training centers for civil aviation (Figure 2.9) Such aircraft are often made in two-seat (instructor and trainee)
Experimental aircraft are created to solve specific scientific problems, conduct field research directly in flight, when it is necessary to test the hypotheses and design solutions put forward.
Aircraft for national economy depending on the intended use, they are divided into agricultural, patrol, observation of oil and gas pipelines, forests, coastal areas, traffic, sanitary, ice reconnaissance, aerial photography, etc.
Along with specially designed airplanes for these purposes, low-capacity MVL aircrafts can be re-equipped for target tasks.
Figure: 2.7. Cargo airplane
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1
Aircraft classification
- 1.1 By appointment
- 1.2 Takeoff weight
- 1.3 By type and number of engines
- 1.4 According to the layout scheme
- 1.5 By flight speed
- 1.6 By the nature of the landing organs
- 1.7 Takeoff and landing
- 1.8 By the nature of the sources of traction
- 1.9 By reliability
- 1.10 By control method
- 2 Aircraft design
- 3 Aircraft history
- 4 Interesting Facts Literature
Introduction
Aircraft (he is airplane) - an aircraft with an aerodynamic method of creating lift with the help of an engine and fixed wings (wings) and used for flights in the Earth's atmosphere. (Later in this article, the term aircraft interpreted only in this sense.)
The aircraft is capable of moving at high speed, using the lift of the wing to keep itself in the air. A fixed wing distinguishes an airplane from an ornithopter (flywheel) and a helicopter, and the presence of an engine from a glider. An airplane is distinguished from an airship by an aerodynamic method of creating lift - an airplane wing creates lift in an incoming air stream.
The given definition is "classic" and relevant for aircraft that existed at the dawn of aviation. In relation to modern and promising developments in aviation technology (integral and hypersonic aerodynamic configurations, the use of a variable thrust vector, etc.), the concept of "aircraft" requires clarification: Aircraft - an aircraft for flights in the atmosphere (and outer space (e.g. Orbital aircraft)), using the aerodynamic lifting force of the glider to keep itself in the air (when flying within the atmosphere) and the thrust of the power (propulsion) installation for maneuvering and compensating for the losses of the full mechanical energy for frontal resistance.
1. Classification of aircraft
Aircraft classification can be given according to various criteria - by purpose, by design features, by type of engines, by flight performance parameters, etc., etc.
1.1. By appointment
1.2. Takeoff weight
Light aircraft MAI-223
- 1st class (75 tons and more)
- 2nd class (from 30 to 75 t)
- 3rd class (from 10 to 30 tons)
- 4th class (up to 10 t)
- light motor
- ultralight (up to 495 kg)
The class of the aircraft is associated with the class of the aerodrome capable of receiving an aircraft of this type.
1.3. By type and number of engines
Sectional radial motor
Turbojet engine compressor (TJE)
- By type of power plant:
- piston (PD) (An-2)
- turboprop (TVD) (An-24)
- turbojet (TRD) (Tu-154)
- with rocket engines
- with a combined power plant (KSU)
- By the number of engines:
- single-engine (An-2)
- twin-engine (An-24)
- three-engine (Tu-154)
- four-engine (An-124 "Ruslan")
- five-engine (He-111Z)
- six-engine (An-225 "Mriya")
- seven-engine (K-7)
- eight-engine (ANT-20, Boeing B-52)
- ten-engine (Convair B-36J)
- twelve-engine (Dornier Do X)
1.4. According to the layout scheme
The classification on this basis is the most multivariate). Some of the main options are offered:
- By the number of wings:
- monoplanes
- one and a half plans
- biplanes
- triplanes
- polyplanes
- By wing location (for monoplanes):
- lofty plans
- mid-plans
- low-planes
- parasol
- By the location of the tail:
- normal aerodynamic configuration (tail tail)
- flying wing (tailless)
- tailless
- duck type (front plumage);
- By type and size of the fuselage:
- single-fuselage;
- narrow-body;
- wide-body;
- two-girder scheme ("frame");
- fuselage ("flying wing").
- Double-deck aircraft
- single-fuselage;
- By chassis type:
- Land;
- with wheeled chassis;
- with a tail support;
- with front support;
- bicycle type support;
- with ski chassis;
- with tracked chassis;
- with wheeled chassis;
- Seaplanes;
- amphibians;
- float;
- "Flying boats".
- Land;
1.5. By flight speed
- subsonic (up to Mach 0.7-0.8)
- transonic (from 0.7-0.8 to 1.2 M)
- supersonic (from 1.2 to 5 M)
- hypersonic (over 5 M)
1.6. By the nature of the landing organs
- land
- ship
- seaplanes
- Flying submarine
1.7. Takeoff and landing
- vertical (GDP)
- short (KVP)
- normal takeoff and landing
1.8. By the nature of the sources of traction
- screw
- jet
1.9. Reliability
- experimental
- experienced
- serial
1.10. By control method
- pilot-piloted
- unmanned
2. Aircraft design
The main elements of the aircraft:
- Wing - creates lift necessary for flight during the forward movement of the aircraft.
- The fuselage is the "body" of the aircraft.
- Plumage - bearing surfaces designed to ensure stability, controllability and balance of the aircraft.
- Landing gear - aircraft takeoff and landing device.
- Power plants - create the necessary traction.
- Onboard equipment systems are various equipment that allows you to fly under any conditions.
3. History of aircraft
Viktor Vasnetsov "Carpet-plane", 1880
The ancient Indian literature describes the aircraft of the Vimaana. There are also references to flying vehicles in the folklore of different peoples (flying carpet, stupa with Baba Yaga).
The first attempts to build an airplane were made back in the 19th century. The first full-size airplane built in 1882 and patented was A.F. Mozhaisky's airplane. In addition, Ader and Maxim built airplanes with steam engines. However, none of these structures were able to take off. The reasons for this were: too high take-off weight and low specific power of engines - (steam engines), the lack of a theory of flight and control, the theory of strength and aerodynamic calculations. In this regard, the aircraft were built "at random", "by eye", despite the engineering experience of many aviation pioneers.
The first aircraft that was able to independently lift off the ground and make a controlled horizontal flight was the Flyer-1, built by the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright in the United States. The first aircraft flight in history took place on December 17, 1903. The Flyer stayed in the air for 59 seconds and flew 260 meters. The Wright's brainchild was officially recognized as the world's first heavier-than-air vehicle to complete manned flight using an engine.
Their apparatus was a duck-type biplane - the pilot was located on the lower wing, rudder in the rear, elevator in front. The two-spar wings were trimmed with thin unbleached muslin. The Flyer's engine was a four-stroke, with a starting power of 16 horsepower and weighed only (or whole, if we estimate from a modern point of view) 80 kilograms.
The apparatus had two wooden screws. Instead of a wheeled chassis, the Wrights used a launch catapult consisting of a pyramidal tower and a wooden guide rail. The catapult was driven by a falling massive load connected to the aircraft by a cable through a system of special blocks.
In Russia, the practical development of aviation was delayed due to the government's focus on the creation of aeronautical aircraft. Based on the example of Germany, the Russian military leadership relied on the development of airships and balloons for the army and did not assess in time the potential of a new invention - an airplane.
The story of VV Tatarinov's "Airmobile" also played a negative role in relation to aircraft heavier than air. In 1909, the inventor received 50 thousand rubles from the Ministry of War for the construction of a helicopter. In addition, there were many donations from individuals. Those who could not help with money offered their labor free of charge to implement the inventor's plan. Russia had high hopes for this domestic invention. But the venture ended in complete failure. Tatarinov's experience and knowledge did not match the complexity of the task at hand, and a lot of money was wasted. This incident negatively affected the fate of many interesting aviation projects - Russian inventors could no longer obtain government subsidies.
In 1909, the Russian government finally showed interest in aircraft. It was decided to reject the offer of the Wright brothers to buy their invention and build aircraft on their own. Aeronautical officers M.A.Agapov, B.V. Golubev, B.F.Gebauer and A.I.Shabsky were instructed to design the aircraft. We decided to build three-seater aircraft of various types in order to choose the most successful one later. None of the designers not only flew airplanes, but did not even see them in nature. Therefore, it is not surprising that the planes suffered an accident while they were running on the ground.
"Kudashev-1" - the first Russian flying aircraft
Winged Benz... Russian airplane in the back of a truck on the Caucasian front of the First World War. 1916 year.
The first successes of Russian aviation date back to 1910. On June 4, a professor at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Prince Alexander Kudashev, flew several tens of meters in a biplane aircraft of his own design.
On June 16, a young Kiev aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky first lifted his plane into the air, and three days later, the aircraft of engineer Yakov Gakkel flew a biplane with a fuselage (bimonoplane), an unusual scheme for that time.
4. Interesting facts
- In 1901, two professors from one of the US universities "proved" that an aircraft heavier than air, in principle, will never be able to get off the ground, that it is like a "perpetuum mobile". The US Senate banned the Pentagon from funding development, but three years later, the Wright brothers' plane took off, which gave way to aviation development.
- The X-43A hypersonic aircraft is the fastest aircraft in the world. The X-43A recently set a new speed record of 11,230 km / h, thus exceeding the speed of sound by 9.6 times. By comparison, jet fighters fly at or faster than only twice the speed of sound.
Literature
- The history of aircraft designs in the USSR - Vadim Borisovich Shavrov. The history of aircraft designs in the USSR 1938-1950 // M. Mechanical Engineering, 1994. ISBN 5-217-00477-0.
- "A THIRD WAY TO ANYWHERE. Notes of an aircraft designer." L. L. Selyakov
