Attica is a peninsular territory with an area of approximately 2,200 sq. km, constituting the southeastern tip of mainland Greece, bordered to the north by Central Greece, and to the south by the waters of the Saronic Gulf. In the north of the nome there are mountains Kiferon (1400 m) and Parnifa (1413 m), forming its natural border. The relief of Attica is mostly mountainous. The small rivers Illissos and Kafissos flow through the Athenian plain. Athens, Eleusis and Marathon are located in the flat part of the region. To the southwest and south a low range of hills slopes gently towards the sea. Athens, which is the capital of the country and its main administrative center, is also located in the Attic region.
Attica has a mild, dry Mediterranean climate. The small plantations of Attica are densely covered with vineyards, fruit trees, not to mention the olive trees that grow everywhere.
Attica was formed around the 4th-5th centuries AD. This region was greatly influenced by Greece's stay under the Byzantine Empire, which is reflected in the architecture, painting and sculpture of Attica. Attica survived many wars and battles, famine, economic crisis, and at the same time retained its greatness and uniqueness.
Today Attica is the most industrialized region of Greece. The bulk of production is concentrated here and more than half the population of the entire country lives here. Moreover, it is large tourist centre. Tourists coming here from all over the world have a unique opportunity not only to relax and enjoy the wonderful nature, clear sea, sandy beaches, modern services hotel complexes, amazing hospitality local residents, but also to get in touch with the great past of this extraordinary country.
There are many interesting sights in Attica, many of which are not inferior in importance to those of Athens - for example, famous temple Poseidon (440 BC) at Cape Sounion, one of the most impressive images of Greek architecture. The powerful columns of the temple, standing on a cape open to all the winds, are an unforgettable sight. The temple is located 69 km from Athens.
Temple of Dimeter at Eleusis - ancient temple, dedicated to the mysterious cult of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone. The famous Eleusinian mysteries took place here: everyone knew about the rituals performed there, but the details of the ceremony and sacred texts were passed down orally; it was forbidden to write them down. Therefore, the essence of the mystery is still unknown to modern scientists. There is an archaeological museum at the temple. The temple is located 22 km from Athens.
The Daphne Monastery is located 11 km from Athens. Built on the site of the former sanctuary of Apollo and surrounded by a fortress fence. The 11th century church is very picturesque from the outside and attractive with its mosaics decorating its interior.
Nearby is the Kutuki cave. A natural cave with several halls in the vicinity of the town of Peania. The visitor can see the most beautiful stalactites and stalagmites of various shapes.
Fans of active recreation can go horseback riding, mountaineering, tennis, and sailing. There is a golf club in Glyfada.
Lake Volyameni is a miracle of nature. It is 50 centimeters above sea level and constantly overflows its banks due to the waters of hot springs filling it. The waters of the lake have medicinal properties, you can swim here all year round.
Piraeus has been the country's main port since ancient times. Now it's beautiful city, famous for its fish restaurants and entertainment venues. In summer, the Kastella Summer Open Theater (Veakio) is open, and in winter you can visit the Piraeus City Theater.
The beaches of Paleo Faliro, Kalamaki, Glyfada, Voula, Kavouri, Vouliagmeni, Varkiza, Lagonisi are magnificent.
The resort of Palio Faliro is located in close proximity to the sea. Convenient location, proximity to the center and the sea make this area attractive for lovers of active recreation. Tourists can enjoy: beaches, fish and meat taverns, restaurants, nightclubs, yacht clubs, cafes and bars. Here you will find everything you need for comfortable stay on the sea.
The resort of Glyfada is one of the most fashionable coastal areas of Athens, located 15 km from the center, a favorite vacation spot for the Greeks themselves and tourists. A large number of hotels, restaurants, bars, taverns, sports centers and nightclubs are concentrated here. There is Luna Park on the coast. Glyfada has excellent shopping: many large shopping centers and boutiques. To get to the center of Athens you will need only 20 minutes by bus.
Vouliagmeni resort - located in a green bay 24 km from the center of Athens, on the seashore. This is a picturesque, fashionable area with comfortable beaches, fish and meat taverns, restaurants, bars, yacht clubs, and an abundance of greenery - one of the most popular resorts among tourists. On regular bus the center of Athens can be reached in 35 minutes. In Vouliagmeni there is a unique radon lake.
The resorts of Kavouri, Varkiza, Voula - these resort areas follow one after another along the highway leading to Cape Sounion and the Temple of Poseidon. There are beaches, cafes, taverns, restaurants and other entertainment venues. Abundant coniferous groves along the coast give the air unique properties.
Lagonissi resort - the luxurious Lagonissi peninsula enchants with picturesque landscapes and azure sea waters. The attractive proximity to Athens (the capital of Greece can be reached by bus) makes this peninsula so attractive for tourists. The shallow coastline of Lagonissi is perfect for those vacationing with children, so for family vacation this resort is perfect. While relaxing in Lagonissi, you can easily get acquainted with the sights of Athens.
Anavyssos resort - picturesque green village on south coast Attica, located 49 km from Cape Sounion. This is a great place to vacation. It attracts tourists with its amazingly beautiful nature, clear sea and sandy beaches.
The Greeks themselves love this corner very much. Evidence of this is the many dachas, including government ones. The convenient location allows you not only to relax, but also to get acquainted with the sights of Greece. And the shallow sea and convenient shore created a good atmosphere for a family holiday with small children.
Sounion is a resort on the cape of the same name. Cape Sounion, or Cape Kolones, is one of the easternmost capes of Attica, stretching towards the Aegean Sea. In ancient times, a temple dedicated to the god of the sea, Poseidon, was built here. Cape Sounio is a landmark of Athens Attica, a beautiful and fertile land. It has a mild climate, generous soils with olive groves, clean coastline and beautiful views of the surrounding islands.
The resort of Sounion is located near the capital of Greece, thanks to which there is a great historical heritage and the rapid development of hotel infrastructure. Sounion is an expensive and well-kept resort, sandy beaches which will be presented unforgettable experience from the sea, the sun and Greece.
The resorts of Mati - Nea Makri are perhaps the most popular resorts in the eastern part of Attica. These resorts are located in the Marathon Valley area, where in 490 BC. e. The famous Battle of Marathon took place. Nature itself provides excellent conditions for relaxation here: beautiful beaches, clear sea, healing aroma of pine forest.
Nea Makri is one of the very first resorts in Attica, located 33 km from Athens. The history of Nea Makri began in ancient times, during the Stone Age. Now this resort area, located next to the capital by the sea, is experiencing an economic and tourist boom. In Nea Makri you will find a lot of entertainment: discos, nightclubs, numerous bars and restaurants.
Mati is an area that is located 5 km from Nea Makri, 27 km from Athens. This is a quiet resort place suitable for a good rest. On the rocky pine coast you will find small, hidden gorges with sandy beaches.
The close proximity of the resorts to Athens will make it easy to complete the “obligatory” program for every tourist to explore the sights of this wonderful city.
Holidays in Attica - great opportunity combine acquaintance with Athenian antiquities and relaxation at sea.
Attica Triangle is a tiny but very rich concentrate of Greece. Here there was a place for ancient gods, brave heroes, outstanding philosophers. Democracy was born here and culture was created. A peninsula with stunning history and picturesque nature. The southeastern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, washed by three gulfs: Euboean, Saronic and Corinthian. Cape Sounion, which is the tip of the triangle, completes the beautiful picture of nature. Three mountains separate the base of Attica from the mainland: Pastras, Parnitha and Kythenonas (all over a kilometer high).
The peninsula is part of Central Greece. Attica is one of the seven administrative-territorial units, which is also a historical and geographical region. Attica consists of the southeastern part of Greece, Peloponnesian Trizinia (the Argolid peninsula, the vast majority of the Argosaronic islands, as well as Kythira and Antikythera. The peninsula shares its western border with the Peloponnese. The area of the region is 3808 sq. km (this is about 3% of Greek lands). By There are two rivers flowing through the territory: Kafisos and Ilisos.
The population density of Attica is the highest among Greek regions. This is explained by the fact that the capital Athens is located on the peninsula, where a third of the state’s population lives. From a geographical point of view, Attica is divided into the Athenian periphery and other lands of the peninsula. The first category includes all metropolitan municipalities.
Attica is an extremely important region for the country's economy. More than a third of the national gross product (38%) comes from the peninsula. The largest share here is the service sector, which is not surprising for a tourist country. Industry occupies a little less, and a small, but not least important, part is the agricultural sector (almost 2% of cultivated land is located here). Attica accounts for 71% of the country's construction companies, 69% of processing companies and 58% of commercial organizations. Guests of the country also often choose Attica as their place of residence.
Story
Historical data indicate that the settlement of Attica occurred during the Neolithic. Then its name was slightly different: Akti, Aktiki. The first king of the lands was Kekrops, who united 12 separate tribes. It was then that the capital Athens was created.
The history of the region, by and large, represents the history of Athens. Then Athena argued with Poseidon over the patronage of the city. By presenting the inhabitants with an olive branch as a gift, she earned the favor of the people, and the city was named after her. No less useful was the gift from the god Dionysus, which became a real symbol of Attica - the grapevine.
The finds discovered on the Acropolis and in the numerous city-states located here only confirm the various myths telling about ancient history region. The lands near Athens united around 800 BC. e. Starting from the 8th century, Attica became the largest maritime and economic center. Under the tyrannical rule of Pisistratus, the active development of the region began thanks to the promotion of trade to Sicily, Pontus Euxine (now the Black Sea) and Egypt. Athens reached an artistic and cultural flowering during this period; numerous monuments were erected to decorate the city.
Under a democratic government, Athens becomes the main city of Greece, being the center of the Attic state. This is where the fighting with the Persians breaks out. The “golden” period of the capital is considered to be the era of the reign of Pericles. Science, art, culture, power - everything has reached its peak. Ancient Greek civilization received the most powerful centers: Eleusis, Megara, Egosthenon, Pages. It was destroyed during the Peloponnesian War, and at the same time the naval power of Athens also declined. From now on, Salamis and Attica were subordinate to the capital. Such a weakening of the Greek forces led to the conquest of territories by Macedonian troops. Almost 200 years later, the state passed to the Romans, who, however, treated Athens with great respect, recognizing their significant contribution to the development of education.
The advent of Christianity became a difficult period for Attica. Numerous destructions due to the raids of the Goths affected the appearance of Athens. The introduction of the Byzantine religion led to the closure of philosophical schools, and ancient temples became Christian shrines. After this, Attica passed into power many times to various conquerors: Catalans, Neapolitans, Venetians, Turks. The latter went beyond what was permitted, making the Parthenon a mosque and the Erechtheion a harem. 1834 was the year when Athens was declared the capital of Greece. At that time the city was a small village, and the number of inhabitants did not even reach a thousand. All that was visible around was ruins and stones. However, it was on the ruins of its former greatness that they began to rebuild the city. New buildings harmoniously intertwined antiquity with modernity, and restored the Acropolis. Following Athens, they began to bring back to life other parts of Attica, the importance of which was great in the ancient period: Sounion, Ramnund, Thorikos, Vravron, Eleusis, Marathon, Oropos, Porto Rafti.
Attica combines all the elements of Greek history. The Romans, Byzantines, Franks, Ottomans left their mark here, and modernity has also touched the region. These prints are fresh, as if history is moving along with the present time.
The proximity of beautiful resorts is a feature of Attica that tourists will appreciate. Paleo Faliro is located just 5 kilometers from the capital. There is not only a magnificent promenade and wonderful beaches, but also numerous cafes, bars, taverns, and restaurants that open their doors to everyone who wants to have a good time. The resort's shops allow you to find souvenirs that will remind you of your trip when you return home, local goods and products renowned for their quality. Organized excursions to the Greek islands - another advantage of Paleo Faliro.
Vouliagmeni
Vouliagmeni- luxury resort. Luxury hotels, luxury apartments, expensive villas are not the only advantage. Unique lake with mineral healing springs allow you to relax with health benefits. Coniferous trees make the air clean and rich in healthy aromas.
Those wishing to receive treatment can go to Loutraki. There are healing springs here, and the wonderful beneficial climate helps you feel complete fusion with nature. An interesting location is Cape Sounio. The extreme southern point of Attica gives the opportunity to see the Temple of Poseidon, especially beautiful at sunset.
More details
Attractions
Attica is a region of Greece located directly on the peninsula. It is in this part of the state that the capital Athens is located, numerous resorts with beautiful beaches, as well as various interesting places where you can just stroll. In Attica, it is not difficult to find an excursion program for every taste, and all types of tourism (be it sports or gastronomic) are open to those interested.
Cult monuments
Due to the fact that Athens is located in this region, it is better to start excursions from the main city of Greece. The fascinating history of the state attracts even those who have little interest in antiquity. It is truly considered a true historical symbol of Athens. Acropolis. This attraction is architectural complex, which includes a number of places of worship, sanctuaries, and temples. Most of the buildings have been destroyed and lie in ruins, but even from those fragments that have survived to this day, one can see the grandeur of ancient architectural monuments.
You should definitely visit another architectural structure that is unique of its kind - Parthenon temple. Attention should also be paid Temple of Erechtheionon, because it is shrouded in many secrets and legends. Getting to know Athens and history Ancient Greece, you can't miss the opportunity to visit Archaeological Museum. The cultural center's collection includes historical artifacts that were discovered by researchers in various regions of the country. Some exhibits are several thousand years old, for example, ancient jewelry, religious objects, and amazing statues of gods. Scientists also discovered numerous household items of the population of Greece from the ancient period, which are now presented in the museum.
When you travel outside of Athens, you can discover no less historical monuments. Yes, it’s located nearby monastery of Daphne. This Byzantine era building has interesting story. The fact is that at the time of construction it was supposed to become the temple of Apollo Daphne. With the advent of Christianity, the building was used as a fortification, and after a while there was a psychiatric hospital here. After a complete reconstruction, the Daphne Monastery took its place among the most important historical buildings in Greece.
Attica is rich in religious buildings, so attention is worth paying attention to Temple of Poseidon, with which various stories are associated. For a long time, until recently, sailors made offerings so that the sea elements would be favorable to them on long voyages. And now sailors and travelers come to the god of the sea with olive and magnolia branches to appease the deity.
Temple of Demeter located in Elekvsina. Now this religious building serves as a museum, the collection of which contains the most important artifacts belonging to various eras. It is also worth taking a walk around the island of Aegina. Here the traveler will discover unique natural attractions. One of the most iconic places This area is considered the ghost town of Palaiohora. There were no inhabitants here many hundreds of years ago, but all the buildings have been preserved in excellent condition. There is even an ancient monastery here, as well as 28 churches, each of which amazes visitors with its interior decoration.
It is rich in natural monuments not only Aegina island, but also slopes of Mount Ymittos. Pristine nature will give guests peace after the constant tourist bustle of Athens, and here you can also find a healing spring. According to legend, Hephaestus presented it as a gift to people. Nearby there is an ancient monastery, which belongs to the monuments of antiquity. It amazes with its skillful decorations and unique religious artifacts.
Athens Riviera
Greece is not only history. This state is rich in various beach activities and resorts, the most comfortable of which are located within the Athens Riviera. This is a whole series of amazing beaches and small resorts, this is where the famous Paleo Faliro and Kavuri are located. In this part of Attica, tourists will find the most expensive resorts with the best hotels and numerous entertainments for every taste. The Athens Riviera has a place for those who love an active holiday, as there are yacht clubs and diving centers and many sports activities. Separate beaches are equipped for a wonderful holiday with the family.
Just half an hour's drive from the center of the capital, travelers have the opportunity to walk along picturesque bays, go shopping in search of expensive brands and various souvenirs, and relax in one of the many cafes and clubs overlooking the sea. This place contains everything that many people love Greece for.
Faliro is a truly special suburb of Athens. Although it is located close to the capital, it is very far from the constant bustle and noise, which is why the Athenians themselves often come here to relax. There is always something to do here, since the establishments are open almost around the clock. The bay is considered the real calling card of this area, but it’s better to take a leisurely stroll or ride a bike in the local park, which is perfect for these purposes. The magnificent view of the Saronic Gulf, which opens from the embankment, is mesmerizing. Restaurants and shops, playgrounds and parks are all open until the end of September. Interestingly, from Wednesday to Saturday from 17:30 to 20:30 you can get a free bike and go on an exciting ride. This event is held as part of the local “Tram - Bicycle” program. Coastal routes."
No less beautiful is suburb of Glyfada. Well-maintained beaches, plenty of sunshine, date palms right in the recreation area - all these beach pleasures are complemented by truly endless nightlife in clubs. Young people will appreciate the fun that reigns in this town. There are a lot of expensive shops and hotels here, and local restaurants offer to taste the whole of Greece.
A couple of kilometers away from Glyfada, you can look into Voula district. It is considered the decoration of the Athens Riviera. Voula has two beaches with embankments: A and B. Here you can not only swim and have a wonderful rest. The entire tourist infrastructure and the opportunity to engage in water sports allow you to combine relaxation with active entertainment. The main activities in Voula are water skiing, beach volleyball and slides, so at first glance the atmosphere resembles an amusement park. Among expensive entertainments, Glyfada is famous for its golf centers, so here you can feel like a real aristocrat.
Lake Vouliagmeni known for its rich vegetation and picturesque beaches. Luxury restaurants and hotels in Attica are presented here in a wide variety. Local chefs are ready to surprise everyone with the delights of traditional Greek (and not only) cuisine. Night entertainment centers will also please even those who, it would seem, have already seen everything.
One of the most famous beaches of Vouliagmeni is Asteras. Perfect pure water and the unique natural landscape provide the opportunity to relax under the warm Greek sun. The beach area was marked with the Blue Flag, which only confirms its quality.
Tourist is popular Varkiza resort, which is located along the coast. Ideally clean water, all kinds of water sports, landscaped areas for every taste, including free ones - every traveler will find something to suit his taste. You should definitely visit the taverns where the freshest sea fish and seafood are served. Windsurfers will especially like Varkiza, for whom all the necessary infrastructure is organized here.
The Athens Riviera stretches along the Saronic Gulf to Cape Sounion, so on the way vacationers will also meet Lagonisi, popular for family holidays due to its clean beaches and fragrant lemon groves, and Saronida, no less worthy of attention.
Having already moved away from beach holiday on the Athens Riviera, you can improve your health in Attica. This region is home to the famous health resort Loutraki. This place is known for its healing springs, the properties of which were noted by ancient philosophers and scientists. Modern medicine allows us to reveal unique qualities and influence various diseases with the help of innovative programs.
Since ancient times, Attica has been the core around which Ancient Greece was formed and developed. Most of the heroes of myths and legends, if you pay attention to where they come from, are from Attica.
In Attica, history harmoniously merges with myths. Even ancient historians tried to prove that the heroes of myths are real historical characters. The first king of Attica is the legendary Cecrops, who had two snake bodies instead of legs. Very specific acts are attributed to him, such as the construction of the Athenian Acropolis and the first sanctuary of Athena, and it is also approximately known when he reigned - 3600 years ago. Myths say that it was under him that the famous dispute over Attica between Poseidon and Athena took place. The ancient Greek historian, the Athenian Philochor (c. 345-260 BC) wrote that Cecrops settled the inhabitants of Attica in 12 cities to save them from attacks by the Carians and Boeotians.
Another famous mythical character is the tenth Athenian king Theseus, who managed to unite Attica. The very birth of Theseus is mysterious - either he is the son of King Aegeus, or of Poseidon himself. It was he who killed the monster Minotaur in Crete, got out of the Labyrinth, took the queen of the Amazons as his wife, and performed many other various feats. The historian Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 265 - c. 340) dates the reign of Theseus from 1234 to 1205 BC. e. And the historian Plutarch (c. 45 - c. 127) writes about Theseus: “He gathered all the inhabitants of Attica, making them one people, citizens of one city, whereas before they were scattered.”
“Attica” translated means “coastal country”. The proximity of the sea determined the entire life of its inhabitants. The extensive and convenient Piraeus harbor was already in the 6th century. BC e. It was used by the Athenians as a berth for military and merchant fleets. Residents of Athens rarely ate meat; they preferred fish, which was also more accessible and cheaper.
The entire civilian population of Attica received the title of Athenians back in the 7th century. BC. - Athens became an increasingly influential city, iconic and shopping center.
It was the courage and efficiency of the Athenians, together with an advantageous geographical position, that allowed them to take a leading position among the city-states of Ancient Greece and subjugate all of Attica. After all, there is a constant shortage fresh water did not allow high harvests - and Athens depended on the import of grain. The lands in Attica were rarely fertile; they constantly had to be cleared of stones and fertilized. There was even an Athenian law prohibiting tenants, under pain of serious punishment, from “stealing soil from the fields.”
Trade, shipbuilding, fishing and excellent olive oil - these are the foundations that helped Athens establish itself in Ancient world. And also the extraction of marble, which was exported even outside Greece, and silver. Yes, and the highly valued Attic salt, which was mined on an industrial scale and used for salting fish.
The remains of amphorae with marks from the pottery workshops of Attica are still found by archaeologists in the most remote corners the ancient world. In this universal container of antiquity, which was made in huge quantities from excellent Attic clay, fish, wine, and olive oil were transported. Once upon a time, Piraeus could rightfully be called the largest port in the world - and today it is the largest port in Greece.
general information
Attica, administrative region in Greece.
Administrative division: 4 numbers.
Capital: , 745,514 people. (2001)
Language: Greek.
Religion: Orthodox Christianity.
Ethnic composition: 95% are Greeks, 5% are other nationalities.
Currency unit: Euro.
Largest cities: Athens, Piraeus, Kallithea, Peristerio.
Main seaports: Piraeus, Aegina, Methana.
Most important airport: international Airport"Eleftherios Venizelos" (Athens).
Largest rivers: Kefisos, Ilissos.
Largest lake: Marathon.
Numbers
Area: 3808 km2.
Population: 3,841,408 people
Population density: 1008.8 people/km 2 .
The most high point:
Mount Parnitha, 1413 m.
Economy
The largest transport hub in Greece: Athens.
Industry: food, light, marble mining.
Agriculture: cultivation of olives, fig trees, grapes, cattle breeding.
Service sector: financial services, tourism.
Climate and weather
Mediterranean, average January temperature - +10ºС, July - +27ºС, average annual precipitation 416 mm.
Attractions
■ Athens:, National Archaeological Museum, Byzantine Museum, Archaeological Museum of the Athens Agora, Museum of Cycladic and Ancient Greek Art;
■ Monasteries: Daphnion, Caesariani.
■ Archaeological complexes: Rhamnus, Vravona, Trizina, Eleusis. Marathon, Eleuthera, Egosthena;
■ Temples: Poseidon and Athens at Cape Sounion.
Curious facts
■ In Latin there is such an expression - “Attic salt”. This means particularly subtle wit - a kind of “seasoning” of speech. Eloquence “with a grain of salt,” that is, figuratively and witty, was highly valued in Rome. But what does “Attic salt” have to do with it? The expression appeared due to the fact that the best masters of oratory were from Attica. Even such a great orator as Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) recognized this fact. And salt in Attica was extracted by evaporation from sea water, and it turned out fine, High Quality, for which it was especially appreciated. These two circumstances created the expression “Attic salt”.
■ The Greek myth describes how the gods Poseidon and Athena fought for power over Attica. The god of the seas, Poseidon, gifted people with a source of water by striking a rock with a trident. And the goddess of war and wisdom, Athena, thrust her spear into the ground, and it turned into a sacred tree - the olive. The gods recognized Athena’s gift as more valuable, she became the patroness of Attica, and in honor of the goddess the city-state received the name Athena.
Attica is one of the historical areas Greece, which has rich history, which is confirmed by many archaeological finds and historical monuments. A geographical position region makes it one of the most attractive in terms of tourism and recreation.
Geographical position
Attica attracts not only with its history and natural attractions. This is a land where ancient legends and myths still live. The territory where Attica is located is located in the southeastern part of Greece and is washed on three sides by the waters of the bays of the Aegean Sea: Saronikos from the south, Petalia from the east, Notios Evvoikos from the northeast. In the north it borders on one of the regions of Central Greece - Boeotia, and in the west - on the Peloponnese. Attica also includes the islands of the Saronic Gulf. mostly mountainous, especially in the north, gradually decreasing towards the south. The mountains of Kiferon and Parnet, which are the natural border with Central Greece, stretch with their spurs throughout the entire region. They are a rocky mountain range, only in the higher part covered with coniferous forest. The largest of the Parnet spurs are Pentelikon and Hymettus. The lower spurs of Cithaeron running to the south are called Kerata, and the south-eastern branch merges with Parnassus at an altitude of over 1400 meters and forms a mountainous region extending to the sea. By southern edge This region passes through Mount Lavriy, which ends at the very southern point peninsula - Cape Sounion.
Plains and rivers
Between mountain ranges There are valleys with rocky soil. There are three largest plains in Attica:
- The Athenian plain is bounded on the north by Mount Parnet, on the northeast by the Pentelikon chain, and on the southeast by the Hymettus Mountains;
- The Triassic plain, the flattest, extends north to Cithaeron and Parnet, and on the east the spurs of Parnet separate it from the Athenian valley;
- the valley between Hymettus and the chain of mountains to the east is the most hilly;
- Along the coast, due to alluvial lands, wide flat strips were formed, of which the largest is the Marathon Plain, the other is located near the mouth of Asopus.
Attica is one of the driest regions of the country. There are no deep rivers here that could be used for irrigation. The most significant of them:
- The largest river of Attica is the Kefissus, which flows through the Athens Valley, it originates at the foot of the Pentelikon and flows in a southwestern direction, however most of volume of water is used to irrigate the arid plain;
- another river, Ilissus, flows from the foot of Hymettus, but is soon lost in the sands.
- Another stream, Enoe, flows along the Marathon plain.
The shores of Attica are indented with many picturesque and convenient bays for navigation, which resulted in the development of navigation. Currently, these cozy bays and bays, thanks to the warm climate, are a favorite vacation spot for surfers and divers, and coastline filled with magnificent sandy beaches.
Climatic conditions
Attica's mild subtropical climate is characterized by long, dry summers and short, wet winters. The average summer temperature is 26-28 degrees, but in July and August the temperature can reach 38 degrees. Due to the low humidity, the heat is tolerated quite easily. The swimming season lasts from April to October. In winter, the air temperature ranges from five to ten degrees Celsius, but there is little rain. This temperate climate can be explained by the influence of air currents coming from Mediterranean Sea- in winter they blow and in summer - cool winds from the northeast. There is no intense heat or winter cold of continental Europe.
Soil and natural resources
The Attics did not allow grain to be grown here. Due to rocky soils and lack of moisture, the valleys were unsuitable for agriculture, but even ancient authors wrote that even though bread does not grow on this land, it will feed more people than if it grew here. This will happen due to the abundance of magnificent stone for the construction of temples and altars, as well as the presence of silver, which is available here by the will of the gods. And for ships, Attica is a land that has reliable piers where they can shelter from bad weather.
Attica marble
The mountains of Attica consist of limestone and slate, as well as magnificent marble, the extraction of which began at the turn of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. Ancient Greek temples, which were initially built from limestone, began to be built from marble, which was mined at Pentelikon. The Parthenon was built from it. Pentelic marble is distinguished by its purest white color and fine grain. It also shines through wonderfully in the sun's rays, but turns yellow over time. Piraeus marble of dark tones was also used in the construction of the Acropolis. Eleusinian marble, almost black in color, and fine-grained Hymettian marble were also mined in Attica. This material was very highly valued and was exported from Greece to Ancient Rome, where it was used in architecture and sculpture. In the reddish rocks of the Lavrion Mountains there were mines rich in silver, and the Hymetta Mountain chain was a source of excellent honey.
Pottery and agriculture
The reddish clay of Attica was especially valued; it was good quality and easy to work with, which is why pottery was well developed. Amphoras were made from clay - large jugs with a narrow neck and handles in which wine and olive oil were stored and transported. Clay was also used to make tiles, pipes, barrels and many other household items.
Thanks to mild winters, dry summers and plenty of sun, olive trees always grew well on the plains of Attica and vineyards were grown on the mountain slopes, so wine, olives, olive oil, and figs were always the main agricultural products and were exported. Attic wool was very popular in ancient times, and it is still famous today. Sheep, goats, and cattle are raised in the mountains.
Origin of the inhabitants of Attica
The inhabitants of Attica mostly belonged to the Ionian tribe - one of the four main Greek tribes, named after the legendary hero. The Ionians, along with the Dorians, are considered the main carriers of the national culture of Greece. The entire population of Attica was divided into four classes based on their ancestry, which were called phyla:
- heleonts are noble, they were called “brilliant”;
- hoplites were warriors;
- Ergadei - farmers;
- Egikorei were goatherds or simply shepherds.
Socially, phyla consisted of large clans, each of which was divided into several dozen clan families. Families were united in a certain order into phratries, that is, religious groups with their own traditions and rituals. Such an organization did not concern the conquered tribes and their descendants, although they, too, could freely engage in crafts, trade or agriculture and had their own associations, they were called meteks.
Athens: geographical location
Geographically, Attica is divided into two main parts - the capital of the region and the entire country - Athens with its suburbs and the rest of the territory. The capital is named after the goddess of wisdom, Athena, who, according to legend, gave the inhabitants an olive tree. According to another version, the name of the city comes from the word “Athos” - flower. Athens is located in Attica and is surrounded by mountains from the west, north and east, and on the southwest side it has access to the Saronic Gulf. Currently, the city has already occupied the entire plain, but its suburbs continue to expand.
Ancient democracy
Athens is not only the administrative center of the country; even in ancient times, the city played a vital role culturally and economically. It was here that, as a result of a long and fierce struggle between the clan aristocracy and the demos, such a form of government as ancient democracy was born, which became a model of popular government. This unique shape political system developed in Athens in the 5th century BC. e. And although in subsequent times Athens went through a difficult path of destructive wars and experienced the power of many conquerors, in its history there was this period of high citizenship and freedom - democracy.
Golden Age of Athens
Ancient Athens began as a fortified hilltop settlement and then grew into a city-state as a result of Synoicism, which meant the unification of Attica around the Acropolis of Athens. This process took several centuries. According to ancient myths, the unification occurred thanks to the legendary son of King Aegeus, Theseus, who also introduced the division of the population of Athens into social strata:
- eupatrids - tribal nobility;
- geomors - farmers;
- demiurges are artisans.
The Athenian state reached its greatest prosperity during the reign of Pericles - in the 5th century BC. e. This time was called the Golden Age of Athens. During this period it was built and main temple Athens - Parthenon, unique monument ancient architecture. The temple was built by the ancient Greek masters Callicrates and Iktin, and the beautiful sculptural compositions were made by the famous architect Phidias. The uniqueness of the temple is that from one point its facade is visible from three sides, due to the fact that the columns are placed at an angle to each other. Phidias created and famous statue Athens made of marble and gold. This sculpture is a masterpiece of ancient architecture.
Modernity
The political power of Athens ended with the outbreak of destructive wars with Sparta and then with Macedonia. Then Athens came under the rule of the Romans, after whom the Turks came. For many centuries, the glory of the city faded. Many historical and architectural monuments were destroyed. It was only after a long struggle for independence in the 19th century that Athens again became the capital of Greece. Now it is a huge metropolis with a population of more than five million people, which has again won the status of the cultural and political center of the country and has many historical monuments.
Piraeus
On the southern outskirts of Athens is Piraeus - the most big port in Greece, as well as a major industrial center of the country and an important transport hub. Back in the 5th century BC. e annual turnover of the port amounted to significant amounts. Thanks to the convenient presence of safe harbors, Piraeus became a transit point through which various types of goods passed. The port had shipyards, workshops, and warehouses. Athens with its port was considered the most profitable city, since for goods here merchants could receive Athenian silver, which was valued everywhere.
Sights of Attica
Currently, Attica is the most popular tourist area with many historical and architectural attractions, as well as wonderful nature and magnificent beaches. The main symbols of Attica are located in Athens. An invaluable historical monument is the architectural complex of the Acropolis, on which the main temple of ancient Athens is located - the Parthenon, a place of pilgrimage for a huge number of people. Among the historical places in the vicinity of Athens, the Daphne Monastery is very popular. The Temple of Poseidon was built on a high rock, of which majestic ruins now remain. Fishermen, going to sea, brought donations here - the god Poseidon was second in importance for the Greeks, since their life was inextricably linked with the sea. Eleusis is home to one of the most important sanctuaries of ancient Attica - the temple of the goddess Demeter, who gave grain to the Greeks. In her honor, holidays were held every year in spring and autumn. On the island of Aegina is the ghost town of Palaiochora, deserted a hundred years ago.
The nature of Attica is also amazing and beautiful. On Mount Imittos there is a wonderful healing spring, given, according to legend, by the god Hephaestus to people. Thermal water, which is replenished from sources located at its depth, has unique healing properties, and the extraordinary doctor fish is able to rejuvenate the skin, cleansing it of dead cells. The endless coastline is dotted with many stunning beaches, recreational spots and water sports.
A wonderful place for a comfortable summer holiday is Attica - photos show stunning natural landscapes, and rave reviews from travelers are evidence of the popularity of this region of Greece.
Attractions
The region of Central Greece, located in the southeast of the Balkan Peninsula and washed by the waters of the Aegean Sea. Three bays approach the shores of this peninsula - Euboean, Saronic and Petalian. A significant part of the peninsula is covered low mountains made of limestone and marble. The mountains are covered with coniferous forests.
Attica is a historical region of Greece; on its territory are the capital Athens, the legendary city of Marathon, the city of Eleusis, where the inhabitants worshiped Demeter, and the port of Piraeus. The first settlements on this land date back to the Neolithic era (3rd millennium BC). The ancient historians Plato and Herodotus wrote that the inhabitants of Attica were autochthons - that is, not alien conquerors, but original inhabitants who literally came from the land itself. In ancient times, on the territory of Attica, each city or region represented a small state that worshiped its own deity. There were 12 such states; they were united, according to legend, by King Theseus. Athens, the cradle of Greek statehood and democracy, became the main city of Attica. Already in ancient times, Attica was governed by nine elected officials, in whose hands the executive, military and judicial powers were concentrated. A year later, these nine transferred power to the newly elected magistrates, and they themselves transferred for life to the Areopagus - the body of power of the aristocracy. Athens itself became a place for the development of culture, arts, and philosophy.
The climate of Attica is mild, temperate Mediterranean. Average temperatures in summer are almost always above +30 degrees. The rainy season begins here at the end of September and lasts until April. The swimming season lasts from April to September; the sea warms up to its maximum by August (up to +26). In winter, despite above-zero temperatures, snow can fall here, melting almost immediately and not forming a snow cover.
Transport
Athens is home to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, opened in 2001, serving as the air gateway to Greece and Attica in particular.
Inside Attica you can travel by railway transport(trains) and intercity buses. Buses to the eastern and western parts of Attica depart from two different bus stations in Athens. The first is located near the Acropolis, the second - on Egyptian Square. Ferries transport tourists to the islands of Aegina and Salamis. One of the fastest ways to travel around Athens is the metro with three lines, one of which is above ground. Athens also has express bus routes leading to the airport, city buses, trolleybuses, tram routes.
Resorts of Attica
Administratively, Attica is divided into four nomes: Eastern and Western Attica. The most popular, both in terms of beach and cultural and historical recreation, is the city of Athens. The suburbs of the capital are resort towns with the general name “Athenian Riviera”. They are located along the coast and, in addition to hotels and beaches, contain yacht clubs, night clubs, golf clubs, and have their own specifics. Thus, it is considered a resort for the wealthy, Lagonissi - for families with children. Specialization and Vouliagmeni - health improvement.
A holiday in Piraeus will cost less than in Athens. Due to the location of the port there is only one beach, but beautiful views and ancient sights of Piraeus are guaranteed.
Sights and excursions
Let's start getting acquainted with the rich heritage of Attica from Athens and its sacred hill, the Acropolis. The second name of the hill is Kekropia, in honor of Kekrops, the first king of Athens. Acropolis was also called a well-defended place and a settlement located inside this fortress. In ancient times, the main city was located in the Acropolis. According to legend, it was the residence of Theseus, the collector of the lands of Attica. When the cult of the goddess Athena was established in Athens, a temple was erected here in her honor - the Parthenon.
On the territory of Attica, many sights from different eras have been preserved. The heritage of Hellas is the ruins of ancient cities and temples dedicated to the gods of the Greek pantheon. For example, at Cape Sounion, on the shore, the remains of the Temple of Poseidon have been preserved. Christian monasteries and temples have been preserved from the Byzantines. One of them is the Daphne monastery near Athens. At the base of the monastery lie the remains of the Temple of Apollo. Near Mount Imitos, surrounded by coniferous and cypress forests, is the Kesariani monastery, also of the Byzantine period.
The island of Aegina is visited to see Paleochora. It is called an abandoned city, but in fact it is a valley in which the buildings of about seven dozen churches and chapels from the Byzantine and later periods have been preserved. It is believed that each of these structures was built in fulfillment of a vow made for the salvation of a loved one. Relatives, wives of fishermen and warriors came to this place to pray.
Salamis, although it is called a "dacha" island, has such attractions as the cave of Euripides, another ancient Greek playwright. It is located at an altitude of more than a hundred meters; in the city of Salamis, a theater festival is held annually in honor of the ancient author. On the island you can also visit a museum dedicated to folk art and the history of the ancient fleet, the Faneromeni monastery and the ancient city of Ambelakia with the ruins of the acropolis.
Wellness holiday
Loutraki, Vouliagmeni, Sounion are resorts where people come for health and beauty treatments. In Loutraki there is a hydrotherapy center that specializes in the treatment of diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Springs gushing out from underground are saturated with radon and trace elements.
The resort of Vouliagmeni grew up next to the lake of the same name, which is filled with water thermal springs. Skin problems, joints, and diseases of the female reproductive system are treated here. The air is saturated with the aromas of coniferous forests and helps strengthen the respiratory system and nervous system.
Sounion specializes in cosmetology using preparations based on local herbs and minerals. Methods using sea salt and seaweed are also used here.
Beach holiday
Many Attica beaches have the highest European award for the cleanliness of the sea and coast - the Blue Flag. Many of the beaches are free. In the vicinity of Athens (the so-called Greater Athens), all the beaches are well-maintained - Faliron, Glyfada, Rocket and others. The beach in Piraeus is called Votsalakia. On west coast The sandy beaches of Lagonissi are good; in the east, Schinias, near the city of Marathon, is recognized as the best.
In Loutraki the beaches are covered with small pebbles. This resort features a variety of accommodation facilities: from five stars to inexpensive family hotels. The resort of Loutraki is also chosen due to the proximity of the cities of Corinth and Delphi with their famous attractions.
There are beautiful sandy beaches on the island of Aegina, located in the Saronic Gulf. It is a half-hour ferry ride away from Piraeus. Another Attica island that can be reached from Piraeus is Salamis. This island is popular primarily among the Greeks themselves. Salamis has beaches, but few hotels.
Vacation with children
Activities for children in Attica are mainly found in Athens. Perhaps it is worth starting with a sightseeing trip around the city on a sightseeing bus to get to know Athens as a whole, and then move on to activities that interest your child. As part of your educational leisure, it is worth planning a visit to the main Athenian attractions of the Acropolis and the Parthenon, to see with your own eyes household items and art created by the ancient Greeks.
Further relaxation may depend on the preferences of the child: animal lovers can visit the sea turtle rescue center and even feed them there, as well as visit the Attico Zoo. Young artists will be interested in the interactive museum of children's creativity. A visit to the Charimidos puppet theater can be combined with a tour of the Agora, the ancient city square located nearby. The Athens Planetarium awaits young astronomers.
And, of course, any child is unlikely to refuse visiting Athens confectionery shops, the National Garden with a park and a zoo, the Flisvos city park, the Allou Fun Park and water parks, two of which are located in Athens itself, one in the suburbs, the third near the city of Isthymia 20 km from the capital. Not far from Athens there is an Adventure Park with a rope course.
Active recreation and entertainment
Attica will offer the restless a variety of active leisure options. On the coast these are water sports: rafting, windsurfing, scuba diving. Ancient city Megara, about 40 km northwest of the capital, is known to extreme sports enthusiasts as a center for parachuting. There is a parachute school here.
Tourists will be offered to explore mountainous Attica on foot and with the help of off-road vehicles: the routes are designed in such a way that they have the opportunity to see the history of this part of Greece, and the modern life of the inhabitants of small villages, and admire the beauty of nature. Some of the routes are laid along ancient roads.
The foot of the Acropolis, a 156-meter hill in Athens, serves as the starting point for the Acropolis racing competition, which takes place in early June.
Club life is in full swing in Athens and resort suburbs, for example, in Glyfada. Nightclubs host discos, concerts of world stars, parties and shows. Fans of gambling come to Loutraki - there is a casino there.
Throughout the tourist season, festivals are held in different cities of Attica. The largest of them is the Festival of Athens and Epidaurus in the capital. From June to September, performances and concerts take place in Athens, world stars come and Greek artists and groups perform. From April to October, the Acropolis hosts light shows dedicated to the history of the Greek capital. Eleusis becomes the site of a theater festival in honor of Aeschylus, the ancient playwright.
Kitchen and souvenirs
Called Greek in Russia, and peasant salad in Greece itself, this salad is served here with local kolomata olives. For dessert - local figs. Attica's rocky soils are best suited for growing olives and figs, and local honey herbs add their flavor to the honey produced here.
Residents of this part of Greece prefer avgolemono soup with the addition of egg and lemon juice, dolmadakya - a local version of dolma, grilled seafood, hot peppers stuffed with cheese. Among the alcohols here, it is worth trying, in addition to raki and ouzo, the liqueur mastiha, which acquires a special taste after adding resin from a tree from the pistachio family.
Clay is mined on the coast of Attica, so ceramic products here are beyond praise. The souvenir trade is concentrated mainly in Athens. Very often people come here to buy fur coats, leather clothes, and jewelry. Less expensive will be the purchase of natural cosmetics, herbal infusions, ceramics, gastronomic souvenirs - oil, olives, cheese, honey and traditional honey desserts.
