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Pyramid of Cheops Built in 2550 BC. e. Location: Giza (Egypt). Creators: Egyptians. The only one of the "miracles" that has survived to this day. Purpose of the structure: the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops.
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon Built in 600 BC. e. Place: Babylon (Iraq) Creators: Babylonians Destroyed: After the 1st century BC e. Reason for destruction: earthquake Purpose of structures: They were created for the wife of King Nebuchadnezzar II ..
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Statue of Zeus at Olympia Built: 435 BC BC, sculptor Phidias Place: Olympia (Greece) Creators: Greeks Destroyed: V-VI centuries. Reason for destruction: burned down in Constantinople during a fire at the Hippodrome in the 5th century. Purpose of the structure: temple statue in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia
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Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Built: 550 BC e. Location: Ephesus (Turkey) Creators: Lydians, Greeks, Persians Destroyed: 370 BC e. 356 BC e. (Herostratus) or AD 262 e. (Goths) Reason for destruction: fire Purpose of structure: was built in honor of the goddess Artemis
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Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Built: 351 BC e. Place: Halicarnassus (in the southwest of Turkey) Creators: Carians, Persians, Greeks Destroyed: 1494 Reason for destruction: earthquake; preserved: foundations, architectural fragments; in the British Museum in London - statues of Mavsol and his wife Artemisia, reliefs, statues of lions Purpose of the structure: it was erected as a tombstone of the Carian ruler Mausol by his wife - Queen Artemisia
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Colossus of Rhodes Built: between 292 and 280 BC e. Location: Rhodes (Greece) Created by: Greeks Destroyed: 224 (or 226) BC e. the bronze case was dismantled in 654 AD. e. Reason for destruction: earthquake Purpose of the structure: it was erected by the sculptor Hares to perpetuate the memory of the victory of Rhodes over Demetrius Poliorketus (304 BC)
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Alexandrian lighthouse Built: 3rd century BC e. Place: Alexandria (Egypt) Founders: Ptolemaic Dynasty Destroyed: 303g. BC AD - 1480 AD (stood for 1500 years) Cause of destruction: earthquake Purpose of the structure: the light of this lighthouse was very useful for navigation.
The work was performed by Julia Novozhilova
Content
- HISTORY OF ORIGIN.
- THE PYRAMID OF CHEOPS.
- "HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON.
- STATUE OF OLYMPIC ZEUS.
- TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS.
- MAUSOLEUM IN HALICARNASSUS.
- THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES.
- LIGHTHOUSE ON O. FAROS IN ALEXANDRIA.
SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
The history of the SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD- LIST OF GLORIFIED ANTIQUE MONUMENTS.
- the list MADE BY ANCIENT historians and travelers.
- INCLUDING THE "FATHER OF HISTORY" HERODOTUS.
- THE LIST HAS BEEN EDITED SEVERAL TIMES.
- ITS CLASSICAL OPTION WAS FORMED 2.2 THOUSAND. YEARS AGO THANKS TO THE EFFORT OF PHILON BYZANTINE. .
PYRAMID CHEOPSA
- The building is 4500 years old.
- 120 thousand Egyptians for 20 years in the sweat of their brow erected a grandiose Pharaoh's tomb. The pyramid of Cheops is composed of 2.5 million blocks weighing 2,
tons each. - Without the use of cement and other bonding agents, the blocks are so tightly fitted to each other that the gap between them does not exceed 0.5 mm. Initially, the pyramid was 147 meters high, today it is 138 meters.
- Almost 4000 years, until the XIV century AD, the Cheops Pyramid bore the title of the tallest structure in the world.
- Around 600 BC in the territory of modern Iraq, ancient Babylon was making noise.
- For his wife Amitis (Semiramis), King Nebuchadnezzar II ordered the famous "hanging gardens" to be laid out. The gardens were located on a four-tiered area resembling a hill.
- The base of the terraces was made of stone blocks covered with a layer of reeds and covered with asphalt. Then there was a double layer of brick, even higher - lead plates, preventing the seepage of irrigation water.
- A fertile layer of soil was laid on top of this structure, on which trees, palms and flowers were grown.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia
- In 435 BC. e. in Olympia - one of the sanctuaries Ancient Greece - a magnificent temple was built in honor of the sovereign of the gods - Zeus.
- Inside the temple was a huge 20-meter statue of the Olympian god, seated on a throne.
- The sculpture was made of wood, on top of which were glued ivory plates, imitating the upper naked part of Zeus's body.
- The god's clothes and shoes are plated with gold.
- In his left hand Zeus held a scepter with an eagle, and in his right - a statue of the goddess of victory.
- The Temple of Artemis was built in 560 BC. King of Lydia Croesus in the city of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor.
- The huge white marble temple was framed by 127 columns 18 meters high.
- Inside was a statue of Artemis, the goddess of fertility, made of gold and ivory.
- In 356 BC. one vain inhabitant of Ephesus - Herostratus set fire to the temple, thus deciding to become famous and immortalize his name.
- The Sanctuary of Artemis was rebuilt, but in 263 it was destroyed and plundered by the Goths.
- The ruler of Caria Mavsol during his lifetime in 353 BC. began construction of his own tomb in Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum, Turkey).
- A grandiose burial structure 46 meters high, surrounded by 36 columns and topped with a chariot statue.
- It made such a strong impression on contemporaries that since then all the monumental tombs began to be called mausoleums by the name of King Mavsol.
- A giant statue of the ancient Greek sun god Helios was erected at the entrance to the port of Rhodes in 292 - 280. BC e.
- A slender youth-god, sculpted in full growth, held a torch in his hand.
- Ships floated between the legs of the statue.
- For only 65 years, the Colossus of Rhodes stood in its place: in 222 BC. it was destroyed by an earthquake.
- In 270 BC. on the island of Pharos, at the entrance to the port of Alexandria, a huge tower 120 meters high was erected.
- At the top of the lighthouse, a fire was constantly burning, the light of which was amplified by metal concave mirrors, and was visible at a distance of 60 kilometers.
- Wood for fire was brought up the spiral staircase on carts pulled by mules.
- The lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century.
It took humans 20 years to build the Great Pyramid. It was created from over 2 million stone blocks, each weighing at least 2.5 tons. The workers dragged them to the site using ramps, blocks and levers, and then adjusted them to each other, without mortar. Upon completion of the work, the Great Pyramid rose 147 meters.
Now its top has collapsed. Only one pyramid of the son of Khufu at its very top has preserved the lime cladding. Egyptian pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of Antiquity. This is the only miracle that has survived to this day. At the time of its creation, the Great Pyramid was the tallest structure in the world. And she kept this record for almost 4000 years.
The Hanging Gardens were one of the most famous curiosities ancient city Babylon. However, although archaeologists have found the alleged ruins of the gardens, it is impossible to prove that it is they. We only know one thing: the gardens really existed because people saw and described them.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia Built: 435 BC BC, sculptor Phidias Place: Olympia (Greece) Creators: Greeks Destroyed: VVI centuries. Reason for destruction: burned down in Constantinople during a fire at the Hippodrome in the 5th century. Purpose of the structure: temple statue in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Built: 550 BC e. Location: Ephesus (Turkey) Creators: Lydians, Greeks, Persians Destroyed: 370 BC e. 356 BC e. (Herostratus) or 262 A.D. e. (Goths) Reason for destruction: fire Purpose of structure: was built in honor of the goddess Artemis
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Built: 351 BC e. Place: Halicarnassus (in the south-west of Turkey) Creators: Carians, Persians, Greeks Destroyed: 1494 Reason for destruction: earthquake; preserved: foundations, architectural fragments; in the British Museum in London statues of Mavsol and his wife Artemisia, reliefs, statues of lions Purpose of the structure: it was erected as a tombstone of the Carian ruler Mausol by his wife Queen Artemisia
Eighteen centuries later, an earthquake destroyed the Mausoleum to the ground. Another three hundred years passed before archaeologists began excavations. In 1857, all finds were transferred to the British Museum in London. Now, in the place where the Mausoleum once was, only a handful of stones remain.
Colossus of Rhodes Built: between 292 and 280 BC e. Location: Rhodes (Greece) Created by: Greeks Destroyed: 224 (or 226) BC e. the bronze case was dismantled in 654 AD. e. Reason for destruction: earthquake Purpose of the structure: it was erected by the sculptor Hares to perpetuate the memory of the victory of Rhodes over Demetrius Poliorketus (304 BC)
Lighthouse of Alexandria Built: 3rd century BC e. Place: Alexandria (Egypt) Founders: Ptolemaic Dynasty Destroyed: 303. BC 1480 AD (stood for 1500 years) Cause of destruction: earthquake Purpose of the structure: the light of this lighthouse was very useful for navigation.
Seven wonders of the world
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Seven wonders of the world or Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - a list of the most famous buildings of architecture of ancient culture. The very choice of the number is consecrated by the most ancient ideas about its completeness, completeness and perfection, because number 7
was considered a sacred number god Apollo ... The mention of the seven wonders of the world appears in the writings of Greek authors. They included descriptions of the grandest, most magnificent, or technically the most striking buildings and monuments of art.
Egyptian pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu) takes first place from "Seven Wonders of the World" , and is the only one that has survived to this day. It is the largest pyramid in Egypt. Previously, its height was about 146 meters, and today it is about 138 meters. The date of the beginning of construction dates back to around 2600 BC, although this is inaccurate and disputed by many scientists.
Today, this stunning building surprises with its size and incredible precision of engineering calculations. There is speculation that these stone giants are space observatories. After all, the shape of the location of the pyramids exactly repeats the contours of the constellation "Orion".
Others believe that these buildings used to play the role of powerful energy generators. They were originally covered in limestone and shone like supernatural beacons in the sun.
Inside the first wonder of the world - the pyramids of Cheops , you will find three chambers: underground, "Queen's Chamber" and "Pharaoh's Chamber".
You can get inside the artificial mountain through a natural entrance located at a height of about 15 meters (somewhere like a 5-storey building) or through an artificial one, which was pierced in 820.
Fragments of the facing, with which the pyramid was initially completely covered.
The Cheops pyramid in section
Pyramid of Cheops in the 19th century.
Pyramid of Cheops in the XXI century.
In the list of "Seven Wonders of the World", the second miracle is considered hanging Gardens of Babylon ... This truly legendary structure was created in 605 BC. However, already in 562 BC. this architectural masterpiece was destroyed by a flood.
Despite the well-established connection of the hanging gardens of Babylon with the name of the Assyrian queen - Semiramis, who lived around 800 BC, scientists consider this a delusion. In fact, official version the origin of this wonder of the world reads as follows.
To prevent liquid from seeping to the lower floors, the platforms of each tier, consisting of huge slabs, were covered with lead leaves and covered with asphalt.
Water was supplied to the top using a specially designed mechanism that pumps it from the Euphrates River. For this, the slaves turned a huge wheel, irrigating the hanging gardens of Babylon with sufficient moisture.
The one-hundred-meter walls of Babylon and the crowns of trees towering above them, instilled in everyone who saw this wonder of the world the idea of \u200b\u200bthe power and strength of the kingdom.
If Hanging Gardens of Babylon existed until now then, to look at them, we would have to go to Iraq, since it was in this state that the ruins of the ancient city of Mesopotamia - Babylon were found.
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus Is the third wonder of the world. The name itself hides the origin of the famous temple - this is the ancient Greek city of Ephesus.
If it existed to this day, then you would have to go to Turkey, to the city of Selcuk, Izmir province, to see it with your own eyes. But we have to be content with only photographs of reconstructions and engineering models of the Temple of Artemis of Ephesus.
After that, the building was restored to its original form, with the help of funds allocated by Alexander the Great himself.
The dimensions of the third wonder of the world - the temple of Artemis of Ephesus, were as follows. Width -
52 m, length - 105 m, height - 18 meters. The roof lay on 127 columns.
There is information that
at the opening of the temple of Artemis, the townspeople were indescribable delight. The finest sculptors, painters and masters of the ancient world worked on the decoration of this wonder of the world. The statue of Artemis of Ephesus consisted of gold and ivory.
The temple was not only of religious significance, but also represented the largest economic, business and cultural center of Greece in Ephesus.
In the middle of 263 AD, the religious building was plundered by the Goths. At the end of the 9th century AD, when pagan religions were banned, a Christian church was built on the site of the temple. However, it was destroyed after a while.
In 1869, the English archaeologist John Wood was able to find traces of one of the seven wonders of the world - the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.
Despite the many problems and marshy areas in the excavation site, D. Voodoo managed to find the remains of a once majestic building.
Unfortunately, little has survived to this day, and today you can see the only restored column proudly standing on the site of the Temple of Artemis.
Until now, this place in Turkey attracts many tourists who want to see the location of one of the seven wonders of the world.
The Olympic Games, to which the Greeks paid so much attention, were usually held in honor of the pagan god Zeus.
However, the temple of this mythical character did not exist! Only in 466-465 BC a unique building was built in Olympia, where it soon appeared
grandiose statue of Zeus , which is considered the fourth wonder of the world.
Excavation of Phidias workshop
The builder of this masterpiece is a famous Athenian architect and sculptor named Phidias. Sources have been preserved indicating that the author was very picky about the material from which he created the sculpture of the Olympic Zeus. So, 80 meters from the temple itself, by order of Phidias, a workshop was built, exactly repeating the dimensions of the religious building.
The ratio of the Olympic miracle
light - the statue of Zeus and the building itself, in which it was installed, produced an amazing effect.
The statue was presented to the Greeks in
435 BC. Phidias ordered a rectangular pool to be dug at the foot of his masterpiece. Then water was poured into it, and a layer of olive oil on top.
The unique decoration of the sculpture and the trick described above allowed the rays of the sun to be reflected so that it seemed as if the light was coming from the statue of Zeus itself. At the opening, Phidias stood at the back of the temple, enjoying the shock of the audience.
The fate of the architect is not known for certain.
This "Wonder of the World" stood for about 800 years. At the beginning of the 5th century AD, when Christianity was established as the state religion in the Roman Empire, all pagan temples were closed. However, in order to avoid the looting of the unique cultural monuments, it was decided to transport the sculpture of Zeus to Constantinople. It was there, in 425, during the fire of the temple, statue of Zeus from Olympia was destroyed.
Despite this, she entered the "Seven Wonders of the World" as an example of the extraordinary engineering, artistic and sculptural achievements of antiquity.
The fifth wonder of the world is mausoleum in Halicarnassus ... In the Turkish resort town of Bodrum, scientists have discovered the ruins of the wonder of the world, the Halicarnassus mausoleum.
The ancient structure is named after the ruler of Caria - Mavsol, as it was his tombstone. In the 4th century BC, King Mavsol, together with his wife, Queen Artemisia, decided to perpetuate their memory following the example of the Egyptian pharaohs. For these purposes, a grandiose structure was erected, which became a "wonder of the world."
In Greece, on the shores of the Aegean Sea, located ancient island Rhodes. It was there, in 280 BC, that the sixth wonder of the world - the Colossus of Rhodes .
It all started with the fact that after the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great, Demetrius I attacked Rhodes. With him were about forty thousand soldiers. Having laid siege to the main port city, he held the siege for over a year. Then, despite the fact that a lot of efforts were spent on establishing siege engines, Demetrius decided to retreat, abandoning all the buildings. The residents of Rhodes, shocked by this turn of events, sold all the things left by the occupiers, deciding to erect a monument to the sun god Helios with the proceeds. According to legend, it was Helios who was the creator of the island.
The monument was commissioned by the outstanding sculptor of that time - Jerez. The main material was chosen
bronze, it took more than 13 tons during construction. In addition, the sculptor used 8 tons of iron and a large number of stones.
The fate of the Colossus of Rhodes was ruthless. Just 65 years later, around 225 BC, there was an earthquake that destroyed it.
The statue broke near its knees and fell to the ground.
Despite the defeated state of Helios, this place attracted the attention of many ancient travelers.
The height of the sculpture was about 60 meters (approximately, like an eighteen-story house).
After lying on the ground for about 900 years, the statue was sold by the Arabs, who at that time captured Rhodes.
There is no exact information about the appearance of the architectural masterpiece. Sixth " wonder of the world "Colossus of Rhodes is still the subject of controversy, fantastic hypotheses and assumptions. In 2008, there was talk about how to reconstruct the sculpture with the help of a lighting installation.
The seventh wonder of the world is the Lighthouse of Alexandria (he is Pharos lighthouse). It was built in the 3rd century BC on the Mediterranean Sea.
In Egypt, on the small island of Pharos, not far from Alexandria, there was a bay of great importance for merchant ships. It is for this reason that the need arose for the construction of the Pharos lighthouse.
During the reign of Ptolemy II in Egypt, it was decided to build the famous lighthouse. According to the plan, the implementation of the idea should have taken 20 years, but all residents saw the masterpiece much earlier. The main architect and builder of this building is Sostrat of Cnidus.
In the dark, the flames reflected by the water surface were visible at a distance of more than 60 kilometers, allowing ships to safely pass the reefs. During the day, instead of light, a plume of smoke was used, also visible extremely far away.
A large amount of fuel was required to maintain the flame. The tree was brought along a spiral ramp on carts pulled by mules.
Behind the flames stood bronze
plates that directed light into the sea. The lighthouse was also used as a defensive fortress.
However, the reconstruction was not destined to be completed, and by the end of the 15th century, Kayt Bey, the famous sultan, founded a fortress on the foundation of the lighthouse. By the way, it still exists.
In 2015, the Egyptian authorities approved a project to rebuild the lighthouse.
Used materials:
- Site: ped-kopilka.ru
- Website: interesnyefakty.org
- Website: https://ru.wikipedia.org
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Pyramids of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria
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Pyramids of Giza
The Giza pyramid complex is a complex of ancient monuments on the Giza plateau in the suburbs of Cairo, the modern capital of Egypt. It is located about 8 km towards the center of the Libyan Desert from the old city of Giza on the Nile River, about 25 km southwest of the center of Cairo. It is believed that the buildings were created in the Old Kingdom Ancient egypt during the reign of IV-VI dynasties (XXVI-XXIII centuries BC).
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These pyramids have undergone minor changes these days. This is the only miracle that has survived to this day.
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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Semiramis are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. A more correct name for this structure is the Hanging Gardens of Amitis (according to other sources - Amanis): this is the name of the wife of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, for whose sake the gardens were created. Presumably located in the ancient state of Babylon, near the modern city of Hill. According to an alternative version, based on re-deciphering the cuneiform tablets, they could have been in Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian kingdom, and were built at the beginning of the 7th century BC.
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In the 1st century. BC e. The flood destroyed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the bricks of the hastily built gardens were not sufficiently burnt, high columns collapsed, platforms and stairs collapsed.
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Zeus statue in Olympia
The statue of Zeus in Olympia is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the World located in the mainland of Europe (in the city of Olympia). The statue of Zeus at Olympia is the third wonder of the ancient world. It was erected in the 5th century BC. Marble Zeus surpassed in size all temples existing at that time. The massive roof of the building measuring 27 by 64 m was supported by columns made of limestone. The feats of Zeus were depicted on the marble pediments of the temple. The statue of Zeus was erected by Phidias.
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The last mention of the statue dates back to 363 AD. e. In the XI century, the Byzantine historian Georgy Kedrin, recorded a local "legend", according to which at the beginning of the V century AD. e. the statue of Zeus was still intact. According to him, she was either transported to Constantinople, where she burned down during a fire in 476, or she was not transported anywhere, and she died along with the temple from the fire in 425.
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Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Temple of Artemis in Ephesus - one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, was located in greek city Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor (currently the city of Selcuk in the south of Izmir province, Turkey). The first large temple was built in the middle of the 6th century BC. e.
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According to legend, in 356 BC. e. a certain conceited citizen of Ephesus named Herostratus set fire to the great temple, thus wishing to become famous. Later in 263, the sanctuary of Artemis was sacked by the Goths. During the reign of Emperor Theodosius I, when in 391-392 all pagan cults were banned, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus was closed. On the site of the temple, a church was built, which later also collapsed.
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mausoleum in Halicarnassus
The Halicarnassus mausoleum (Greek ΜαυσωλείοτηςΑλικαρνασσού; Tur.HalikarnasMozolesi) is a tombstone of the Carian ruler Mavsol (Greek Μαύσωλος), built in the middle of the 4th century BC. e. by order of his wife Artemisia III in Halicarnassus, modern Bodrum (Turkey), one of the ancient wonders of the world. As a structure, it was a complex combination of the dynastic monument of the Hecatomnids, the heroon and the tomb of Mavsol.
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The mausoleum stood for 19 centuries. In the XIII century, it collapsed from a strong earthquake, and in 1522 the remains of the Mausoleum were dismantled by the knights-John for the construction of the fortress of St. Peter. In 1846, the ruins were explored by the British Museum expedition led by Charles Thomas Newton. Based on the results of the research, several versions of the reconstruction of the original appearance were drawn up, one of which was the basis for the Grant mausoleum in Manhattan.
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The Colossus of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes (Greek ΚολοσσόςτηςΡόδου, lat. ColossusRhodi) is a giant statue of the ancient Greek God of the Sun - Helios, which stood in the port city of Rhodes, located on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea, Greece. One of the "Seven Wonders of the World".
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The colossus stood for sixty-five years. In 222 or 226 BC. e. the statue was destroyed by the Rhodes earthquake. The wreckage of the colossus lay on the ground for over a thousand years, until finally they were sold by the Arabs, who captured Rhodes in 977, to a merchant who, according to one of the chronicles, loaded 900 camels with them. There was a legend: when the statue of the Colossus of Rhodes was erected, an earthquake happened, after which it collapsed. The statue was rebuilt again, and again there was an earthquake. The sages said that if the people erect a statue again, then the island of Rhodes will go under water.
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Alexandrian lighthouse
Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos lighthouse) - a lighthouse built in the 3rd century BC. e. on the island of Pharos near the Egyptian city of Alexandria, one of the 7 wonders of the world.
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By the XII century A.D. e. the bay of Alexandria became so muddy that ships could no longer use it. The lighthouse fell into disrepair. The bronze plates, which served as mirrors, were probably melted down into coins. In the XIV century, the lighthouse was completely destroyed by an earthquake. A few years later, its fragments were used to build a fortress. The fortress was subsequently rebuilt more than once. In 2015, the Egyptian authorities approved a project to rebuild the lighthouse.
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