Luxor is one of the most visited cities in Egypt and the most spectacular. This is an open-air museum, since several historical monuments are located in one place. The city is conventionally divided into two parts: on the right bank of the Nile - the “city of the living”, on the left - the “city of the dead”. The Left Bank is distinguished by the fact that the Theban necropolis and funerary temples of noble kings and queens of Egypt are located here. It looks great, leaving unforgettable experience about beautiful Luxor: rock temples, massive columns and long staircases. It's worth seeing once. And I couldn’t help but leave my reviews and impressions.
Karnak Temple
Luxor is located 300 km south of Hurghada and can be reached by bus in 4.5 hours. The name “Luxor” is an alteration of the Arabic word “al-Qusur”, which means palaces. Modern city built on the site of the former capital of Upper Egypt - Thebes. The only confirmation of the former power of Thebes were the ruins of the Karnak and Luxor temples, connected by an alley of sphinxes.
The right bank of Luxor, which appeared to our eyes, struck us with its colorfulness against the backdrop of the monotonous landscape of the yellow desert. Located in the floodplain of the Nile River former capital rich in farmland, life is in full swing near the water. Every now and then you can see carts drawn by mules, peasants driving sheep or cows, trucks loaded with sugar cane. The richness of green plants, so unusual in these places, is also pleasing to the eye, from dense thickets of grass along the shore and flowering trees to numerous palm trees, striking in the large extent of the plantings. Luxor is definitely more beautiful and exotic than Cairo.
Having quietly arrived at the first stop of our excursion, we headed to the huge temple complex, which is the Karnak Temple, dedicated to the sun god - Amun-ra. This is the biggest temple complex, which began to be built back in the 20th century BC. e., its area is 30 hectares. It includes the temple of King Amun, the sanctuary of Montu, the god of war, and the goddess Mut, wife of Amun, as well as more than 25 smaller temples and obelisks. Excavations began only in XIX century, for almost 1400 years this place was covered with sands. At the entrance to the temple you can find a whole alley of sphinxes with ram heads guarding it. The ram is one of the incarnations of the god Amun. Two rows of rams continue to the temple of Ramesses III, whose statue adorns the entrance to the next temple. Drawings and remains of bas-relief are visible on the walls. On the left side of the entrance is the chapel of Pharaoh Seti II. It has three entrances to three sanctuaries - to the gods Amun, his wife Mut and son Khonsu.
Almost in the very center of the Karnak Temple there is a huge statue of Ramesses II, whose height reached 2.5 m, and below is a statue of his wife, the famous beauty Nefertari, her head barely reaching the pharaoh’s knee. Following the statue is a powerful columned hall, previously under a roof, but after the earthquake of 27 BC. e. the temple fell and the roof collapsed. Now columns 23 meters high support the vault of heaven. The central columns are covered with drawings depicting the life and exploits of the pharaohs. The temple consists of 10 pylons, along which there are statues of the pharaohs, and in the perspective two obelisks are visible, which were installed by the female pharaoh Hatshepsut. One of the obelisks is in a horizontal position, next to it there is a sculpture of a scarab beetle - a symbol of the rebirth of new life. Our group, according to local tradition, even walked around the beetle three times, loudly shouting the words: luck, health, wealth. In general, the Karnak Temple resembles ruins. The absence of any composition also indicates this; only numerous frescoes on the stones remind of a once existing civilization.
It is always very hot in Luxor, even in the winter months the air temperature is about 30 degrees, and in the summer - all 50. The heat makes it very difficult to enjoy the wonderful views, so when you are taken to the aromatic oil factory, you should not refuse a cup of cold red tea, which lowers blood pressure , (hot red tea, on the contrary, increases). I also advise you to inhale the vapors of sandalwood oil and even rub it on your temples and neck. Sandalwood relieves headaches, lowers blood pressure, relaxes and gives strength, which is very useful for traveling in the sands of the Valley of the Dead.
On the left bank of the Nile there is a whole burial colony of pharaohs, their wives, children and priests; it is conventionally divided into the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens. It will take two days to explore the monuments of both valleys, so our short excursion explored antiquities only in the direction of the Valley of the Queens. The tombs of the Theban queens resemble a huge courtyard with several entrances to the tombs. One of the most important tombs is Tomb No. 66, which belongs to Queen Nefertari, wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II. The staircase leading down opens the entrance to the hall, the walls of which are painted with drawings from the life of the gods. A narrow long corridor will lead to the burial chamber, which contains the restored crypt of the queen. Almost all the tombs are located in rock caves and are a grotto with a small hallway and several compartments on the sides in which the mummified bodies of the nobility lie. The central passage in the grotto ends with the main chamber, where the mummy of the “owner” of this tomb lies under glass in special atmospheric conditions. The walls of all crypts are decorated with frescoes of religious scenes. Some of the tombs were under restoration, so we were able to go down to only three: Nefertari, tomb no. 55 of Queen Titi and tomb no. 44 of Prince Hamwest, son of Ramesses II. The Valley of the Queens leaves a mysterious impression. It is here that the action depicted in the film “The Mummy” takes place, so, probably, the feeling is unclear, mystical, only the unbearable heat brings you back to reality.
Temple of Hatshepsut
The next point on our program was a visit to the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut, located here in the “City of the Dead”. Hatshepsut was the only female pharaoh; later her image was even transformed into a man’s image, with a beard and in men’s clothes. The queen's temple is a grandiose spectacle: a massive structure with high stairs, interrupted by three terraces, leads to a sanctuary carved into the rock. On the way, every now and then you come across sculptures of sphinxes with the head of a queen. The entrance is decorated with two huge statues of Hatshepsut-Osiris. Behind the entrance there are several rocky halls and the temple of the god Amun-ra. On the right side of one of the terraces is the Chapel of Anubis, where reliefs and colorful frescoes from the life of the Hatshepsut family are carved. To the left are colonnades with carved rock paintings depicting the journey of a female pharaoh to the land of Punt.
The general atmosphere in the Luxor necropolis is neither the touristy Hurghada nor the timeless atmosphere of the Giza pyramids. Despite the fact that there are many tourists here, there is a feeling of peace and general silence, as if I had come to contemplate the silence. Life stopped not only in terms of sounds, but also visually. The static color and inactive contemplation are disturbed only by the annoying souvenir sellers, who at the entrance are trying to foist this or that thing on you by deception.
Colossi of Memnon
At the exit from the “City of the Dead,” another surprise, striking in its scale, called the Colossi of Memnon, awaited us. These are two massive stone images of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. For more than 3,000 years, these statues have stood in the same place, but it is noteworthy that during excavations, fragments from the colossi are still found to this day.
The statues are named after the king of Ethiopia Memnon, which has nothing to do with Egypt, but the Greeks called the Theban necropolis "Memnonium", hence the name of the architectural monument. The statues are made of quartzite sandstone, which was mined in Giza. After the earthquake in 27 BC. The northern colossus was destroyed, now every morning it emits a slight groan, most likely caused by the evaporation of dew inside the destroyed stone and an increase in temperature. But thanks to this wonderful property, the statue was nicknamed “singing”. Both statues depict a seated Amenhotep with his hands folded on his knees and his gaze facing east. The monumental statues and gigantic size of the colossi create the impression of being in a fantasy world somewhere at the edge of the world.
Banana Island
At the end of our educational and entertaining excursion, we went along the already familiar and harmless Nile River to banana island. The views from the Nile in Luxor are much livelier and more exotic than in Cairo. Along the banks of the river every now and then there are thickets of sugar cane, palm trees and many other unknown plants. A walk along the Nile is a great refresher after a long time wandering in the sands and valleys of Luxor. The owner of the island is a rich man with four wives and more than a dozen children. There is an entrance fee to this private island, but it is worth a visit to see with your own eyes how bananas, dates, oranges, lemons and figs grow on the trees. The bananas there are very small, green with spots, but they are in great demand among the local population, because they are very sweet, tasty and not at all like the bananas we buy in the store. They ripen once a month. This island resembles a jungle, and in fact, bananas grow here, which are not cultivated - wild. Tourists are allowed to pick bananas and oranges. We also had a unique opportunity to watch crocodiles in an indoor pool. It turns out that they have very hard, tough skin, reminiscent of a turtle shell and very aggressive behavior, they react angrily to every touch.
At parting, the hospitable hosts treated us to watermelons, bananas and yellow tea, which is considered very useful for strengthening general health and the genitourinary system in particular. Tea is grown here on the island. Having crossed the Nile and saying goodbye to the cheerful, resourceful guide, we headed to the bus going to Hurghada. Still, Luxor leaves a powerful impression, which turned out to be even stronger than the impression of the pyramids. Inexplicably, the former Thebes conquer the heart and seem to complete some protracted process in the soul. Understanding the contrast between the city of the living and the city of the dead leads to an understanding of the infinity and versatility of life. You should definitely come here to feel this subtle connection that is so characteristic of Egyptian culture.
There are 65 tombs. The most famous and best preserved of all the others is the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun.
LAND OF ETERNAL REST
Like a Phoenix from the ashes, Luxor arose on the site of ancient Thebes, destroyed by the Assyrian king named Ashur-ban-apli (ruled c. 669-627 BC). It is divided into two parts: “the city of the living” and “the city of the dead.”
More than 100 tombs have been found by archaeologists in the "city of the dead" in the wadi Biban el-Muluk ("Gate of the Kings" in Arabic) on the left bank of the Nile. Entrance here is possible only through a narrow rocky gorge. The necropolis (Dra Abu el Negge), in turn, is divided into two main parts - the Valley of the Kings, where the pharaohs and the noble people closest to them were buried, and the Valley of the Queens, adjacent to the Valley of the Kings from the southwest, where, as is clear from names, they buried the wives of the pharaohs and their children. (We will talk about the Valley of the Queens separately, in one of the next issues.) The bodies of some royal sons, if they died as adults, but still young, were placed in the tombs of their fathers. And another division of the valley in two: into the Eastern and Western parts. Most royal tombs- in the Eastern part. To designate the tombs, the abbreviation KV (King's Valley) with a serial number, accepted among archaeologists, is used. The tombs of the westernmost sections of the valley are given the abbreviation WV (West Valley). The tombs were numbered in accordance with the time of their discovery, from Ramses VII ( KV1) to (KV65), but, in general, this is not a very strict gradation: some of the tombs were known long before the end of the 18th century, when large-scale archaeological excavations began in the valley, and the largest tomb KV5 was rediscovered in 1995 .: many more chambers and halls were discovered in it than previously thought.
■ Belzoni helped open the Tomb of Seti I (KV17) ... rain. This fact is all the more surprising because rain, especially heavy, albeit short-lived, downpour, as in that very case, in the desert is a phenomenally rare phenomenon. The rain caused the ground to collapse, making the entrance to the tomb visible. True, the alabaster sarcophagus inside was opened, there was no mummy. But it was well preserved in the remains of the original wooden sarcophagus in a hiding place in Deir el-Bahri, where it was discovered in 1881.
■ The entrances to the tombs of the Valley of the Kings were covered with a large layer of large stones mixed with rubble and earth, and various kinds of traps were set up in the galleries. Most of all, the robbers were frightened by the doors, which could turn sharply around their horizontal axis, revealing a steep, narrow and deep corridor underneath, where, with one wrong step, one could easily break not only one’s legs and arms, but also one’s neck. But the tomb robbers somehow managed to bypass even such ingenious traps, although not all of them, judging by the number of “random” skeletons found by archaeologists in incredibly inverted poses.
■ The last burial made in the Valley of the Kings dates back to approximately 1075 BC. e.
■ For a long time it remained a mystery where the great Queen Hapshetsut (1490/1489-1468 BC, 1479-1458 BC or 1504-1482 BC) was buried, who was buried for everything she did. called in the masculine gender - Pharaoh. According to information in some papyri - in the Valley of the Queens, but no mummy was found in any of the tombs supposed in this regard, and in addition, already in our time (2007) with the help of complex genetic analyzes (the work was headed by Zavi Hawass) It has been proven that Hapshetsut was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in a small tomb KV60.
ATTRACTIONS
■ The most significant tombs of the pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings:
KV1 - Ramses VII.
KV2 - Ramses IV.
KV6 - Ramses IX.
KV8 - Merenptah.
KV9 - Ramses V and VI.
KV11 - Ramses III,
KV14 - Tausert and Setnakht.
KW15 - Networks II.
KV16 - Ramses I.
KV17 - Networks!..
NUMBERS
Luxor area: 416 km2.
Population of Luxor: 506,588 people (2012).
Number of tombs (KW and WW) - 65. Objects KVB - KVT, not containing mummies; presumably they could have been both the foundations for the tombs and warehouses for everything necessary for their construction.
Atlas. The whole world is in your hands #259
Read in this issue:
Refers to those civilizations unsolved mysteries who are waiting in the wings. The secrets of the pharaohs and their temples continue to attract experienced archaeologists who travel to the banks of the Nile in the hope of learning something new. The Egyptians believed in the obligatory transition of the soul to the afterlife, and for its implementation it was necessary to preserve the bodily shell unharmed. Expensive tombs were built as homes for the country's deceased rulers; It was the pyramids that were considered royal tombs. However, not all pharaohs were buried there - most of them rest in a valley near the city of Luxor.
Valley of the Kings in Egypt: history, description
Situated on the Nile River mystic valley represents unique place, which contains more than sixty tombs of pharaohs buried from the 16th to the 11th centuries BC. The story of its appearance begins with the desire of Pharaoh Thutmose I, who ruled during the so-called New Kingdom and dreamed of having his body buried secretly.
Fearing the plunder of his tomb, he gives the order to find a place inaccessible to thieves with an entrance hidden from prying eyes. And after his death, the first burial appeared, made in the form of a well, in a secluded desert gorge, called the Valley of the Kings. Egypt has always taken great care of its unique attractions, in which anyone can penetrate into the very heart of antiquity. Tourists have been coming to this sacred territory for a thousand years, often not being so careful with historical monument and allowing themselves to leave graffiti and drawings on the walls.
The site on the west bank of the Nile was chosen for several reasons. Funeral processions that took place here were hidden from prying eyes by steep cliffs, and limestone has long been used in construction. It was he who protected all the burials from possible damage over time.
New burial plan
The decision of Thutmose I changed the previous burial system; the Valley of the Kings in Egypt was built according to a completely new plan. The scheme was as follows: now the burial place of the rulers was carved into the rock, and the entrance in the form of a long inclined tunnel going into the depths was necessarily camouflaged. The walls were decorated with carved bas-reliefs telling about the exploits of the deceased.
Looting of tombs
It was not for nothing that Pharaoh feared the desecration of his tomb. At that time, dishonest people began to steal in a thirst to get fabulously rich. After seizing the jewelry, the criminals, fearing revenge and punishment, burned the remains of the mummy. There are known facts when officials who were stealing turned out to be robbers, and in such a risky way they avoided deserved punishment. Archaeologists give another reason why the sarcophagus was vandalized. The Egyptians, frantic in religious fanaticism, pulled out the mortal remains of the pharaohs in order to actually bury them, protecting the integrity of the soul of their master and at the same time fearing punishment for allowing the plunder by thieves. Often mummies were hidden in basements, in which they were discovered several centuries later by archaeologists who were delighted with such a find.
According to scientists, the Valley of the Dead Kings is divided into five time periods during which thirty dynasties of pharaohs ruled the country. Unfortunately, it began to be subjected to vandal plunder back in the era of the twentieth and twenty-first dynasties. And some families who traded in robbery successfully passed on knowledge to other generations, since this business was very profitable.
Valley of the Queens
Nearby was the Valley of the Queens, where not only the wives of the rulers were buried, but also their children. About seventy sarcophagi were found there, similar in appearance with the tombs of rulers, but of much smaller size. For example, scientists consider the burial of Nefertari the most beautiful of all those found.
The bright frescoes on the walls have not lost their colors; all images are made according to ancient tradition - portraits are painted exclusively in profile. The wonderful illustrations of the “Book of the Dead” delight those who visit this sacred place. At the top, the sarcophagus seems to be illuminated by the radiance of the starry sky.
Archaeological sensation
Serious study of the sacred for began in the 19th century. Then scientists found about three dozen desecrated graves. Now under the protection of UNESCO there is an amazing and completely unsolved place, whose name is the Valley of the Kings. Egypt kept its secrets for a long time - until in the early 20s of the 19th century, archaeologists discovered the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, which became a historical sensation. For thirty-three centuries it stood unplundered, preserving thousands of luxurious works of art for posterity, and the most famous of them was the posthumous golden mask of the ruler.
Deadly secrets of Tutankhamun's curse
The discovery of this tomb is connected with a mystery that claimed the lives of English archaeologists from that expedition. The inscription in the sarcophagus said that anyone who disturbed the peace of the pharaoh would be overtaken by death. After this, an inexplicable series of deaths begins. The sponsor of the expedition dies first, and then his brother; within a few months, the scientists who opened the tomb find eternal peace, and doctors are powerless in trying to establish the reasons for their sudden death. On the second day, even an old friend of the sponsor, who came to admire the treasures, dies. There are 22 known deaths that occurred completely unpredictably, but with the same symptoms of fever, subsequent chills and loss of consciousness. An interesting fact: the sponsor himself and his wife died from the bite of an ordinary mosquito. But the founder of the expedition, Lord Carter, was the only one who died naturally in old age.
Researchers are still trying to unravel the causes of strange deaths. Some believe that everyone was killed by a fungus, the spores of which were inhaled by members of the expedition, others blame a virus that had been waiting for its victims for many centuries, others talk about radiation that destroyed everyone. However, people died for unknown reasons in the 70s. Many have wondered if the Valley of the Kings is to blame. Egypt at that time was shaken by what happened to six robbers who tried to steal from a Cairo museum. Five of them died mysteriously before trial and in prison, and the last one died when he was released. The story goes that a note was found on his desk that spoke of a curse.
Valley of the Kings (Egypt): new secrets
Surprisingly, more than eighty years after exploring the tomb of Tutankhamun, scientists found a new burial. They discovered a shaft leading to a tomb in which five sarcophagi were kept. It was believed that the valley had been fully explored, but the find calls this assertion into question. On the lid of one sarcophagus, archaeologists discovered an image of an attractive woman and gold jewelry. Experts who hastened to draw a conclusion about the new discovery were disappointed: there was no mummy under the lid, but the things found were still associated with the name of Tutankhamun or his relative.
Features of the tourist route
Now everyone who comes to the country knows where the Valley of the Kings is located in Egypt. This is a very popular route, especially since now there are comfortable roads to the city of Luxor. Sometimes tombs are closed for maintenance, so you should check this before starting your trip. After visiting this site, no one will remain indifferent, because there are very few places in the world where you can get acquainted with the culture of burial.
The excursion to the Valley of the Kings begins early in the morning. Egypt is a country with a hot climate, so many people find it difficult to travel. Guides advise you to stock up on drinking water and warn about the ban on photography in the tombs. Those who managed to capture unique species Considerable fines await, and all footage and videos will be deleted. The excursion fee includes tourists visiting three tombs; you will have to fork out for the pleasure of admiring other mysterious objects. Tourists especially emphasize that there is poor ventilation and humid air inside, which makes it difficult to breathe. Therefore, if possible, it is best to enjoy the tombs in winter.
Its mystery has long attracted people Ancient Egypt. The Valley of the Kings is the very unsolved mystery that millions of travelers want to touch. It is still impossible to say exactly how many secrets the country with its ancient heritage keeps. Let's wait for new discoveries!
Attractions are different. Usually we are used to seeing beautiful lakes, amazing waterfalls, paradise beaches and magnificent buildings. But there are such corners on our planet, the contemplation of which makes you wonder if this is real on Earth or is it a figment of the imagination.
One of these surreal places can easily be attributed to the Dead Valley in Namibia. But surrealism in this case is both frightening and attractive. A cloudless blue sky, yellow-red dunes and almost black tree trunks, dried out by the sun and time.
One of the most significant attractions of the country and the continent, and indeed the entire planet, is located in the southwest of Namibia in the center of the Namib Desert of almost the same name.
Dead Valley on the map
- geographic coordinates -24.761144, 15.293151
- distance from the capital of Namibia, Windhoek, is about 305 km
- the distance to the nearest Walvis Bay airport is approximately 100 km
A lifeless but fascinating atmosphere envelops a large clay pit, populated by hundreds of dried tree trunks and surrounded by huge sand dunes. Even the dunes here deserve special attention, as they are considered the highest in the world. The height reaches 300-400 meters. It is also worth noting that they have their own numbers and names. And the “Martian” color of the sand of these dunes is due to the high iron content.
Scientists agree that long ago there was an oasis here, formed by heavy rainfall and the Tsauhab River overflowing its banks. Favorable conditions were created for the growth of plants, including the “camel acacia,” which can sometimes reach 17 meters in height. But about 900 years ago, the dunes began to gradually block the supply of water to the oasis and drought broke out. Life quickly began to fade, and soon only dry tree trunks resembled the once fragrant corner of nature. 
An interesting fact is that tree trunks are practically not affected by environment. There is almost no wind in the Dead Valley, as it is completely surrounded by the highest dunes, and temperatures can reach 50°C. The combination of these factors ensures the ideal preservation of dried wood.
It is quite logical that the place where the merciless desert carefully guards the “skeletons” of trees was called Dead Valley, or Deadvlei, which translates as “dead swamp”. Locals The word "vlei" is translated as "the place where everything ends."
Dead Valley is part of national park Namib-Naukluft. You can enter the park by obtaining permission right at the entrance. But visiting is allowed only during daylight hours.
You can visit the Dead Valley by taking a one or two-day excursion to the capital of Namibia, Windhoek. Many tour companies offer trips to the valley. You can also buy excursions in the cities of Swakopmund and Walvis Bay.
VALLEY OF THE DEAD (Caucasian) - anomalous zone, which is notorious among the local population in the Caucasus. In the 16th century, there was a village here that completely died out as a result of a terrible epidemic. Until now, the old ruins have not been inhabited; people try to avoid the abandoned gardens, in which, allegedly, strange visions have been observed more than once. In the 1980s, a photojournalist visited here and took several landscapes. Then, after arriving in Moscow, the photographer unexpectedly dies, the undeveloped film goes to Alexander Evgenievich LARIONOV, who, having printed the photographs, was surprised to find on one of them glowing ball against the backdrop of trees, and even later, upon closer inspection, a second ball was discovered underneath it, and between them a large, slightly blurred, multimeter-long face of a mountain woman. The photo was handed over to researcher Alexander Sergeevich KUZOVKIN, who repeatedly showed it to everyone. This fact, like many others, never received a materialistic explanation. (HF) -
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