The Himalayas are replete with a huge number of rocky, almost vertical slopes that are very difficult to climb; you have to use all sorts of technical devices in the form of driven hooks, ropes, special ladders and other climbing equipment. Often, rocky ledges alternate with deep cracks, and so much snow settles on the mountain slopes that over time it is compressed and turns into glaciers that close these cracks, which makes walking through these places deadly. It is not uncommon for snow and ice to descend, which, rushing down, turn into huge avalanches, demolishing everything in their path and capable of crushing climbers in seconds.
The air temperature in the Himalayas, when rising in altitude, decreases by about 6 degrees for every 1000 meters. So if at the foot of the mountain in summer the temperature is +25, then at an altitude of 5000 meters it will be about -5.
At altitude, the movements of air masses are usually intensified, often turning into hurricane winds, which makes movement very difficult, and sometimes makes it impossible, especially on the narrow ridges of mountain ranges.
Starting at an altitude of 5,000 meters, the atmosphere contains approximately half the oxygen at sea level to which the human body is accustomed. Lack of oxygen has a detrimental effect on the human body, sharply reduces its physical capabilities and leads to the development of so-called mountain sickness - shortness of breath, dizziness, chills and interruptions in heart function. Therefore, at this altitude, the human body usually needs time to acclimatize.
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At an altitude of 6000 meters, the atmosphere is so thin and oxygen-poor that complete acclimatization is no longer possible. No matter what kind of physical activity a person experiences, he begins to slowly suffocate. Climbing to an altitude of 7000 meters is already mortally dangerous for many; at such a height the consciousness begins to become confused and even thinking becomes difficult. The height of 8000 meters is called the “death zone”. Here, even the strongest climbers can survive for only a few days at best. Therefore, all high-altitude ascents are carried out using oxygen breathing apparatus.
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But representatives of the Nepalese Sherpa tribe, who permanently live in the Himalayas, feel quite comfortable at altitude and therefore, as soon as the Europeans began to “master” Mountain peaks Himalayas, the men of this tribe began to work on expeditions as guides and porters, receiving payment for this. Over time, this became their main profession. By the way, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, together with Edmund Hillary, were the first to climb the top of the Himalayas - Everest, the highest mountain in the world.
But these sometimes deadly dangers did not stop mountaineering enthusiasts. It took more than one decade for all these peaks to be conquered. Here is a brief chorology of climbing the highest mountains on our planet.
1950, June 3 - Annapurna
French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal climbed Annapurna Peak, which is 8091 meters high. Anapurna is considered the seventh highest mountain in the world. Located in Nepal, in the Himalayas east of the Gandaki River, which flows along the deep gorge in the world. The gorge separates Annapurna and another eight-thousander, Dhaulagiri.
Climbing Anapurna is considered one of the most difficult climbs in the world. Moreover, this is the only conquest of an eight-thousander that was accomplished the first time, and moreover, without oxygen apparatus. However, their feat came at a high price. Since they were wearing only leather boots, Herzog froze all his toes and, due to the onset of gangrene, the expedition doctor was forced to amputate them. Over the entire period, only 191 people successfully climbed Annapurna, which is less than any other eight-thousanders. Climbing Annapurna is considered the most dangerous, with a mortality rate of 32 percent, like no other eight-thousander.
1953, May 29 - Everest "Qomolungma"
Members of the English expedition, New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Norgay Tenzing were the first to conquer Everest, a peak 8848 m high. In Tibetan, this mountain is called Qomolungma, which means “Goddess Mother of Snow.” Her Nepalese name is “Sagarmatha”, that is, “Mother of the Universe”. This is the highest mountain in the world. on the border of Nepal and China.
Everest is a triangular pyramid with three sides and ridges that extend to the northeast, southeast and northwest. The southeastern ridge is gentler and is the most widely used climbing route. It was this route to the top through the Khumbu glacier, the valley of silence, from the foot of Lhotse through the South Col that Hillary and Tenzing blazed for their first ascent. The British first attempted to climb Everest back in 1921. They then could not go from the south side, due to the ban of the Nepalese authorities, and tried to climb from the north, from Tibet. To do this, they had to go around the entire Chomolungma mountain range, traveling more than 400 kilometers to get to the top from China. But the time to go around was lost and the onset of the monsoons did not make it possible to climb. After them, a second attempt along the same route was made in 1924 by British climbers George Leigh Mallory and Andrew Irwin, which was also unsuccessful, ending in the death of both at an altitude of 8500 meters.
Despite its reputation dangerous mountain The commercialization of climbing Everest has made it a very popular tourist attraction over the past few decades. According to the latest data, 5,656 successful ascents of Everest have been made, while 223 people have died. The mortality rate was about 4 percent.
1953, July 3 - Nanga Parbat
The peak is located in the north of Pakistan in the western part of the Himalayas. This is the ninth highest eight-thousander, 8126 meters. This peak has such steep slopes that even snow cannot stand on its top. In Urdu, Nangaparbat means "Bare Mountain". The first to climb the peak was the Austrian climber Hermann Buhl, a member of the German-Austrian Himalayan expedition. I made the ascent alone, without an oxygen apparatus. The ascent time to the top was 17 hours, and the descent time was 41 hours. This was the first successful ascent in 20 years of attempts; 31 climbers had already died there before.
According to the latest data, a total of 335 successful ascents have been made to Nanga Parbat. 68 climbers died. The mortality rate is about 20 percent, making it the third most dangerous eight-thousander.
1954, July 31 - Chogori, "K2", "Dapsang"
The first to summit K2, the second highest peak in the world, were Italian climbers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni. Although attempts to conquer K2 began back in 1902.
Chogori Peak or Dapsang Peak is 8611 meters high, located on the Baltoro Muztagh ridge in the Karakoram mountain range, on the border of Pakistan and China. This mountain received the unusual name K2 in the 19th century, when a British expedition measured the heights of the peaks of the Himalayas and Karakoram. Each newly measured peak was given a serial number. K2 was the second mountain they stumbled upon and since then this name has been attached to it for a long time. Locals call this Lamba Pahar, which means “High Mountain”. Despite the fact that K2 is lower than Everest, it turned out to be more difficult to climb. Over the entire period, there have been only 306 successful ascents on K2. 81 people died while attempting to climb. The mortality rate is about 29 percent. K2 is often called the killer mountain
1954, October 19 - Cho Oyu
The first to climb the peak were members of the Austrian expedition: Herbert Tichy, Joseph Joechler and Sherpa Pazang Dawa Lama. The peak of Cho Oyu is located in the Himalayas, on the border of China and Nepal, in the Mahalangur Himal mountain range, mountain range Qomolungma, approximately 20 km west of Mount Everest.
Cho Oyu means "Goddess of Turquoise" in Tibetan. It has a height of 8201 meters, it is the sixth highest eight-thousander. A few kilometers west of Cho Oyu is the Nangpa La pass with an altitude of 5716 m. This pass is the passage from Nepal to Tibet, paved by the Sherpas as the only trade route. Because of this pass, many climbers consider Cho Oyu to be the easiest eight-thousander. This is partly true, because all ascents are made from Tibet. But on the Nepal side, the southern wall is so difficult that only a few managed to conquer it.
In total, 3,138 people climbed Cho Oyu safely, more than any other peak except Everest. Mortality is 1%, less than any other. It is considered the safest eight-thousander.
1955, May 15 - Makalu
For the first time, the Frenchmen Jean Cousy and Lionel Terre climbed to the top of Makalu. The ascent to Makalu became the only one in the entire history of conquest of eight-thousanders, when all nine members of the expedition reached the summit, including the senior group of Sherpa guides. This happened not because Makalu is such an easy mountain, but because the weather was extremely good and nothing prevented the climbers from achieving this triumph.
At 8,485 meters, Makalu, the fifth highest mountain in the world, is located just 20 kilometers southeast of Everest. In Tibetan, Makalu means "Big Black". This unusual name given to this mountain because its slopes are very steep and the snow simply does not hold on them, therefore most she remains naked for years.
Defeating Makalu turned out to be quite difficult. In 1954, an American team led by Edmund Hillary, the first person to climb Everest, tried to do this, but they failed. And only the French, after a lot of preparatory work and well-coordinated team work, were able to accomplish this. In total, 361 people successfully climbed Makalu over the entire period, while 31 people died while attempting to climb. The mortality rate for climbing Makalu is about 9 percent.
1955, May 25 - Kanchenjunga
British climbers George Band and Joe Brown were the first to successfully climb Kanchenjunga. Before the ascent, local residents warned the climbers that the Sikkimese god lives on the top of this mountain and should not be disturbed. They refused to accompany the expedition and the British went to the ascent on their own. But either due to superstition, or for some other reason, having climbed to the top, they did not reach the very top a few feet, considering that the peak had been conquered.
Kanchenjunga is located on the Nepal-India border, approximately 120 kilometers south of Everest. The name "Kanchenjunga" translated from Tibetan means "Treasury of the Five Great Snows". Until 1852, Kanchenjunga was considered the highest mountain in the world. But after Everest and other eight-thousanders were measured, it turned out that it is the third highest peak in the world, its height is 8586 meters.
Another legend existing in Nepal says that Kanchenjunga is a woman mountain. And women are not allowed to attend on pain of death. Of course, climbers are not superstitious people, but nevertheless, only one female climber, an Englishwoman, Ginette Harrison, has ever climbed to its peak. All would be well, but a year and a half later, Ginette Harrison died while climbing Dhaulagiri. Over the entire period, 283 climbers successfully climbed Kanchenjunga. Of those who tried to rise, 40 people died. The lethality of the climb is about 15 percent.
1956, May 9 - Manaslu
The mountain is 8163 meters high, the eighth highest eight-thousander. There have been several attempts to climb this peak. For the first time in 1952, when, in addition to the British, the Swiss and French teams took the lead in conquering Everest, the Japanese decided to first conquer the Manaslu peak, located in Nepal about 35 kilometers east of Annapurna. They scouted out all the approaches and mapped out the route. The following year, 1953, we began the ascent. But the blizzard broke all their plans and they were forced to retreat.
When they returned in 1954, the local Nepalese took up arms against them, citing the fact that the Japanese had desecrated the gods and aroused their anger, because after the departure of the previous expedition, misfortune befell their village: there was an epidemic, a crop failure, a temple collapsed and three priests died. Armed with sticks and stones, they drove the Japanese away from the mountain. To settle matters with local residents, in 1955, a special delegation arrived from Japan. And only the following 1956, having paid 7,000 rupees for damages and 4,000 rupees for the construction of a new temple and having organized a big holiday for the village population, the Japanese received permission to climb. Thanks to beautiful weather, Japanese climber Toshio Imanishi and Sirdar Sherpa Gyaltsen Norbu climbed the peak on May 9. Manaslu remains one of the most dangerous eight-thousanders. In total there were 661 successful ascents of Manaslu, sixty-five climbers died during the ascent. The lethality of ascents is about 10 percent.
1956, May 18 - Lhotse
Fritz Luchsinger and Ernst Reiss, members of a Swiss team, became the first people to climb the 8,516-metre Lhotse peak, the fourth highest peak in the world.
Lhotse Peak is located on the border of Nepal and China a few kilometers away south of Everest. These two peaks are connected by a vertical ridge, the so-called South Col, whose entire height is above 8000 meters. Typically, ascents are carried out along the western, gentler slope. But in 1990, the Soviet Union team climbed the southern side, previously considered completely inaccessible, since it is a 3,300-meter almost vertical wall. A total of 461 successful ascents have been made on Lhotse. Over the entire period, 13 climbers died there, the mortality rate is about 3 percent.
1956 July 8 - Gasherbrum II
The peak is 8034 meters high, the thirteenth highest mountain in the world. For the first time, Austrian climbers Fritz Moravec, Josef Larch and Hans Willenpart climbed Gasherbrum II. They climbed to the summit along the south side along the southwest ridge. Before ascending to the peak itself, rising to a height of 7,500 meters, they set up a temporary camp for the night, and then launched an assault early in the morning. This was a completely new, untested approach to rock climbing, which was subsequently used by climbers from many countries.
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Gasherbrum II is the second of four Gasherbrum peaks in the Karakoram on the Pakistan-China border, approximately 10 kilometers southeast of K2. The Baltoro Muztagh ridge, which includes Gasherbrum II, is known for the longest glacier of the Karakoram, more than 62 kilometers long. This was the reason that many climbers descended almost from the very top of Gasherbrum II on skis, snowboards and even with a parachute. Gasherbrum II is considered one of the safest and easiest eight-thousanders. 930 climbers successfully climbed Gasherbrum II and only 21 people died. unsuccessful attempts climbing. The mortality rate of ascents is about 2 percent.
1957, June 9 - Broad Peak
The mountain is 8051 meters high, the twelfth highest eight-thousander. The Germans first tried to climb Broad Peak in 1954, but due to low temperatures and stormy winds, their efforts were unsuccessful. The first to climb the peak were Austrian climbers Fritz Wintersteller, Markus Schmuck and Kurt Dimberger. The ascent was carried out along the southwestern side. The expedition did not use the services of porters and all the property was lifted by the participants themselves, which was quite difficult.
Broad Peak or "Jangiyang" is located on the border between China and Pakistan, a few kilometers southeast of K2. This area is still little studied and geographers hope that over time it can gain sufficient popularity. Over the entire period, there have been 404 successful ascents of Broad Peak. They were unsuccessful for 21 climbers who died while attempting to climb. The lethality of ascents is about 5 percent.
1958, July 5 - Gasherbrum I "Hidden Peak"
Mountain 8080 meters high. The peak belongs to the Gasherbrum-Karakorum mountain range. Attempts to climb Hidden Peak began a long time ago. In 1934, members of an international expedition were only able to rise to a height of 6300 meters. In 1936, French climbers reached the 6,900-meter mark. And only two years later, Americans Andrew Kaufman and Pete Schoening climb to the top of Hidden Peak.
Gasherbrum I or Hidden Peak, the eleventh highest eight-thousander in the world, one of the seven peaks of the Gasherbrum massif, is located in Kashmir in the Pakistan-controlled Northern Region on the border with China. Gasherbrum is translated from the local language as “Polished Wall”, and it fully corresponds to this name. Due to its steep, almost polished, rocky slopes, climbing it was rejected by many. A total of 334 people successfully summited the peak, while 29 climbers died while attempting the summit. Climbing mortality rate is about 9 percent.
1960, May 13 - Dhaulagiri I
“White Mountain” is 8167 meters high, the seventh highest of the eight-thousanders. The first to reach the summit were members of the European team: Dimberger, Shelbert, Diener, Forer and Sherpas Nyima and Nawang. For the first time, an airplane was used to transport expedition members and equipment. On " White Mountain“The French, participants in the 1950 expedition, drew attention back in 1950. But then it seemed inaccessible to them and they switched to Annapurna.
Dhaulagiri I is located in Nepal, 13 kilometers from Annapurna, and the Argentines tried to climb to its peak back in 1954. But due to a strong snowstorm, we didn’t reach the top by only 170 meters. Although Dhaulagiri is only the sixth highest by Himalayan standards, it is quite a tough nut to crack. So in 1969, while attempting to climb, the Americans left seven of their comrades on the southeastern ridge. In total, 448 people successfully climbed to the top of Dhaulagiri I, but 69 climbers died in unsuccessful attempts. The lethality of ascents is about 16 percent.
1964, May 2 - Shishabangma
The peak with a height of 8027 meters. Eight Chinese climbers were the first to conquer Shishabangma: Xiu Jing, Zhang Zhongyan, Wang Fuzhou, Zhen San, Zheng Tianliang, Wu Zongyue, Sodnam Dozhi, Migmar Trashi, Dozhi, Yonten. For a long time, climbing this peak was Chinese authorities forbidden. And only after the Chinese themselves climbed to its peak, did it become possible for foreign climbers to participate in the climbs.
The Shishabangma mountain range, in Chinese “Geosenzhanfeng”, in Indian “Gosaintan”, is located in China in the Tibet Autonomous Region, a few kilometers from the Nepalese border. It consists of three peaks, two of which are higher than 8 kilometers. Shishabangma Main 8027 meters and Shishabangma Central 8008 meters. The ascent to the main peak is included in the “All 14 Eight-Thousanders of the World” program. In total there were 302 successful ascents of Shishabangu. Twenty-five people died trying to reach the summit. The mortality rate of ascents is about 8 percent.
As can be seen from the chronology of ascents to the highest peaks of the Himalayas, it took more than 40 years to conquer them. Moreover, according to the analysis of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, the most dangerous of all are: Annapurna, K2, and Nanga Parbat. On the ascents of these three peaks, the Himalayas took the life of every fourth person who encroached on their inaccessibility.
And yet, despite all these mortal dangers, there are people who have conquered all eight-thousanders. The first of them was Reinhold Messner, an Italian climber, a German by nationality from South Tyrol. And although already during the first ascent of Nanga Parbat in 1970, his brother Gunther died, and he himself lost seven toes; During the second ascent of Manaslu in 1972, his teammate died, this did not stop him. From 1970 to 1986, he climbed all 14 of Zamli's highest peaks one after another. Moreover, he climbed Everest twice, in 1978, together with Peter Habeler, along the classic route through the South Col, and in 1980, alone, along the northern route, and during the monsoon season. Both ascents did not use oxygen apparatus.
In total, there are now 32 people in the world who have conquered all 14 eight-thousanders, and these are probably not the last people who are waiting for the Himalayas.
The Himalayas are mountain system, located in southern Asia. The Himalayas are part of countries such as Nepal, India, Pakistan, Tibet and Bhutan. This mountain range is the highest in the world, reaching an altitude of almost 9,000 meters above sea level. The Himalayas separate the Indian subcontinent from the interior of Asia. The word “Himalaya” itself means “house of snow”.
In the Himalayas, as many as 14 mountains exceed 8,000 meters in height, among them K2, Nanga Parbat and Mount Everest. The height of the latter is 8848 meters, making it the highest mountain in the world. The Himalayas stretch over 1,500 miles (2,400 km) from the Indus Valley in the west to the Brahmaputra Valley in the east. Their width is from 100 to 250 kilometers.
Many mountain peaks are sacred to the people who live in the surrounding area. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims go here and pray to God.
How the Himalayas were formed
The Himalayas are among the youngest mountain systems in the world. They were formed when the Indian subcontinent, which was originally part of the southern plate, moved north and crashed into Asia. This movement began about 70 million years ago and continues to this day. The Himalayas are still getting taller, growing by about 7 cm per year. Earthquakes and volcanoes are evidence of the high activity of the region.
Rivers and lakes
Glaciers and permanent snow fields cover the high mountainous regions of the Himalayas. They are the source of streams that flow into two big rivers this region. The Indus flows backward and through Pakistan into the Arabian Sea. The Ganges and Brahmaputra flow east and join in Bangladesh. They form the world's largest river delta. 
Climate
Almost every type of climate is found at different altitudes in the mountains. The lower slopes in the south are home to tropical plants and tea. Trees grow up to a height of 4000 meters. Wheat and other cereals grow in higher areas.
The Himalayas influence the climate in both India and Tibet. They form a barrier from the monsoon winds that blow from Indian Ocean via India. On outside heavy rain falls on the mountains, while a dry wind blows across the plains of Tibet.
Population
The Himalayas are very sparsely populated due to the harsh climate. Most people live on the low Indian slopes. Many people make their living as Sherpas, guiding tourists and climbers to mountain peaks.
Mountains have been a natural barrier for thousands of years. They stopped people from China and interior parts of Asia from mixing with the Indian population. Genghis Khan, Emperor of the Mongols was stopped from expanding his empire south due to the height of the mountains.
Most of the roads that cross the Himalayas are at an altitude of over 5,000 meters. In winter they are covered with snow and almost impassable.
Tourism
Mountaineering has become a major tourism activity in the Himalayan mountains. It started almost at the end of the 19th century when many climbers began climbing the peaks. In 1953, mountaineer Edmund Hillary and a representative of the indigenous Tibetan people, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, were the first to conquer the highest point on our planet - the peak of Everest.
The Himalayan mountains are the largest mountain formations on the entire globe. They are located in Asia and are the property of five different states. It is worth noting that this mountain formation is located on the continent called Eurasia. According to one source on the Internet, the highest point of the Himalayas is Mount Everest, reaching a height of more than 8800 meters.
The Himalayas are a large mountain system in southern Asia that forms a barrier between the plateau of Tibet in the north and the alluvial plains of the Hindustan Peninsula in the south.
They are part of Nepal, India, Pakistan, Tibet and Bhutan. The mountains are the highest in the world, reaching almost 9000 meters above sea level, with more than 110 peaks rising to an altitude of 7300 meters or more above sea level. One of these peaks, Everest (Tibetan: Qomolangma; Chinese: Qomolangma Feng; Nepali: Sagarmatha), is the highest in the world, at 8850 meters. The Himalayas separate the Indian subcontinent from the interior of Asia. The word Himalaya means home of snow.
The Himalayas are the largest mountain system on Earth. The Himalayas are located at the junction of Central and South Asia. The length of this system is 2900 km long and 350 km wide. These mountains are located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
The question is very correct and necessary, now they give such an ugly education in schools that it is time to educate ourselves on the Big Question. The Himalaya mountain system is located in southern Asia and partly in Central Asia. These mountains are the ROOF OF THE WORLD because the most high peak This is MOUNT EVEREST. Its height is 8848 meters.
If we talk about the continent where the Himalayas are located, then this continent is called Eurasia. To be more precise, these mountains are located in Asia, on the territory of five countries. The length of the Himalayan mountains is more than 2900 km and has an area of about 650 thousand square kilometers.
The Himalayas are the highest mountain system on Earth. It is located on the Eurasian mainland, between the Tibetan Plateau and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The highest point of the Himalayas is Mount Everest (Qomolungma) - 8848 m above sea level.
The name Himalaya means Abode of Snows. The length of the mountain system reaches 2900 km, width - about 350 km.
The Himalayas are located on the lands of such powers as China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Coordinates: 2949?00? With. w. 8323?31? V. d.?
The Himalayas are an entire mountain system, the length of which is about three thousand kilometers. The Himalayas are located in Eurasia, they cover many countries, including China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc. The highest mountain in this mountain system is Mount Everest.
The Himalayas, the abode of snow in Sanskrit, are located on the continent of Eurasia. The highest mountain system on Earth. The Himalayas separate the Tibetan Plateau in the north from the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the south. The Himalayas contain territories of China, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, India, Sikkim and Ladakh.
The length of the mountain range is about 3 thousand kilometers, the width is approximately 350 kilometers. In the west it passes into the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountain systems.
On the territory of the Himalayas there is highest mountain on the planet - 8848 meters - Chomolungma (Everest), which means in Nepali Goddess Mother of Snows.
Fossils of fossil fish are found in the mountains, which suggests that the mountains were once the bottom of an ancient ocean.
Himalayas is the highest mountain system on planet Earth. The Himalayas are located on the Eurasian continent, on the border of Central and South Asia. Countries where the Himalayas lie: China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan.
Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001.
HIMALAYAS
the highest mountain system in the world, in Asia between the Tibetan Plateau and the Indo-Gangetic lowland. Highest point Mt. Chomolungma (Everest) - 8848 m. Alpine folding. South the foothills are made of sandstone, the bedrock slopes and the axial zone are made of gneisses, granites and other igneous rocks. The mountains consist of three stages: the highest - the Greater Mountains, which are characterized by alpine-type ridges, altitudinal contrasts and glaciation (more than 33 thousand km2). North slopes facing the high Tibetan Plateau have less relative height. G. are under the influence of the summer monsoon, in the east. parts receive up to 4000 mm of precipitation per year. The altitudinal zonation is well defined: from swampy jungles at the foot to evergreen tropical forests, deciduous and coniferous forests, shrubs, and meadows. To the north The slope is drier, so mountain steppes, semi-deserts and cold deserts dominate there. Above 5000 m there is eternal snow. Mountaineering is developed in Nepal.
Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.
Himalayas
(Himalayas, from Nepalese Himal - " snow mountain"), the highest mountain system globe, in Asia, between Tibetan plateau
to the N. and Indo-Gangetic plain
in the south (China, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan). They stretch in a huge arc approx. 2500 km, width up to 350 km. Avg. ridge height approx. 6000 m, highest point - Mt. Chomolungma
(8848 m), 11 peaks rise above 8000 m. They consist of several parallel mountain ranges with steep south and relatively flat north. slopes. North The border is the wide valleys of the upper reaches of the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers.
The mountains were formed during the Alpine era of mountain building. South the foothills are composed primarily of sandstones and conglomerates, bedrock slopes and the axial zone - gneisses, shales, granites and other crystalline rocks. The mountains rise above the Indo-Gangetic plain in three steps. The lower part is formed by mountains Siwalik
(Pre-Himalayas), middle – Lesser Himalayas
(chronicle Pir Panjal
, Jaoladhar, etc.). The highest mountain range is partially separated from them by longitudinal valleys (Kashmir, Kathmandu, etc.) Greater Himalayas
, which from W. to E. are divided into Punjab, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim and Assam. The Greater Mountains are characterized by sharp alpine relief features and extensive modern territory. glaciation of the total area 33200 km². The largest glacier is Gangotri
(32 km; approx. 300 km²) in Kumaon G.
The mountains represent a distinct climate division: to the south of them a humid subequatorial climate prevails, to the north there is a climate of cold high-mountain deserts. Altitudinal zonation is well expressed. At the south In the foothills there are swampy jungles (terai), which as you rise are replaced by evergreen forests (palm trees, laurels, tree ferns, bamboo intertwined with vines). Above 1200 m in the west and 1500 m in the east, evergreen forests (oak and magnolia) dominate; above 2200 m, deciduous (alder, hazel, birch, maple) and coniferous (Himalayan cedar, blue pine, silver spruce) forests dominate; Coniferous forests (fir, larch, juniper) with a dense undergrowth of rhododendron rise up to 3600 m. Top. the border of alpine meadows reaches 5000 m and only here it gives way to the nival-glacial belt. Dry sowing the slopes are covered by mountain steppes, semi-deserts and cold deserts. Animals include Himalayan bears, wild goats, wild sheep, yaks; a lot of rodents. Up to a height of 2500 m, the slopes are cultivated, terrace farming is typical (tea bush, citrus fruits, and rice on irrigated lands). In Greece, especially in Nepal, mountaineering is widely developed and well organized.
Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of academician. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .
Himalayas
the highest mountain system on earth, in Asia, between the Tibetan Plateau in the north and the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the south; in China, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. The name comes from the Nepalese “himal” - “snow mountain”. They form a huge arc long. OK. 2500 km, latitude up to 350 km. Wed. high ridges approx. 6000 m, highest point - Mt. Chomolungma(8848 m), 11 peaks rise above 8000 m. The Himalayas consist of several parallel mountain ranges with a steep south. and relatively flat north. slopes. North The boundary is a giant longitudinal depression occupied by the upper reaches of the river. Ganges and Brahmaputra flowing in opposite directions.
The Himalayas were formed during the Alpine mountain building era. South the foothills are composed predominantly of sandstones and conglomerates, the bedrock slopes and axial zone are composed of gneisses, crystalline schists, granites and other crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The mountain system rises above the Indo-Gangetic plain in three steps forming mountains Siwalik(Pre-Himalayas), Lesser Himalayas(Pir Panjal, Jaoladhar, etc.) and partially separated from them by longitudinal valleys (Kashmir Valley, Kathmandu, etc.) Greater Himalayas, which along the strike from west to east are divided into Punjab, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim and Assam. The Greater Himalayas are characterized by sharp alpine landforms and extensive modern glaciation of a total area. 33,200 km². The largest glacier is Gangotri (approx. 300 km²) in the Kumaon Himalayas.
Altitudinal zonation is well expressed. At the south In the foothills there are swampy jungles (Terai), which, as you rise, are replaced by evergreen tropical forests (palm trees, laurels, tree ferns, bamboo, and all this is intertwined with vines). Above 1200 m in the west and 1500 m in the east, evergreen forests of oak and magnolia dominate; above 2200 m, deciduous (alder, hazel, birch and maple) and coniferous (Himalayan cedar, blue pine, silver spruce) forests dominate; at high 2700–3600 m are dominated by coniferous forests of fir, larch, juniper with a dense undergrowth of rhododendron. The upper limit of alpine meadows reaches high. 5000 m and only here it gives way to the nival-glacial belt. On the northern, drier slopes, where the influence of the monsoon weakens, mountain steppes, semi-deserts and cold deserts dominate. Animals include the Himalayan bear, wild goats, wild sheep, and yak; a lot of rodents. Up to high 2500 m slopes are cultivated, terrace farming is typical (tea bush, citrus fruits, rice on irrigated lands). Mountaineering is widely developed and well organized in the Himalayas, especially in Nepal.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
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Himalayas- Himalayas. View from space of the Himalayas, the abode of snow, Hindi. Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Climate 4 Literature 5 Links Geography Himalayas ... Encyclopedia of tourists
The highest mountain system on earth, between the Tibetan Plateau (in the north) and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (in the south). Length St. 2400 km, width up to 350 km. Among the high ridges of approx. 6000 m, maximum height up to 8848 m, Mount Chomolungma (Everest) highest... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Noun, number of synonyms: 2 mountain system (62) mountains (52) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
Himalayas- HIMALAYAS, mountains in the Center. Asia, the greatest on the globe. Zap. their extremity is at 36° north. lat., together with the Hindu Kush, Kara Korum and Kuen Lun, the greatest mountain on earth. node (see map to the station of British India). From here G.... ... Military encyclopedia
This term has other meanings, see Himalayas (meanings). Himalayas ... Wikipedia
Himalayas- Snowy peaks of the Himalayas. HIMALAYAS, the highest mountain system on earth, in Asia (India, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan), between the Tibetan Plateau (in the north) and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (in the south). Length over 2400 km. Height up to 8848 m (mountain... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The Himalayas are considered to be the highest and mysterious mountains planet Earth. The name of this massif can be translated from Sanskrit as “land of snow.” The Himalayas serve as a conditional divider between South and Central Asia. Hindus consider their location to be sacred land. Numerous legends claim that the peaks of the Himalayan mountains were the habitat of the god Shiva, his wife Devi and their daughter Himavata. According to ancient beliefs, the dwelling of the gods gave rise to three great Asian rivers - the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra.
Origin of the Himalayas
The origin and development of the Himalayan mountains took several stages, taking a total of about 50,000,000 years. Many researchers believe that the origin of the Himalayas was given by two colliding tectonic plates. 
It is interesting that even today the mountain system continues its development and formation of folding. The Indian plate is moving towards the northeast at a speed of 5 cm per year, while compressing by 4 mm. Scientists argue that such progress will lead to further rapprochement between India and Tibet. 
The speed of this process is comparable to the growth of human nails. In addition, intense geological activity in the form of earthquakes is periodically observed in the mountains.
An impressive fact - the Himalayas occupy a considerable part of the entire surface of the Earth (0.4%). This territory is incomparably large in comparison with other mountain objects. 
On what continent are the Himalayas located: geographical information
Tourists preparing for a trip should find out where the Himalayas are. Their location is the continent of Eurasia (its Asian part). In the north, the massif's neighbor is the Tibetan Plateau. IN south direction this role went to the Indo-Gangetic plain. 
The Himalayan mountain system stretches over 2,500 km and is at least 350 km wide. The total area of the array is 650,000 m².
Many Himalayan ridges boast heights of up to 6 km. The highest point is represented, also called Chomolungma. Her absolute altitude equal to 8848 m, which is a record among other mountain peaks on the planet. Geographical coordinates– 27°59′17″ north latitude, 86°55′31″ east longitude. 
The Himalayas are spread over several countries. Be proud to be a neighbor majestic mountains not only the Chinese and Indians, but also the peoples of Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan can. Parts of this mountain range are also present in the territories of some post-Soviet countries: Tajikistan includes the northern mountain range (Pamir). 
Characteristics of natural conditions
The natural conditions of the Himalayan mountains cannot be called soft and stable. The weather in this area is prone to frequent changes. Many areas have dangerous terrain and cold temperatures at high altitudes. Even in summer, frost remains here down to -25 °C, and in winter it intensifies to -40 °C. In the mountains, hurricane winds are not uncommon, gusts reaching 150 km/h. Summer and spring average temperature air increases to +30 °C. 
In the Himalayas, it is customary to distinguish between 4 climate options. From April to June, the mountains are covered with wild herbs and flowers, and the air is cool and fresh. From July to August, the mountains are dominated by rain and the highest amount of precipitation falls. During these summer months, the slopes of the mountain ranges are covered with lush vegetation and fog often appears. Warm and comfortable stays until November arrives. weather, after which a sunny, frosty winter sets in with heavy snowfalls. 
Description of the flora
The Himalayan vegetation surprises with its diversity. On the southern slope, which is subject to frequent rainfall, altitude zones are clearly visible, and real jungles (terai) grow at the foot of the mountains. Large thickets of trees and shrubs are found in abundance in these places. In some places, dense vines, bamboo, numerous bananas, and low-growing palm trees are found. Sometimes you can get to areas intended for growing certain plant crops. These places are usually cleared and drained by humans. 
Climbing a little higher on the slopes, you can alternately take refuge in tropical, coniferous, mixed forests, behind which, in turn, lie picturesque alpine meadows. In the north of the mountain range and in drier areas, the territory is represented by steppe and semi-deserts. 
In the Himalayas there are trees that provide people with expensive wood and resin. Here you can get to the places where dhaka and sal trees grow. At an altitude of 4 km, tundra vegetation in the form of rhododendrons and mosses is found in abundance. 
Local fauna
The Himalayan mountains have become a safe haven for many endangered animals. Here you can meet rare representatives of the local fauna - snow leopard, black bear, Tibetan fox. In the southern region mountain range There are all the necessary conditions for living leopards, tigers and rhinoceroses. Representatives of the northern Himalayas include yaks, antelopes, mountain goats, and wild horses. 
In addition to the richest flora and fauna, the Himalayas abound in a variety of minerals. In these places, placer gold, copper and chrome ore, oil, rock salt, and brown coal are actively mined. 
Parks and valleys
In the Himalayas you can visit parks and valleys, many of which are included in the fund World Heritage UNESCO:
- Sagarmatha.
- Flower Valley.
Sagarmatha National Park belongs to Nepal. Its special asset is the world's highest peak, Everest, and other high mountains. 
Nanda Devi Park is a natural treasure of India, located in the heart of the Himalayan mountains. This picturesque place lies at the foot of the hill with the same name, and has an area of more than 60,000 hectares. The height of the park above sea level is at least 3500 m. 
The most picturesque places of Nanda Devi are represented by grandiose glaciers, the Rishi Ganga River, and the mystical Lake of Skeletons, around which, according to legend, numerous human and animal remains were discovered. It is generally accepted that the mass deaths were caused by the sudden fall of unusually large hail. 
Not far from Nanda Devi Park is the Flower Valley. Here, on an area of about 9,000 hectares, several hundred colorful plants grow. More than 30 species of flora that adorn the Indian valley are considered endangered, and about 50 species are used for medicinal purposes. These places are also home to a variety of birds. Most of them can be seen in the Red Book. 
Buddhist temples
The Himalayas are famous for their Buddhist monasteries, many of which are located in inaccessible places, and are buildings carved out of rock. Most temples have a long history of existence, up to 1000 years old, and lead a rather “closed” lifestyle. Some of the monasteries are open to everyone who wants to get acquainted with the way of life of monks and the interior decoration of holy places. You can do it in them beautiful photos. Entry into the territory of other shrines is strictly prohibited for visitors.
The largest and most revered monasteries include:
- Drepung, located in China.
- Temple complexes of Nepal – Boudhanath, Budanilkantha, Swayambhunath.
- Jokhang, which is the pride of Tibet.
Carefully protected religious shrines found everywhere in the Himalayas are Buddhist stupas. These religious monuments were built by monks of the past in honor of some important event in Buddhism, as well as for the sake of prosperity and harmony throughout the world. 
Tourists visiting the Himalayas
The most suitable time to travel to the Himalayas is considered to be from May to July and September to October. During these months, vacationers can count on sunny and warm weather, the absence of heavy rainfall and strong winds. For lovers of adrenaline sports, there are few but modern ski resorts. 
IN Himalayan mountains You can find hotels in a wide range of price categories. In religious quarters there are special houses for pilgrims and admirers of the local religion - ashrams with ascetic living conditions. Accommodation in such premises is quite cheap, and sometimes can be completely free. Instead of a fixed amount, the guest can offer a voluntary donation or help with housework.
