Air transport in tourism history of creation. Abstract on the topic "the role and place of air transport in tourism"

The role and place of air transport in tourism

Various modes of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during travel. The main share in the overall structure of transport services belongs to air transport. The largest number of tourists, especially those traveling long distances, use aviation services.

Road transport can rightfully be called transport of universal use, since it is used everywhere: from transfers and excursions, intra-route transportation by buses to the rental of small cars by tourists for personal use on vacation. Buses and cars transport of local and intraregional importance. Bus excursion and educational tours with visits to several cities and places of interest are especially popular. For touristsIt’s convenient that they can travel along the route and within the city in their own transport .

The main competitor of buses in group transportation is the railway. Within our country, it has some priority over air transportation. The advantage of rail transportation is also morelow tariffs and (in foreign countries) an extensive system of discounts, travel tickets etc., allowing you to travel around much more low prices . However, neither bus nor rail transportdo not compete with aviation over long distances
Water transport, river and sea transport in themselves already evoke the image of a tourist - cruise service and are used quite actively in tourism. Water travel has a number of both advantages and disadvantages compared to other modes of transport.The most significant advantages are a high level of comfort, a large volume of one-time load, the possibility of implementing various types and purposes of tourism (educational, business tourism, educational, shopping tourism, etc.), good rest, a full range of life support . The main disadvantages include the low speed of movementvehicles, high tariffs, limited mobility, and often the susceptibility of some people to “sea sickness” on sea cruises.

Air transport in tourist transportation

Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;

Secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;

Thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American "Delta Air lines", "Pan Amerikan", "United", the French " Air France", German "Lufthansa", British " British Airways" and etc. Major airline The Russian Aeroflot is considered.

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating both domestically and internationally international routes;

2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the relevant countries;

3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the mediation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party

One of the types of international regulation of air transportation is plans to createpool , connecting airlines operating on certain international routes.

Pool agreement connects airlines operating on the same international routes in order to optimize aircraft schedules, reduce the direction and regulate passenger flows during peak hours and periods, as well as in order to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines

A travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, tariffs and discounts provided by airlines.

Requirements of professional ethics when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of service for travel agent passengers, you should adhere to the following simple rules:

Follow standard airline booking procedures as determined by your specific airline.

Never double book a passenger if they can't decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will only be able to use one of them.

Regardless of the passenger's route, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the route.

If the passenger changes the route, immediately cancel the corresponding reservation with the airline, and also refuse all other related services that are not required.

Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures for issuing tickets required by air carriers. Never issue a ticket with a guaranteed seat until the guarantee has been confirmed by the airline concerned.

All airline seat reservations must be carefully recorded and properly documented. Documents drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must necessarily contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, status (guaranteed/non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Promptly report receipt of all deposits on the prescribed form.

Agency agreement with the airline . In principle, some airlines consider as their agents all travel companies that have an agreement with them for a quota of seats. However, in its purest form, an agency agreement is work with stocks, i.e. when a travel company gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline agency selling air tickets (both for its tourists and just selling), which simplifies and speeds up the procedures for booking and issuing travel tickets documents. The travel company itself acts as a “ticket sales office” for the airline, that is, it issues tickets itself and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the airline’s reservation network (for example, Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called “working with stock of air tickets.”

Charter (aircraft rental ). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer and the airline determine the route, the responsibilities of the parties are negotiated, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is determined, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Type (make) of the aircraft;

Number of seats for sale;

Aircraft rental cost;

Route indicating departure and arrival airports;

Duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);

Regularity of flights;

Possibility and deadlines for cancellation (cancellation) of a flight and corresponding sanctions.

The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flight - the first return after the first delivery and the last one there before the last delivery) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer after them will return (i.e. for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of validity of the air charter program reduces the costs of the “lost” flight, and therefore reduces the transportation tariff.

Soft block , in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse his seats within a predetermined time frame, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs after the established period, the customer will have to pay a fine. Typically, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

Hard block provides for strict contractual obligations regarding sales timing and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the cost of two paired flights. Tariffs for the sale of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the sale of a soft block. In addition, with a fixed block agreement, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season.

The most common sale of seats on charter flights is the so-called combined method, which combines elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being sold is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is sold according to the “hard” system, and the other - according to the “soft” system.

Often, the initiator of a charter program is not one, but several tour operators. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves on the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when leasing an aircraft provide for its payment according to the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight.

Charter flights must not contradict the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the Obligations of the Carrier to the Passenger

When signing an agreement to organize a charter, the airline almost always puts the tour operator under strict conditions. First of all, the company requires an advance payment. Whatever its maximum amount, the airline always insists that the first and last payment be made in advance. last flights charter cycle. In this way, it insures itself and previously imported tourists against possible non-payments. Payment for flights is agreed upon in advance and is usually made 7-10 days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the company has the right to impose penalties on the customer or terminate existing contractual relations with him.

Currently, 315 airlines operate in the air transportation market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses to operate scheduled flights and carry 99% of the total volume of air passengers

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian airline business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia.

According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable trend towards reducing travel times in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourism business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:

Firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;
- secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;
- thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies commissions for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system

The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.

However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety

The international transport network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries of the world

Air transport is regulated in three ways:

1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;
2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the relevant countries;
3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the mediation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party

One type of international regulation of air travel is plans to create a pool connecting airlines operating on certain international routes.

A pool agreement connects airlines operating on the same international routes in order to optimize aircraft schedules, reduce routes and regulate passenger flows during peak hours and periods, as well as to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines

A pool agreement, in principle, can lead to the destruction of competition on the route. But this also means preserving the opportunity for companies of various sizes to participate in transportation on the lines. Pool agreements are often concluded between airlines that are not comparable in size in order to provide them with the best capacity and profits. Financial agreements between pooled carriers typically limit the maximum amount of revenue transferred from one carrier to another to reduce the possibility of government support for inefficient carriers. In some countries, however, pool agreements are currently prohibited (for example, in the USA)

International regulation of air travel is carried out on the basis of international agreements signed between countries over many years.

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 was the first general agreement between airlines dealing with airline liability for the safety of passengers in the event of death, injury or loss of baggage during carriage. (The Montreal Protocol later determined that the maximum liability will be periodically revised due to inflationary processes. Today, the airline's liability to the passenger is a maximum of 20 thousand US dollars.) This agreement is the basis for insuring passengers, mail and baggage for international air travel.

The 1944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, which was negotiated by 80 countries, contains an agreement to standardize air service migration procedures between countries. These principles were adopted to provide the basis for bilateral agreements between countries. The agreement stipulated not to regulate charter flights, allowing countries to apply individual regulations and conditions under which they accept and operate charter flights.

The 1946 Anglo-American Bermuda Agreement on Transatlantic Flights regulated bilateral agreements on these routes. In 1977 the Bermuda Agreement was revised (and ratified in 1980), and in 1986 a new agreement expanded the actual capacity on trans-Atlantic routes, limited to two British and two American carriers

Since air transport occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system every year, there has long been a need for its global coordination and regulation. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations. Let's look at the most influential and famous of them.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is one of the first most respectable and authoritative global structures. 183 states are members of ICAO. ICAO works closely with other organizations such as the United Nations Community, World Meteorological Organization, International Union of Electrical Communications, World Post Union, World Health Organization, International Sea Organization.

The International Association of Air Transportation - I ATA - was created to coordinate the actions of the world's airlines aimed at ensuring safety and improving the efficiency of air transportation in all regions globe. Founded in 1919 and reformed in 1945, IATA is the professional association of airline companies operating international routes. The main function performed by the Association is to streamline international commercial air traffic, introduce uniform rules and procedures for all members and establish agreed upon tariffs for Passenger Transportation on international routes

Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special branch - the International Travel Agents Network (IATAN), the International Organization of Airline Agents, as well as through the international organizations of civil airports

Within the organization tourist travel There are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

Reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through airline agencies;
- reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through reservation systems;
- an agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;
- agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;
- organization of charter flights for tourist transportation

In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable part of tourist transportation, as well as to competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of interaction with an airline.

A travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, tariffs and discounts provided by airlines.

Follow airline-specific standard booking procedures
- Never double book a passenger if they can’t decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will only be able to use one of them.
- Regardless of the passenger's route, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the route
- If the passenger changes the route, immediately cancel the corresponding reservation with the airline, and also refuse all other related services that are not required
- Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures for issuing tickets required by air carriers. Never issue a ticket with a guaranteed seat until the guarantee has been confirmed by the airline concerned.
- All airline seat reservations must be carefully recorded and properly documented. Documents drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must necessarily contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, status (guaranteed/non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Promptly report receipt of all deposits on the prescribed form.

Always remember that the convenience of passengers and the smooth functioning of other agents and airlines depend on your efficiency, accuracy and courtesy.

Agreement for a quota of seats on regular flights. A quota of places, or otherwise a block of places, can be hard or soft. This affects the terms of the contract and special benefits and discounts. With a strict quota of places, all responsibility for non-sale of places in a block falls on the travel company, regardless of the reason for non-sale. The travel agency bears financial losses. With a soft quota of places, deadlines are established for the possible refusal of a travel company from a quota or part of a quota of places due to the non-sale of tourist vouchers. These terms provide for the possibility of further sale of these seats by the airline itself or its other agents

The agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular flights includes:

Schedule of round trip and return tours, indicating destinations;
- number of tourists in each group (place quota);
- deadlines for submitting applications and purchasing air tickets;
- deadlines for canceling ticket orders without deducting fines (soft block);
- types of tariffs for purchased tickets, preferential tariffs, conditions for providing preferential tariffs;
- discounts and benefits for the quota of places;
- the procedure and terms for returning purchased but unused tickets, financial liability arising from the terms of return (soft block).

Agency agreement with the airline. In principle, some airlines consider as their agents all travel companies that have an agreement with them for a quota of seats. However, in its purest form, an agency agreement is work with stocks, i.e. when a travel company gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline agency selling air tickets (both for its tourists and just selling), which simplifies and speeds up the procedures for booking and issuing travel tickets documents. The travel company itself acts as a “ticket sales office” for the airline, that is, it issues tickets itself and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the airline’s reservation network (for example, Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called “working with stock of air tickets.”

The airline, represented by this travel agency, has an additional point of sale (one of the conditions of the agency agreement is usually the preferential sale of tickets for tours of this particular airline)

The agency agreement with the airline provides for the resolution of the following issues:

Who and under what conditions provides equipment for issuing air tickets, air ticket forms;
- training of personnel to service this equipment;
- sales volumes are most often set individually - by the number of tickets per month (for example, at least 10/200 tickets per month) or by sales revenue (from 10 to 200 thousand US dollars or more in different airlines);
- limits of possible sales (regionally or by consumer segments);
- at what price are air tickets sold - at the price of the airline or at the price of the travel agency (most often at the price of the airline);
- prices and tariffs for air ticket sales;
- terms of payment for air tickets: prepayment or payment upon sale (for stock agents in some airlines, prepayment is established for groups of tourists);
- the amount of commission for the sale of air tickets (up to 9% of the fare sold);
- deadlines and frequency of submission of airline reports, their form and documentation required in the application (usually 1 or 2 times a month);
- the amount of bank guarantees in favor of the airline or 1ATA (from 20 thousand US dollars);
- membership in IATA.

Charter (aircraft rental). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer and the airline determine the route, the responsibilities of the parties are negotiated, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is determined, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:

Type (make) of the aircraft;
- number of seats for sale;
- cost of renting an aircraft;
- route indicating departure and arrival airports;
- duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);
- regularity of flights;
- the possibility and deadlines for cancellation (cancellation) of a flight and the corresponding sanctions

The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flight - the first return after the first delivery and the last one there before the last delivery) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer after them will return (i.e. for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of validity of the air charter program reduces the cost of a “lost” flight, and therefore reduces the transportation tariff

It should be noted that it is realistic to organize 20 races per season (with weekly flights). However, a charter can be launched with a frequency of 2 times a week - then the number of flights per season increases to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, but is not affordable for the vast majority of travel companies. This explains the emergence of “intermediate” entrepreneurs in the tourist transportation market - wholesalers (wholesalers), consolidating large charters in their hands and further distributing them among smaller firms in the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats each) ). The tour operator-wholesaler usually sells blocks of seats for its charter using three proven options: hard, soft and combined blocks of seats.

A soft block, in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse his seats within a predetermined time frame, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs after the established period, the customer will have to pay a fine. Typically, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).

A rigid block provides for strict contractual obligations regarding the terms of sale and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the cost of two paired flights. Tariffs for the sale of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the sale of a soft block. In addition, with a fixed block agreement, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it

Often, the initiator of a charter program is not one, but several tour operators. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves the conditions for organizing flights.

Normal relations with airlines when leasing an aircraft provide for its payment according to the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight

Charter flights must not contradict the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the Obligations of the Carrier to the Passenger

When signing an agreement to organize a charter, the airline almost always puts the tour operator under strict conditions. First of all, the company requires an advance payment. Whatever its maximum size, the airline always insists that the first and last flights of a charter cycle be prepaid. In this way, it insures itself and previously imported tourists against possible non-payments. Payment for flights is agreed upon in advance and is usually made 7-10 days before the start of the flight. In case of late payment, according to the contract, the company has the right to impose penalties on the customer or terminate existing contractual relations with him.

All air transportation rules in our country are regulated by the Air Code of the Russian Federation of March 19, 1977, as well as a number of international agreements. The main body coordinating air transportation in Russia is the Federal Air Transport Service (FSVT)

Currently, 315 airlines operate in the air transportation market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses to operate scheduled flights and carry 99% of the total volume of air passengers

Transportation volumes are distributed unevenly between airlines. Russia's eighteen largest airlines carry about 75% of passengers, with eight or nine "supergiants" carrying up to 50% of Russian travelers. 94 airlines operating scheduled flights serve approximately 23% of passengers. And the remaining 276 airlines, which typically operate one-time flights, account for about 1% of passenger traffic

Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian airline business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia. The company, as a rule, has more than two times more clients than the second number - the Domodedovo Airlines production association.

Last time Russian airlines Aviation alliances began to be created. For example, in February 1998, two leading airlines in Russia - Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines and Pulkovo - signed an agreement on a strategic aviation alliance. In the same year, Aeroflot signed cooperation agreements with Uzbekistan Airways and Armenian Airlines.

At the end of 1997, the Russian airline Transaero and the Uzbek national carrier Uzbekistan Airways announced the unification and coordination of their actions in the air transportation market. The new aviation association was called the CIS Alliance. Transaero also has code-sharing agreements with the Czech company CSA on the Moscow-Karlovy Vary line and with the Latvian Air Baltic on the Moscow-Riga line. In February 1999, Transaero and Krasnoyarsk Airlines signed an agreement on joint operation of the routes Moscow - Krasnoyarsk, Moscow - Norilsk and Moscow - Krasnoyarsk - Vladivostok

Transport is one of the most important parts of the economy of any country.

Many years ago, man used various means to transport people as well as goods. With the advent of the wheel and other methods of transportation, types of transport such as carriages, carts, and steam locomotives began to appear. People began to travel faster over long distances.

Currently, transport, which has a highly developed economic and social base, is one of the mechanisms of the state economy.

Transport is the engine for tourism development around the world. It ensures the normal functioning of the economy and allows for the development of industries such as agriculture, trade, etc.

The role of transport services in tourism is manifested in the organization of tourist and cultural trips, cultural exchange, and solving social problems.

With the development of tourism and increasing demand for travel, transport routes are constantly expanding, which, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the development of transport infrastructure.

Transport services are one of the most important in the tourism business. They account for most of tour cost. Tourists use various modes of transport to travel.

The bulk of the transport services sector belongs to aviation. Tourists traveling long distances use the services of aviation companies. Aviation transport not very common among tourists traveling for resort or entertainment purposes.

Road transport ranks second among the modes of transport used for travel. This type of transport is also called universal transport. It is used from transfers and excursions to intra-route transportation, and is also rented by tourists for personal use. Sightseeing buses are especially popular. During the excursion program by bus, tourists get to know new cities and countries. But sometimes difficulties arise with parking both in Russia and in Europe.

The main competitor of bus transportation is the railway. Within our country, it is widespread compared to air or road transport. The advantage of the railway is lower tariffs, and the widespread use of travel tickets and a system of discounts, which allows you to move around the country, saving your own money.

Water river and sea transport provides cruise-type services. Water travel has both advantages and disadvantages. To the advantages water transport include an environment that meets any client’s needs, the ability to accommodate a large number of people at the same time, the implementation of various types and purposes of tourism, proper rest, and a full range of life support. The disadvantages of water transport include the low speed of movement of vehicles, high tariffs, and limited mobility.

12.2. Use of different modes of transport in the hospitality industry

Water transport. The first means of transportation on water appeared in ancient times. The period of the birth of water transport can be considered the transition to the Neolithic - the new Stone Age, when people already knew stone tools and knew how to process wood. Proof of this can be found in the canoes made of oak about 40 centuries ago, which were found by archaeologists. Scientists estimate the age of the boat found on the shore at 4 thousand years Lake Ladoga. The oak boat found during excavations in the city of Izyum in Ukraine is more than 2 thousand years old.

The oldest large ocean-going ships were the Chinese imperial ships, which, judging by the available archaeological data, were quite capable of going on long voyages for many months.

Since ancient times, the design and equipment of sea and river vessels have been improved. With the advent of developed sailing equipment, navigation aids, and equipping ships with ancient weapons, ships became not only a means of delivering goods, but also one of the main methods of warfare, as well as a method of expansion of ancient states. Such outstanding examples of ancient shipbuilding as Greek triremes and Roman triremes (from lat. triremis, from tres, tria- “three” and remus- “oar”) - combat rowing vessels with three rows of oars, located one above the other in a checkerboard pattern, and with a displacement of over 200 tons.

The next and most important revolution in water transport after the invention of the sail was the creation of the steamship.

The first steamboat was created by Robert Fulton. In 1807, he built the Clermont, a ship equipped with a steam engine and a paddle wheel. Subsequently, he made voyages along the Hudson River from New York to Albany. The speed of the first steamship was approximately 5 knots (or 9 km/h).

In Russia, the first steamship was built in 1815. It made trips between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

Modern water transport is a strategically important sector for the economy. With undeniable advantages of reliability and safety, high level comfort, this type of transport forms the basis for an entire sub-industry in the hospitality industry - water tourism.

The share of water transport in domestic and international transport is small. This is primarily due to the high cost sea tours and cruises, as well as the displacement of this type of transport by other, cheaper and faster means of delivering tourists.

In Russia, according to Rosstat, the share of water transport (inland waterway, sea, international) in 2007 was only approximately 0.1% of all passenger transportation. Nevertheless, water and mainly cruise tourism remains an elite form of recreation.

Water modes of transport can be classified according to different indicators:

3) the purpose of the vessel.

Depending on the level of comfort and service on board, and the technical equipment of the ship, ships are distinguished:

1) river;

2) sea;

3) oceanic.

Cruises, along with sightseeing and pleasure cruises, are the main types of tourism based on the use of water transport.

Cruise is a complex of services, including accommodation, three meals a day, maintenance and entertainment programs on the ship. The cost of such a tour may include excursions and other activities in port cities.

Equipped for sea travel, ships of the highest ranks (luxury and super-luxury) are real “floating cities” with five to six decks, dozens of shops, bars, restaurants, several swimming pools, sports and health complexes. So, at one of the most expensive airliners The World of the American company Residence, which sails around the world, has swimming pools, tennis courts and even golf courses. The residential part of the ship includes 110 apartments ranging in size from 70 to 300 m2 for permanent residence and 88 cabins that can be rented for a period of three days.

The world's largest liner, Queen Mary 2, is as tall as a 21-story building and belongs to Cunard Lines. Even a force ten storm does not interrupt the operation of the casino and entertainment centers. On board there is a winter garden and an auction where paintings are put up for auction, including works by Pablo Picasso and other famous masters, including Russian artists.

In terms of duration, experts distinguish around the world voyages (over 14 days), sea voyages (10–14 days) and week-long cruises. Week-long sailings are the most popular among customers, accounting for about half of all cruise trips. There are two types of cruises: trips with calls at seaports (the so-called European system, which provides for excursions and other events in port cities) and the American system, which allows tourists to relax on the beaches when the liner calls at the port along the route.

Recently, short-term cruises without calling at ports have also become increasingly popular. The duration of such trips usually does not exceed several days.

The main regions of marine tourism are Caribbean Islands(winter season), the Mediterranean (summer, autumn) and cruises around Europe and Scandinavia (summer, autumn).

Cruise companies are classified into four categories:

1) standard, or three stars (Norwegian Cruise Line, Costa Cruises, Royal Caribbean International, Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, etc.);

2) premium, or four stars (“Azamara Cruises”, “ Holland America Line", "Celebrity Cruises", "P&O Cruises", "Oceania Cruises", etc.);

3) luxury, or five stars (“Crystal Cruises”, “Regent Seven Seas Cruises”, “Cunard Line”, etc.);

4) deluxe suite (“SilverSea Cruises” and “Seabourn”).

River cruises are more accessible, independent of weather conditions and have a richer program of activities for tourists on the shore. These are excursion programs, discos, relaxation on the beaches, etc. The routes of such trips are rivers, their tributaries, river canals, and lakes. The most popular cruises in Europe are on the rivers Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Seine. The Russian rivers Volga and Don are also popular and widely used for organizing river trips. Popular cruising rivers include the Nile, Amazon and Yangtze. For river cruises, as a rule, relatively small single- and double-deck motor ships with low draft and folding masts are used. This is due to the need to overcome low fixed bridges and shallow rivers.

A distinctive characteristic of pleasure and excursion trips on water vessels is their short duration. It does not exceed 24 hours and can be carried out not only on motor ships, but also on small river vessels, such as boats, sailing yachts, passenger skiffs, hydrofoils (such as “Raketa”, “Meteor”), etc. Tourists are not provided with accommodation in separate cabins, and guests are located on the open decks of the ship, which combine the functions of a cafe-restaurant.

In our country, sea and river transportation of passengers and cargo is controlled by the Ministry of Transport and Federal agency sea and river transport. The main regulatory legal acts governing sea and river transportation are the Merchant Shipping Code Russian Federation(KTM RF) and the Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation (KVVT RF).

Air Transport. It is generally accepted that the first airplane was invented by brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright and took off in 1903. A.F. Mozhaisky developed a project for a heavier-than-air aircraft and in 1881 received a patent for it. Having difficulty raising money for a prototype, A.F. Mozhaisky built an airplane with two small steam engines, ordered from England (gasoline engines of that time were low-power). During the first test, the plane came off runway and, having flown several tens of meters, tilted and hit the ground with its wing. The inventor was not allocated money to restore the aircraft and refine the prototype. Only ten years later, a more primitive American airplane in design took off and flew 37 m in 12 s.

Having gone through more than a century of development, aviation has become the most effective means of delivering passengers and cargo over long distances.

Using airline services is the best solution for traveling long distances. However, air transport has a number of disadvantages, such as a low level of comfort and high ticket prices. Currently, leading airlines offer a completely acceptable level of comfort and service. Thanks to its rapid development, promotion of aviation services, means of the latest reservation systems and sales electronic tickets, increasing the comfort of maintenance and equipment of airliners, aviation maintains its position, gradually increasing its share in the transport services market, effectively competing with other modes of transport.

Modern passenger aircraft can be divided according to various parameters.

Depending on the flight range:

1) long-distance trunk lines (A-380, A-340, A-350, B-787, etc.);

2) medium-haul (B-737, A-320, Tu-154, Il-86, Yak-42, etc.);

3) short-haul routes (Tu-134, An-24, etc.).

Depending on the speed at which the flight is carried out:

1) subsonic;

2) supersonic aircraft.

Passenger aircraft can be distinguished by engine types:

1) with piston engines;

2) turboprop engines;

3) jet engines, etc.

There are many other classification systems passenger airliners, adopted by manufacturing companies depending on the level of comfort, placement of seats in the cabin and other indicators.

The largest airline in the world in terms of the number of passengers carried is the American Delta Air Lines (118.9 million passengers in 2005). Other major world airlines are American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, US Airways, United Airlines, French Air France-KLM, German Lufthansa, Japanese Japan Airlines, British Airways. The largest Russian airlines are Aeroflot, Air Union, Domodedovo Airlines. In total, there are more than 1,300 airlines operating in the world. Their activities are regulated both by national laws and executive bodies, and by international organizations and agreements. The main executive bodies of the Russian Federation that supervise the activities of airlines and compliance with passenger transportation rules are the Ministry of Transport and the subordinate Federal Air Navigation Service (Rosaeronavigatsiya). The procedure for providing air transport services is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:

1) Air Code of the Russian Federation (AC RF);

2) General rules for air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and requirements for servicing passengers, shippers, consignees, approved by Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated June 28, 2007 No. 82.

Bilateral agreements are concluded between two states that already cooperate within the framework of broader treaties (such as the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.).

Global agreements include a large number of states that have developed and signed international rules governing air travel. The first important document in the field of civil aviation was the “Agreement for the Unification of Basic Rules for International Transport by Air” of October 12, 1929, as amended in 1955 and 1975, also known as the Warsaw Agreement. The rules applied to all air transportation on a commercial basis and preferential options for the provision of services (free use of the services of an air carrier). The Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemala Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975 supplemented the Warsaw Agreement.

The Warsaw Pact for the first time established the carrier's financial liability for damage to the life or property of passengers, but according to this document, the airline's liability was almost always limited to 10 thousand US dollars. For lost luggage, the company was required to pay only $20 per 1 kg of lost luggage and for hand luggage– 400 dollars.

Another important international agreement on passenger air transport was the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, which entered into force on November 4, 2003. Concluded in 1999 thanks to the efforts of ICAO, the Convention abolished fines for airlines established by the Warsaw Convention for causing damage to life and health and property of passengers during the flight, establishing new rules.

The new two-way carrier liability scheme provided for payments of $135,000 to each passenger if the airline was not proven at fault. If the airline was found guilty, the amount of compensation was not limited at all.

"Convention on International Civil Aviation" (Chicago, 1944), along with the "Agreement on International Air Transport" (Chicago, 1944), "Agreement on International Air Line Transit" (Chicago, 1944), Tokyo " Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963) standardized international rules for the carriage of passengers and provided the countries party to the agreement with equal rights (flying over the territory without landing, landing with unloading and loading of baggage and passengers and etc.). It was decided to leave a number of issues to be regulated by the national air transportation rules of the participating states (for example, regulation of charter transportation).

The oldest international organization regulating air travel, which has existed since 1947, is ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization. The USSR joined it in 1970. ICAO is part of the United Nations, establishes international rules for the functioning of civil aviation and controls its development in order to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation. It was established by the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The International Civil Aviation Organization is based on the provisions of the second part of the Chicago Convention of 1944. ICAO rules divided the world's airspace into flight information zones, in accordance with the boundaries of which navigation equipment and air traffic control equipment are installed. ICAO's functions include assigning four-letter codes to airports used for the exchange of navigation and meteorological information.

Another major international organization associated with civil aviation, is IATA (International Association of Air Transportation). IATA, the coordinator of all major airlines, regulates the tariff schedule for aviation services and establishes uniform rules and procedures for international passenger traffic. Members of the organization are also travel agents and tour operators who work with it through a special division ITAN (International Travel Agents Network) - associations of airline agents that establish uniform rules for booking air tickets. The organization has established rules for partnership between a travel agent and an air carrier, including, for example, the possibility of purchasing blocks of seats on scheduled aircraft, ordering charter flight etc. Another common option for cooperation between a travel agent and an air carrier is the sale of air tickets by a travel agency, which is a full representative of the airline, for which the latter accrues a commission to the agent’s account. This type of cooperation must be secured by an Agency Agreement for the sale of transportation between the travel agency and the airline.

Automobile transport. The prototype of modern cars were trolleys equipped with steam engines as engines. In Europe in the 1780s. the first invention of this kind was the artillery three-wheeled tractor by J. Cunu, and in Russia around the same time the first self-propelled vehicle was invented by I.P. Kulibin.

Ideas and diagrams of wheeled self-propelled vehicles with a spring drive were discovered among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. However, the creation and production of cars had to be preceded by the development of a powerful, efficient and safe gasoline engine. Only in 1885–1886. German inventors G. Daimler and K. Benz built and received a patent for their first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895, K. Benz also built the first bus. In Russia, the first bus with an internal combustion engine was designed in 1903 in St. Petersburg.

Despite the achievements of the modern global automobile industry, road transport is considered the least comfortable and the cheapest among the main modes of transport.

According to statistical data in Russia, domestic and external road transportation accounts for 54% of the total number of transportation by all types of passenger transport.

According to the Russian classification, a bus is a vehicle used for transporting passengers with a capacity of more than eight seats. In the minibus class

vehicles with a length of less than 5.5 m are separately distinguished. There are several classification systems for buses depending on their size, number seats, level of comfort in the cabin and destination. A bus, like any vehicle built in Russia or imported from abroad, must undergo a mandatory certification procedure in accordance with UNECE rules. Buses are classified according to type and layout:

1) front-engine;

2) rear-engine;

3) central motor;

4) hood layout;

5) cabover layout;

6) low-floor;

7) high-floor (high-deck);

8) single;

9) articulated;

10) one and a half storeys;

11) double-deckers (“Double deckers”, for example, the “Routemaster” buses that have become a symbol of London);

12) shuttle;

13) terminal;

14) semi-trailers;

15) trailers.

The IRU organization, the International Road Transport Union, which has classification committees in 18 countries, determines the quality and comfort of tourist buses. Together with member organizations, the IRU practices certifications that assign buses from one to four stars depending on the level of comfort. Certificates are renewed annually after checking the quality of equipment and comfort of tourist buses.

The class is determined by the number of stars (from one to five) marked on the body of the bus at the front door, which serve as indicators of the level of comfort (similar to the hotel star system).

The most important difference between tourist types of buses and other classes is the equipment and comfort of the cabin. The main indicator of the level of comfort of the cabin is the seats for passengers. The main parameters are: the distance between the seats (68, 72, 77, 83, 90 cm by class, respectively), the height of the seat back (50×70 cm), the mandatory presence, starting from the third class, of two armrests for each seat, as well as dry closet, refrigerator and kitchenette. In the fourth and fifth comfort classes, the bus must have air conditioning, a wardrobe and other means to ensure a comfortable trip. Tourist buses differ from each other not only in their specific level of comfort and equipment (for example, audio and video systems with monitors, a microphone for a guide, personal information panels, etc.), but also in their layout. Tourist buses are usually one-and-a-half and two-deckers. This is due not only to the mandatory provision of 0.5 m2 of space for each tourist’s luggage, but also to improved visibility for passengers. Reputable manufacturing countries and well-known brands of tourist buses: MAN, Mercedes, Neoplan, Setra (Germany); "Alexander", "Autobus", "Caetano", "SCC", "Cannon" (Great Britain); "Carrier", "Durisotti" (France), etc.

International transportation of passengers by road is regulated by national laws, bilateral interstate treaties and global agreements. The most important agreements simplifying international road transport:

1) Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road, CAPT, including the Protocol and Additional Protocol to the Convention (Geneva, March 1, 1973);

3) The Hague Declaration of the Interparliamentary Conference on Tourism 1989

Important for international tourism(in particular, for international road transport) was the conclusion within the European Union of the Schengen Agreement, which was signed on June 14, 1985 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Germany. The agreement abolished passport customs control within the zone and introduced a single visa for all tourists from third countries for free movement throughout the territory of the countries participating in the agreement. It entered into force on March 26, 1995. In 2007, the treaty was signed by 30 states, but with the abolition of border controls, it was in force in only 24 countries. By mid-2008, the Schengen area included such states as Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia , Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia. Switzerland has announced its intention to join the Schengen Agreement by the end of 2008.

The basis for regulating the international road transport of passengers in the states that are part of the CIS is the Convention on the International Road Transport of Passengers and Luggage of October 9, 1997, signed by all member states of the Commonwealth, except Georgia and Turkmenistan. The document determines the procedure for organizing international transportation of passengers and baggage, as well as the responsibility of the carrier. The practical rule for organizing transportation is the annex to the Convention - Rules for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road in international traffic of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

In international tourist bus trips Unified travel checklists are used. According to the rules approved by the decision of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 7, 1997 No. LSh-6/60 “On the use of a unified set of trip sheets,” they must be on board buses.

When planning bus and car tours, it is important to keep the following factors in mind:

1) speed limits on the territory of different states;

2) the mandatory presence on board the bus of a working tachograph (a device that monitors mileage, driver condition, recording speed, etc.);

3) mandatory availability and correct filling of waybills;

4) tourists have foreign passports with a visa.

When organizing a car tour to European countries, it is necessary to obtain medical and special insurance - a “Green Card”. While in Europe " Green map» tourist helps to solve various problems that arise during road accidents. Insurance is provided in case of harm to life and health and damage to the property of third parties through the operation of the insured vehicle.

Car and bus tours are among the least expensive travel, so they are extremely popular among middle-income clients. Among the features, in addition to price and transport, we can note that seasonality is less pronounced in comparison with others.

Railway transport.Railway, having come a long way of development, is today a strategically important transport industry for any national economy.

The railway line predates steam locomotives. Back in the middle of the 18th century. In the Altai mines, a regular track and horse-drawn trolleys were used, and the first railway (also for industrial purposes) appeared at the Aleksandrovsky plant in Petrovsk in 1788. Later, a horse-drawn passenger railway was developed. The first rail road between different settlements was built in England in 1801.

The first steam locomotive appeared in 1804. It was designed by R. Trevithick based on the steam engine of J. Watt. The most successful thing in subsequent years was the invention of the steam locomotive, which later became the first locomotive of the passenger railway.

In 1812–1829 J. Stephenson proposed several successful steam locomotive designs, which began to be used on mine railways. Subsequently, it was Stephenson's steam locomotive "Rocket" that became the main locomotive of the road in the direction of Manchester - Liverpool.

Currently, the length of railway tracks amounts to hundreds of thousands of kilometers, and the designs of modern express trains allow them to reach high speeds (the speed record of 581 km/h belongs to the Japanese Maglev train), trains have become one of the fastest and most comfortable means of travel.

Different countries use different classifications of passenger trains and carriages. In Russia, depending on the speed of travel, the level of comfort, the equipment of the cars and the route, there are fast, long-distance, local and suburban passenger trains of regular service. Irregular (non-constant) trains usually include tourist and charter trains, formed according to pre-orders.

Classification passenger cars by type and their designation adopted in Russia:

1) L – two-seater soft, SV (nine two-seater compartments);

2) M – soft (luxury car);

3) K – compartment (several types, for example for 36 seats with a double conductor compartment);

4) P – reserved seat (54 sleeping places);

5) O – general (81 seats);

6) C – seating areas. Depending on the model, there are 56, 60, 62 or 64 seats.

Luxury carriages according to the range of services provided:

1) E – economic;

2) B – business.

Branded trains and exclusive luxury tourist passenger trains are very popular among tourists. Train travel with a high level of comfort is sometimes even called cruises. These are real hotels on wheels. They have everything from air conditioning to marble baths. Passengers are provided with dining cars with a menu of several European cuisines, bar cars, club cars, etc. Excursions and other events are organized during train stops. Such tourist trains have their own names, the most famous of which belong to the Orient-Express company (one of its trains crosses Europe from Paris to Istanbul, another runs along the southern coast of Australia, the third through Thailand and Malaysia.) The Blue Train Train" takes tourists through the African savannahs and to Victoria Falls. Edinburgh's famous tourist train, The Royal Scotsman, regularly takes tourists through the green valleys and mountains of Scotland.

There are several routes between Moscow and St. Petersburg branded trains, in particular, “Aurora”, “Red Arrow”, “Nikolaevsky Express”, “Grand Express”, “Megapolis”.

The world famous Orient Express train (owned by the Orient-Express company) was designed in 1883 by the Belgian engineer J. Nagelmaekers. Passengers of this fashionable train at one time included Emperor Franz Joseph, Elizabeth II, Charles de Gaulle, N.S. Khrushchev, Agatha Christie and others. Initially, the train ran on the route Paris - Istanbul. Since 1993, after the transfer of part of its carriages to Russia, it has operated as a tourist train between Moscow and Beijing.

In 2004, after restoration, the train returned to the route. The interiors of the carriages were restored from the beginning of the 20th century, combining the historical setting and modern technical equipment.

Currently, national and international transportation in the Russian Federation is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:

1) Federal Law of January 10, 2003 No. 18-FZ “Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation”;

2) Rules for the transportation of passengers, luggage and cargo luggage on the federal railway transport, approved by order of the Ministry of Railways of Russia dated July 26, 2002 No. 30;

3) Agreement on International passenger traffic(SMPS) (effective from November 1, 1951), etc.

The main executive body responsible for the regulation and development of railway transportation in the Russian Federation is the Russian Ministry of Railways.

On regular regular trains, tourists travel as ordinary passengers. Typically, they are used to deliver pre-formed tourist groups to the resting place and back. Travel agencies must make reservations 45 days before train departure.

The automated seat reservation system “Express 2” has been operating in Russia for more than ten years. It makes it easier for tourism organizations to reserve seats on regular passenger routes. To form a separate tourist train (rent a passenger train), the travel agency enters into an agreement with the railway department, which specifies the travel route, travel dates, places and duration of stops, the number and type of cars in the train, the cost of renting cars and other conditions. After concluding the contract and paying for the rental of the train, cancellation of the trip is possible no later than 20 days before the departure of the train.

Transport services have a significant impact on the quality and competitive stability of the tourism product for the following reasons:

transport service is a complex of interrelated services, the provision of which always occurs under the influence of random and irresistible factors (weather conditions, technical condition of vehicles, changes in the political situation in the world and in a particular country, military actions, strikes, terrorism, differences in national and cultural traditions, etc.);

any trip or journey begins and ends with the transportation of a passenger or tourists and their luggage;

the quality of a transport service depends entirely on the competence and experience of the official organizing its provision, taking into account the variety of situations that arise and the needs of the client;

transport services are the intersection of many processes that determine travel: passport and visa, customs, sanitary and epidemiological control, special inspection procedures, luggage transportation, etc.;

transport is a place of increased danger;

transport services in tourism are not only the delivery of tourists to places of recreation, study, etc., but also transfers “airport-hotel-airport”, or “train station-hotel and back”, excursions, delivery of tourists to diving or skiing areas sports, etc. Therefore, just as a flight delay at the beginning of a journey can spoil the consumer’s mood on entire vacation, and an unsuccessful return can overshadow all the good impressions. This is a consequence of the psychological structure of a person: good things are taken for granted, and bad things are remembered more sharply. This is why the sales sector is so important in the tourism industry: informational and psychological preparation of tourists takes place here. A forewarned, thoroughly informed passenger can more easily endure any force majeure circumstances, maintain health and maintain a good relationship with the air agent or tourism manager.

Thus, the complexity of the tourism industry lies in the fact that while being responsible to the client for everything, the manager cannot fully control very many things. This feature of the tourism industry is most evident in the provision of transport services. Therefore, every tourism professional must be competent in the provision of transport services: from booking a flight or ordering a transfer, to issues of passport and visa, customs control and security.

1.3 Types and means of transport. Comparative analysis of modes of transport. The use of various modes of transport in tourism

The tourism industry uses the following types of transport: air, land and water.

The main means of transport are:

a) air - planes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, hot air balloons;

b) ground – trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;

c) water - sea and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats, ferries.

Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.

The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distances and transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.

Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the passenger’s movement is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and any position preferred by the person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).

Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the passenger’s condition.

Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper “Friend of Health,” which substantiated the beneficial effects of rail travel on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river walks, but also traveling by train. 1

Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, delicious meals, a lot of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes it is not possible for the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.

According to long-term statistical studies, road transport is the most dangerous. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use throughout the world and special operating conditions: the high dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition of vehicles, road surfaces, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is most accessible to everyone and least controlled.

Cost-effectiveness when choosing transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of traveling by rail, while the time gain can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for completing formalities at the airport, the time it takes to travel to the airport and back, the time gain may be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.

To fully characterize air transport, in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.

Air transport, namely airplanes, are most often and traditionally used when traveling over long distances, when delivering to a destination. Helicopters – demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (sightseeing and panoramic excursions, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. To deliver divers and off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive site, start point, which may be difficult to access, they use small aviation and helicopters. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are people willing to travel this way.

Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stop along the way, does not require special stations or tracks, is practically independent of weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed and dependence on weather conditions.

Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.

Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to destinations. In addition, there are the concepts of “tourist trains” and “railway tours”. For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; on the road: “Glasser Express” (Switzerland), “Emperor” (Vienna-Salzburg); in the entry ticket: “Golden Eagle” (Russia).

Thus, there is no single criterion for choosing a vehicle for a tourist trip, because each trip has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - to St. Petersburg, then the choice between an airplane, a train, or a car is made by the passenger, based on

due to personal preferences or circumstances.

Table 1 - Main characteristics of various types of transport

Advantages of different modes of transport

Disadvantages of various

types of transport

Air (aviation): 1) speed, possibilities of transcontinental travel;

2) designed for long-distance travel.

1) discomfort (limited, empty space is harmful to health);

2) the need for serious information preparedness of the passenger;

3) cost;

4) availability of transits (transfers);

5) inability to get out of the vehicle along the way;

6) dependence on weather;

7) in the event of an accident, rescue work is difficult, many people die;

8) remoteness of airports, travel time and formal procedures.

Groundth:

1) comfort (for railway transport);

2) the ability to exit the vehicle along the way;

3) for traveling a short distance;

4) efficiency;

5) relative independence from the weather;

6) in an accident, not the entire train perishes; effective rescue operations are possible.

1) accident rate (for road transport).

Water:

1) providing comfortable accommodation and high-quality service.

1) relatively low speed;

2) greatest dependence on weather;

3) high cost;

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state budget educational institution higher professional education

"Altai State University"

Faculty of Geography

Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and Regional Marketing

TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURIST ACTIVITIES

(abstract on the discipline “Organization of inbound and outbound tourism”)

Completed by a student

course 923-z group

Ivanova I.I..

Barnaul 2014

INTRODUCTION

ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION

MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

RAIL TRAVEL

SHIP TRAVEL

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the tour price structure. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Various types of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during their travel.

Transport travel is travel by organized groups of tourists with vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various means of transport. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.

When planning his trip, a tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the holiday destination, travel comfort, cost, the possibility of transporting luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, recreational conditions, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - safety.

The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of travel and types of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.

.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET

Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steamships, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.

Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of a state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational placement of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approach of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows for the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism.

The role of transport in solving social problems, providing business, cultural and tourist trips for the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad is great. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, facilitating mutually beneficial exchanges between different countries.

.AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION

firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;

secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;

thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.

Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.

The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world.

Within the framework of organizing tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:

booking seats and purchasing air tickets through airline agencies;

booking seats and purchasing air tickets through reservation systems;

an agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;

organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.

.MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Car services used in tourism services include three main areas:

) organization of bus trips;

) organization of travel by private transport of tourists;

) car rental.

Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be dated back to the 70s. XX century Before this, in different countries, buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips.

Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general public, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still a tendency to increase its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for excursion and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also for excursion and educational purposes.

Seasonality when organizing bus tours does not play as big a role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours operate throughout the year. A slight decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, usually one bus is “busy” on one route.

According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the bus tour market is observed in the area of variety of routes and quality of service.

The opening of traffic on regular international routes is regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).

The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract of carriage, contract for tourist services and voucher

Bus trips can be organized on their own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATEs) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

As a rule, Russian companies work with rented buses. A travel company enters into a special agreement with such ATPs to rent a bus for tourist transportation.

Traveling using tourists' personal transport. Organizing a package tour car travel includes the entire range of services, with the exception of transport. However, the travel company still provides special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars. This is reflected in the specifics of organizing car tours.

The process of preparing a road trip includes:

route development;

development of a traffic schedule;

preparation of route documentation.

Car rental. Car rental (or rent) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center there are many car rental offices - from large to small. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it “AVIS” in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor.

.RAIL TRAVEL

The railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any categories of tourists, from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on regular lines and charter trains, to the organization of special tourist and excursion trains for local and long-distance traffic.

Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Wagon-Li, Accor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main directions in this regard can be called:

laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation);

organization of special tourist trains, including “retro locomotives” (special themed trips on railway transport).

Regular trains. Suburban trains follow a fixed schedule within the region or region. The train usually accommodates up to 1,500 passengers, with up to 1,000 seats. The trains make frequent stops at local stations. The seats in the carriages are not numbered.

Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially designated charter trains outside the regular schedule. Special trains often include tourist and excursion trains, which also run outside the regular schedule on specially laid routes and schedules, compiled taking into account windows in the regular schedule and excursion and tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during public holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the removal of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work.

Trains and carriages are also divided into different categories.

Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any train trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It’s hard to even imagine that it could be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but a most exciting journey. However, this truth has long been realized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized railway tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation almost to perfection.

Standard rail tours can be divided into three separate categories:

one-day;

short-term (2-3 days);

multi-day (from 5 days or more).

Day tours begin in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra snack, but also watch performances by pop and circus performers. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. This could be an excursion trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure.

Short tours. During two- to three-day train tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed so that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on its way. During the day, tourists are busy with various excursion activities.

Multi-day tours. Train schedules serving multi-day trips vary widely. Depending on the route and excursion program, tourists are often on the road during the daytime. As practice shows, in order for travelers not to get tired, a tourist train should travel non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the route. However, in some cases, short-term “green camps” are also proposed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the shore of the sea or a large lake.

.SHIP TRAVEL

tourist market air transport train

A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently dozens cruise companies Hundreds of them are in use around the world passenger ships with a capacity of 70 to over 1000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.

Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million.

Water cruises are organized both across the seas, oceans, and along various rivers. The organization of sea and river cruises has a lot in common. However, there are a number of differences in the capacity of ships, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of tours among sea and river cruises.

Sea cruises. Today, sea cruises in the world are experiencing a happy period of growth. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, and new sea and ocean routes are being developed. Boat travel is most popular in the USA, Great Britain and Germany. Demand for cruise voyages is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries.

Main cruise regions:

) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October;

) Caribbean winter months;

) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to the end of August.

The largest cruise operators are the American ones: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, as well as the British P&O Cruises Divison.

Payment on ships depends on:

on the comfort of the vessel;

River cruises. Unlike sea river cruises less susceptible to weather influences, more informative, as they have a coastal view, and there is an excellent opportunity to use green parking lots.

Western Europe has a fairly extensive navigable network of waterways. The Seine, Elbe, Danube, Rhine and other rivers flow through its territory. All of them are connected by a complex system of channels, which gives great opportunities to increase the popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises along the Danube through seven countries are in great demand.

Tourist transportation is carried out along 80 different routes with a duration from 3 to 20 days.

The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists.

When serving tourists on ship tours, the following persons take part:

ship's crew;

ship restaurant workers;

cruise tourist crew.

CONCLUSION

Transportation occupies one of the central places in almost any tourism product and is an integral stage of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport there is no tourism, not to mention walking excursions and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technological progress in society has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly deliver a person to anywhere in the world, as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services.

The competitive struggle for clients both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport has given a powerful impetus to the process of improving service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of rolling stock, the creation of comfortable travel conditions, the organization of leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, the provision of special meals to them, and the development of incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies.

Thus, we can conclude that transport and tourist complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing each other’s development, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, and globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities and cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry are necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully satisfy the needs of the main object - the tourist.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Brammer R.A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry / Transl. from English - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 362 p.

.Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation.

.Ilyina E.N., Tourism - travel. Creation of a travel company. Agency business: A textbook for tourism colleges and universities. -M., 1998.

.M.V. Gordienko “Integration processes and public management of the strategic development of the tourism industry in a market economy.” // Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conf. Management-98.

.Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000. - 320 p.

.Encyclopedia of Tourism: Directory / Author-comp. I.V. Zorin, V A Quarterly. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

7.Transport in tourism [Electronic resource]: tourist. portal, - M., 2013. - Access mode to the portal: . - Title from the screen.

Transport support in tourism [Electronic resource]: el. Magazine, - Novosibirsk, - 2012-2014..aspx?id=601237.-> Title from the screen.

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